the endocrine system and the fight or flight response Flashcards
1
Q
hormones are small ….. that are released into the …
A
chemicals
bloodstream
2
Q
what are glands
A
clumps of cells that communicate by releasing hormones into the bloodstream
3
Q
glands in the brain however communicate through
A
neurotransmitters
4
Q
glands in the brain receive electrical signals from neurons but dont …..
A
send electrical signals themselves, they release hormones into the blood stream (neurotransmitters)
5
Q
2 differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system
A
cells in the ES cluster to make glands, cells in the NS are called neurons
ES communicates via glands through hormones in the bloodstream, NS communicates through electrical signals sent from one neuron to the nxt
6
Q
where are the adrenal glands located
A
above the kidneys
7
Q
the adrenal glands release hormones in response to …..
A
stress
8
Q
what is the middle of the adrenal gland called
A
adrenal medulla
9
Q
what is the outer bit of the adrenal gland called
A
the adrenal cortex
10
Q
which hormone does the adrenal medulla release
A
adrenaline
11
Q
which hormone does the adrenal cortex release
A
cortisol
12
Q
where is the pituitary gland located
A
at the bottom of the brain
13
Q
what does the pituitary gland control
A
the release of hormones from other glands in the bodu
14
Q
what does pituitary gland release
A
ACTH
15
Q
can the pituitary gland can receive electrical signals from other neurons in the brain.
A
yes
16
Q
hormones are specific to…
A
the receptor on the target cell
17
Q
hormones can target multiple target cells in the body if they have the same…
A
receptors
18
Q
a ….. causes the gland to release hormones
A
stimulus
19
Q
The endocrine system is the network of cells that communicate by releasing …. into the bloodstream
A
hormones
20
Q
what is the fight or flight response
A
The fight or flight response is a bodily reaction that occurs in response to stress and potential danger.
21
Q
what happens to the pupils during fofr
A
they dilate
22
Q
what happens to sweat during fofr
A
it increases
23
Q
what happens to muscle tension during the fofr
A
increases
24
Q
what happens to br during fofr
A
it increases
25
what happens to hr during fofr
it increases
26
what happens to salivation during fofr
it decreases
27
what happens to digestion during fofr
decreases
28
what is the autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls our internal organs.
29
Which part of autonomic nervous system is used in the fight or flight responses?
sympathetic
30
The fight or flight response results from the combined activity of two systems.....
the endocrine system and the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
31
the hypothalamus is part of which systems
the central nervous system and the endocrine system
32
where is the hypothalamus located
above the pituitary gland and below the thalamus
33
How does the hypothalamus receive information from the external world?
from sensory neurons in the somatic nervous system.
34
Which system gives the hypothalamus signals about what’s going on in our own body (from internal organs)
The autonomic nervous system.
35
describe the chain of communication involved in the fight or flight response via the hypothalamus.
signals from the autonomic and the somatic nervous system reach the hypothalamus
releasing hormones targeting the pituitary gland
releasing hormones that target other glands
36
true or false: the hypothalamus also contains neurons
true
37
To increase or decrease bodily activities, the hypothalamus sends electrical signals to the
autonomic nervous system
38
The hypothalamus receives......... from the ...... and the ....... and....... nervous systems when the body is in a ....... situation
The hypothalamus receives electrical signals from the brain and the somatic and autonomic nervous systems when the body is in a dangerous situation
39
The hypothalamus controls ....... by sending .......... to the ......... ns
The hypothalamus controls bodily activities by sending electrical signals to the autonomic nervous system.
