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alevel psychology aqa > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

types of exp and pros and cons and ethics, types of interview

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1
Q

what are some experimental research methods

A

laboratory experiment
field experiment
natural experiment
quasi-experiment

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2
Q

what are some non experimental research methods

A

questionnaire
observation
correlation
content analysis
interview

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3
Q

what is social desirability bias

A

a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others in society.

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4
Q

what is a non experimental research method

A

this includes most research methods and is when the environment in not changed.

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5
Q

pros and cons of questionnaires

A

+ high amount of data easily using emails
+inexpensive
+don’t need lots of qualified people
- social desirability bias

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6
Q

pros and cons of interviews

A

+quantitative dat/closed questions
+ open questions will give rich data
-social desirability bias
- qualitative data/open questions will need content analysis

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7
Q

pros and cons of correlations

A
  • don’t establish cause and effect
    + allows research into areas that may be unethical or impractical by experiment
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8
Q

pros and cons laboratory experiment

A
  • low ecological validity
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9
Q

do non experimental methods have high or low ecological validity

A

high

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10
Q

what are the steps of research methods

A

make objective observations
form testable hypotheses
devise a method
report method and results

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11
Q

do experimental methods establish cause and effect

A

yes

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12
Q

strength of lab exp

A

high level of control over variables

technical equipment=accurate

conclude c+e

replicability is high can check validity

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13
Q

limitations of lab exp

A

less artificial= higher mundane realism and ecological validity,

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14
Q

what are the types of ethical issues (6)

A

deception
lack of informed consent
failure to protect participants from harm
failure to give the right to withdraw from the investigation
lack of confidentiality
invasion of privacy

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15
Q

what are ethics

A

a set of moral principals used to guide human behaviour

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16
Q

what is an ethical issue

A

any situation that gives rise to an ethical dilemma

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17
Q

what is decpetion

A

deliberately misleading a participant about some aspect of the research

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18
Q

why is deception an ethical issue

A

denies the right of informed consent. the interviewer needs to be trustworthy and deception is denying the participant that respect. participants are not fully protected from harm.

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19
Q

what is lack of informed consent

A

failure to give comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the investigation

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20
Q

why is a lack of informed consent an ethical issue

A

participants may not know what they have let themselves in for, they will not be aware of the risks and implications of taking part therefore may not be fully protected.

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21
Q

what is failure to protect participants from harm

A

this could be physically or psychologically eg embarrassment loss of dignity or threats to a persons self esteem.

22
Q

why is failure to protect participants from harm an ethical issue

A

risk of harm should not be greater than in ordinary life, the researcher has a responsibility for the participants saftey

23
Q

why is failure to give the right to….. an ethical issue

A

obtaining informed consent allows the RTW if they want to stop. failure to give this right could mean lack of informed consent and threat of harm

24
Q

why is lack of confidentiality an ethical issue

A

confidentiality is a legal right under the data protection act, it applies to the individuals and the place where the study takes place, by not maintaining confidentiality then there is failure to protect participants. as few people as possible should have access to names and details

25
Q

why is invasion of privacy an ethical issue

A

people have the right to privacy, failure to respect this means that there is failure to protect particiapants

26
Q

prior general consent deals with which ethical issue

A

informed consent

27
Q

presumptive consent deals with which ethical issue

A

informed consent

28
Q

right to withdraw and right to withhold data deals with which ethical issue

A

failure to give the right to withdraw

29
Q

debriefing deals with which ethical issue

A

deception and informed consent

30
Q

role play deals with which ethical issue

A

protection of participants

31
Q

anticipating harm and stopping the study deals with which ethical issue

A

protection of participants

32
Q

which EI is important for a lab exp

A

deception, protection of participants

33
Q

which ethical issue is important for naturalistic observation

A

lack of informed consent

34
Q

what ethical issue is important for a questionnaire

A

confidentiality

35
Q

which ethical issue is important for interviews

A

privacy

36
Q

strengths of structured interview

A

quick so can gather more data (do more interviews)
quantitative data so easy to analyse

37
Q

limitations of structured interview

A

different interviewer styles can make comparison of results difficult

38
Q

strengths of unstructured interview

A

quality rich data
can identify areas for further research

39
Q

limitations for unstructured interview

A

interviewer might “lead” interviewee (interviewer bias)
must be a skilled interviewer (time to train to be objective which is costly)
may be vulnerable to social desirability bias
can take a long time once people start talking

40
Q

a directional hypothesis is also known as

A

a one tailed hypothesis

41
Q

a directional hypothesis predicts

A

the specific direction of the results

42
Q

a non directional hypothesis is also known as

A

a two tailed hypothesis

43
Q

a non directional hypothesis is where you just…

A

predict a difference or that one variable will affect another

44
Q

key words that tell you a hypothesis is directional are

A

increase, decrease, higher, lower

45
Q

key words that tell you a hypothesis is nondirectional are

A

affect, difference, influence

46
Q

when is a non directional hypothesis used

A

when no previous research has been done or if it is contradictory

47
Q

when and why is a directional hypothesis done

A

when previous research has been done eg if previous research suggests a particular direction is likely then you can justify using a directional hypothesis

48
Q

what is a case study

A

Detailed investigations into a single individual or small group of individuals.

49
Q

what is a pilot study

A

a small scale investigation conducted before the research

50
Q

reasons why you use a pilot study

A

to identify whether there neded to be any modifications in the design eg were the questions suitable for ….(study)

whether it would be feasible to conduct a study on …..

51
Q
A

alevel psychology aqa (38 decks)

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