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Human reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a gonad

A

an organ that produces sex cells

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction involving two parents

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3
Q

describe the role of the testies

A

act as both an endocrine gland and an excocrine gland

produces sperm cells by mitosis
produces testostrone

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4
Q

describe the role of the epididymis

A

matures and stores sperm cells

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5
Q

describe the role of the sperm duct

A

transports sperm cells from testes to urethra

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6
Q

describe the role of the seminal vesicle
prostate gland
cowpers gland

A

produces seminal fluid for sperm to swim
contains fructose for nourishment

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7
Q

describe the role of the urethra

A

carries sperm to outside the body
carries urine to outside the body

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8
Q

what is seman composed off

A

sperm and seminal fluid

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9
Q

describe the role of the penis

A

transfers sperm to the female body

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10
Q

name/describe the features of the sperm

A

head- acrosome ( Digest outer membrane of egg)
nucleus (Contains 23 chromosomes)
middle - collar (Contains many mitochondia which provides sperm with energy to swim long distances)
falgellum- tail- allowes sperm to swim up fallopian tubes

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11
Q

how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive system

A

0-7 days

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12
Q

How long can the egg survive in the female reproductive system

A

1-2 days

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13
Q

what is the role of meiosis in sperm and egg production

A

halves the chromosome number to produce haploid cells allow for gamate production
it introduces vairation

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14
Q

what is primary sexual charateristics

A

presence of make and female reproductice parts

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15
Q

what are secondary sex charateristics

A

charateristics that distinguish males and females apart from reproductive organs/ traits that appar during pubery.

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16
Q

Is nuclear inheirance maternal or paterinal

A

only the head of the sperm enters egg.

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17
Q

non nuclear inheirtance

A

inheirtance is when genes are passed to offspring ofter then the nucles

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18
Q

what are the males secondary sexual charateistics what is it controlled by

A

controlled by testosterone
deeping of voice
growth of facial + pubic + body hair
brodening of shoulders

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19
Q

name female secondary sexual charateristcs

A

breasts develop
controlled by oestrongen
widening of hips
growth of public hair

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20
Q

name the three male hormones , where they are produces and their function

A

testosterone-produced by testes- development of sex organs, development of secondary sexual charateristics

follicle stimulating hormone- pitutary gland- causes sperm development in testes

Luteinising horomone-pitutar gland- causes production of testosterone by testes

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21
Q

Infertility

A

the inability to achieve conception

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22
Q

name a cause of male infertility, treatment and prevention

A

low sperm count
caused by use of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes and anablic steriods
treated by a change in lifestyle, stop alcohol consumption and stop smoking cigrettes
prevented by a healthy lifestyle.

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23
Q

name a cause of female infertility

A

failure to ovulate- caused by an horomone imbalance
treatment is adminstration of an revelent horomone

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24
Q

what is IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

A

removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them with sperm cells outside the body
the fertilised eggs develop into embryos and are placed back into the uterus to implant

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25
Q

what is the function of the ovaries

A

produces egg cell my meiosis
produces progesterone andd oestrogen (develops secondary sex charateristcs)

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26
Q

In vitro fertilisation why are several eggs removed?

A

to increase the chances of sucessful implantation

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27
Q

What is implantation

A

implantation is the embedding of zygote in lining of the endometrium

28
Q

what is the function of the fallopian tube

A

carries egg cell from ovary
fertilisation occours here

29
Q

what is the function of the endometrium

A

contains blood vessles which provide nutrients to embryo
implantation occours here

30
Q

what is the function of the uterus

A

holds the foetues during pregnancy.