40
true or false: The hypothalamus controls hormone release in the autonomic nervous system through the pituitary gland.
false
41
true or false: The hypothalamus controls hormone release in the autonomic nervous system through the pituitary gland.
true
42
Signals about threats in the outside world are detected by the............... which are then processed in the .....
somatic nervous system
processed by the brain
43
Signals about the activity of our internal organs are detected by the
autonomic nervous system
44
To trigger the fight or flight response, the hypothalamus sends electrical signals to the ........... which is part of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic ns
45
the sympathetic ns stimulates the ........ (part of the adrenal gland) to release
adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
46
true or false: The fight or flight response involves hormones sent from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic nervous system.
false
47
true or false: The fight or flight involves electrical signalling between the hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system.
true
48
the ...... sends electrical signals to the ........ activating the ......to release ........... which binds to target cells carrying out the fof response
(fast)
hypothalamus
sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
adrenaline
49
in the slow response the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to stimulate the ....
adrenal cortex
50
what does the cortisol tell the target cells
to remain active
51
in the slow response the .......... releases hormones to stimulate........ releasing acth activating........ which releases ........ which binds to target cell
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal cortex
cortisol
52
the fast response uses which hormone
adrenaline
53
the slow response uses which hormone
cortisol
54
when does the slow response kick in
when we are in stressful situations that last more than a few seconds
55
the slow the body down the hypothalamus sends electrical signals to the .....
parasympathetic nervous system
56
What happens in the body when stress is removed: the hypothalamus activates the .....
bodily activities .....
the .... and .... response happens
parasynpathetic nervous system
bodily activities increase
rest and digest
57
does the rest and digest response have similar or opposite effect to the fofr
opposite
57
Which division(s) of the nervous system is activated when the body is slowing down after a fight or flight response? (3)
autonomic ns
parasympathetic ns
peripheral ns (tells the limbs to move/respond to stimuli)
58
during the radr do bodily activites increase or decrease
decrease
59
the radr occurs when the hypothalamus sends..... to the ..... ns
electrical signals to the parasympathetic ns
60
one limitation of the fofr is that most of the research carried out has involved .....
male participants
61
Why is using male, not female, participants a problem when studying the fight or flight response? (3)
lacks population validity
we cant be sure that the findings generalise to women
we cant be sure that women react the same way to mean when theyre put under stress
62
one limitation to the fofr is that there are ......... to peoples responses to danger
individual differences to danger
63
explain why individual differences is a limitation to the fofr
some people have a freeze response (neither fight or flight), paralyzed by fear, cannot be explained by fofr which makes our body more active
64
how useful the fight or flight response is in our everyday lives?
Due to frequent, small, stressors in our lives, our fight or flight response can become over-activated, which can be harmful to our health.
In our everyday lives our fight or flight response isn’t always very useful when we deal with frequent, small, non-life threatening stressors.
65
use and example of a gland and hormone outline the function of the endocrine system, do not use the adrenal gland/adrenaline as your eg (4)
role is to regulate activity of cells and organs in the body by communicating chemical messages through the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream
eg anterior pituitary gland secretes fsh and lh (name) which oestrogen and progesterone
66
ians heart started to beat very fast and his mouth went dry. he slammed on the brakes and avoided hitting the branch, as he drove away it took some time for his hr to come back down to normal
outline the role of adrenaline in the f/f r. refer to ians experiences in your answer (6)
* the fight or flight response occurs in a stressful situation and causes adrenalin to be released from the adrenal medulla (and triggers the sympathetic action)
increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels; increasing rate of blood flow and raising blood pressure; increases blood to brain and skeletal muscle
activations of psns is decreased so reduction in nonessential bodily processes eg digestion and saliva production
preparing the body for action, fight or fight; increasing blood supply/oxygen, to skeletal muscle for physical action; increasing oxygen to brain for rapid response planning
as the stressful situation passes adrenalin levels return to normal and heart rate decreases (parasympathetic action).
AO2:
fear of hitting the branch triggered the flight or fight response (stressor)
adrenalin caused Ian’s heart rate to increase
* Ian’s mouth went dry because saliva production is inhibited
* Ian’s muscles tensed allowing him to respond rapidly and slam on his brakes
* when Ian realised that he was not going to hit the branch the fear passed, adrenalin levels fell and so did his heart rate.
67