31
Q

what is the function of the vagina

A

birth canal
alows entry of sperm during intercourse

32
Q

what is the function of cervix

A

entry to uterus

33
Q

name a menstral disorder, name the symptoms, cause, treatment

A

Fibroids
begnine uterine tumours
heavy and prolonged menstural bleeding
horomonal cause- abnornal response to oestrogen

34
Q

what is ovulation

A

relese of an egg from the ovary

35
Q

Describe the process that occours in ovulation

A

the potential diploid egg cell divides by meiosis to form the graffian follicle. the graffian follilcle releases the egg on day 14 and turnd in the to corpus luteum

36
Q

how long is average menstural cycle

A

28 days

37
Q

what is menstruation

A

when the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed from the body

38
Q

the fertile period

A

time during the menstural cycle where fertilisation can take place

39
Q

describe the four horomones that control the menstural cycle

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormomone)
produced by pitutary gland
stimulated the development of the graffian follicle

Oestrogen
produced by the graffian follicle (in the ovary)
causes endometrium to develop
inhinits FSH production
stimulated production LS production

LH (lutenising horomone)
produces by pitutary gland and causes ovulation
Progestrone
produced by the corpous luteum
maintains the endometrium
Inhibits FHS and LS production

40
Q

feedback mechanism

A

when levels of one horomone control the prodiction of itself or another horomone

41
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote, occours in the fallofian tube

42
Q

insemination

A

the release of semen into the vagina at the cervix

43
Q

simply describe the process leading up to fertilisation

A

insemination- the release of semen into the vagins at cervix
the egg releases chemicals (chemotaxis)
the acrosome digests outer egg membrane
this forms a zygote
an implantation membrane prevents other sperm from entering

44
Q

After insemination describe the stages up until implantation

A

the zygote divides many times via mitosis to form a solid ball of cells called the morula
the morula divides by mitosis to form a fluid filled ball of cells called the blastocyst- the trophoblast forms the amion and the placenta
the inner cell mass forms the embryonic disc
the blastocyst embeds into the endometrium

45
Q

what is the ammion and its function

A

a membrane that forms around the embryo and scretes amiontic fluid

46
Q

what is the placenta made from

A

endometrium tissue and embryonic tissue

47
Q

how is the placenta formed?

A

the embryo forms an outer layer called an chorion
the chorion develop into projection villi

48
Q

what are the functions of the placenta

A

it allows for exchanges of nutrients, wastes, gasses, antibodies
produces progestrone
barrier proventing blood of mother and fortus from mixing

49
Q

why is it crucial the blood of the mother does not mix with the baby

A

the blood groups of the mother and baby may not be compatable
the blood pressure maybe damage the foetus

50
Q

what is the umbilical cord and describe its functions

A

connects the placenta with the embryo and contains blood vessles which may cause damage to the embryo

51
Q

What is a germ layer

A

a group of embryonic cells that develop into different tissues and organs

52
Q

name the three germ layers and the organ or system they form

A

ectoderm - skin, hair, nails
mesoderm- muscles ,skeleton
Endoderm- liver- pancreas- respiatory system

53
Q

What is gestation

A

development of the embryo in the uterus until birth

54
Q

how long is gestation in humans

A

40 wks

55
Q

name key stages in the babys develops at X weeks

A

4-5 weeks- the heart forms, brain develops,limbs form

6 Weeks- eyes are visable, skeleton develops

12 weeks- Testes or ovaries form bone replaces catilage

End of 3rd month, nerves + nerves corrdinate

56
Q

Describe the horomones involves in birth

A

placenta stops producing progesterone, the walls of uterus contract.
the pitutary gland released oxytocin and causes uterine contractions

57
Q

name the stages of labour and breifly describe what occours

A

stage 1
-cervix dialates
-mucus plug falls out
-amnion breaks- amiontic fluid released
Stage 2
-uterine contractions push foetus through cervix and vagina
umbilical cord is tied and cut
Stage 3
-Contractions expell afterbirth (umbilical cord and placenta)

58
Q

What is lactation

A

the secretion of milk drom the mammary glands

59
Q

what is lactation caused by

A

prolactin
(secreted by the pitutary gland)

60
Q

Advantages of breastfeeding

A

colostrum + breast milk contain antibodies.
Contain ideal balance of nutrients for baby
has little fat, making it easier for baby to digest

61
Q

What is birth control

A

taking steps to reduce the number of children born

62
Q

what is contraception

A

using methods to prevent fertilisation or pregnancy

63
Q

name a form of mechanical contaception

A

condoms- a physical barrier

64
Q

name a form of natural contraception

A

intercourse avoided during fertile perood

65
Q

name a form of chemical contraception

A

contraceptive pill

66
Q

name a form of surgival contraception

A

sterilisation or vacectomy

Biology (29 decks)

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