research methods

Question 1

what are some experimental research methods

Answer 1

laboratory experiment
field experiment
natural experiment
quasi-experiment

Question 2

what are some non experimental research methods

Answer 2

questionnaire
observation
correlation
content analysis
interview

Question 3

what is social desirability bias

Answer 3

a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others in society.

Question 4

what is a non experimental research method

Answer 4

this includes most research methods and is when the environment in not changed.

Question 5

pros and cons of questionnaires

Answer 5

+ high amount of data easily using emails
+inexpensive
+don’t need lots of qualified people
- social desirability bias

Question 6

pros and cons of interviews

Answer 6

+quantitative dat/closed questions
+ open questions will give rich data
-social desirability bias
- qualitative data/open questions will need content analysis

Question 7

pros and cons of correlations

Answer 7

• don’t establish cause and effect
  + allows research into areas that may be unethical or impractical by experiment

Question 8

pros and cons laboratory experiment

Answer 8

• low ecological validity

Question 9

do non experimental methods have high or low ecological validity

Answer 9

high

Question 10

what are the steps of research methods

Answer 10

make objective observations
form testable hypotheses
devise a method
report method and results

Question 11

do experimental methods establish cause and effect

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

strength of lab exp

Answer 12

high level of control over variables

technical equipment=accurate

conclude c+e

replicability is high can check validity

Question 13

limitations of lab exp

Answer 13

less artificial= higher mundane realism and ecological validity,

Question 14

what are the types of ethical issues (6)

Answer 14

deception
lack of informed consent
failure to protect participants from harm
failure to give the right to withdraw from the investigation
lack of confidentiality
invasion of privacy

Question 15

what are ethics

Answer 15

a set of moral principals used to guide human behaviour

Question 16

what is an ethical issue

Answer 16

any situation that gives rise to an ethical dilemma

Question 17

what is decpetion

Answer 17

deliberately misleading a participant about some aspect of the research

Question 18

why is deception an ethical issue

Answer 18

denies the right of informed consent. the interviewer needs to be trustworthy and deception is denying the participant that respect. participants are not fully protected from harm.

Question 19

what is lack of informed consent

Answer 19

failure to give comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the investigation

Question 20

why is a lack of informed consent an ethical issue

Answer 20

participants may not know what they have let themselves in for, they will not be aware of the risks and implications of taking part therefore may not be fully protected.

Question 21

what is failure to protect participants from harm

Answer 21

this could be physically or psychologically eg embarrassment loss of dignity or threats to a persons self esteem.

Question 22

why is failure to protect participants from harm an ethical issue

Answer 22

risk of harm should not be greater than in ordinary life, the researcher has a responsibility for the participants saftey

Question 23

why is failure to give the right to….. an ethical issue

Answer 23

obtaining informed consent allows the RTW if they want to stop. failure to give this right could mean lack of informed consent and threat of harm

Question 24

why is lack of confidentiality an ethical issue

Answer 24

confidentiality is a legal right under the data protection act, it applies to the individuals and the place where the study takes place, by not maintaining confidentiality then there is failure to protect participants. as few people as possible should have access to names and details

Question 25

why is invasion of privacy an ethical issue

Answer 25

people have the right to privacy, failure to respect this means that there is failure to protect particiapants

Question 26

prior general consent deals with which ethical issue

Answer 26

informed consent

Question 27

presumptive consent deals with which ethical issue

Answer 27

informed consent

Question 28

right to withdraw and right to withhold data deals with which ethical issue

Answer 28

failure to give the right to withdraw

Question 29

debriefing deals with which ethical issue

Answer 29

deception and informed consent

Question 30

role play deals with which ethical issue

Answer 30

protection of participants

Question 31

anticipating harm and stopping the study deals with which ethical issue

Answer 31

protection of participants

Question 32

which EI is important for a lab exp

Answer 32

deception, protection of participants

Question 33

which ethical issue is important for naturalistic observation

Answer 33

lack of informed consent

Question 34

what ethical issue is important for a questionnaire

Answer 34

confidentiality

Question 35

which ethical issue is important for interviews

Answer 35

privacy

Question 36

strengths of structured interview

Answer 36

quick so can gather more data (do more interviews) quantitative data so easy to analyse

Question 37

limitations of structured interview

Answer 37

different interviewer styles can make comparison of results difficult

Question 38

strengths of unstructured interview

Answer 38

quality rich data can identify areas for further research

Question 39

limitations for unstructured interview

Answer 39

interviewer might "lead" interviewee (interviewer bias) must be a skilled interviewer (time to train to be objective which is costly) may be vulnerable to social desirability bias can take a long time once people start talking

Question 40

a directional hypothesis is also known as

Answer 40

a one tailed hypothesis

Question 41

a directional hypothesis predicts

Answer 41

the specific direction of the results

Question 42

a non directional hypothesis is also known as

Answer 42

a two tailed hypothesis

Question 43

a non directional hypothesis is where you just...

Answer 43

predict a difference or that one variable will affect another

Question 44

key words that tell you a hypothesis is directional are

Answer 44

increase, decrease, higher, lower

Question 45

key words that tell you a hypothesis is nondirectional are

Answer 45

affect, difference, influence

Question 46

when is a non directional hypothesis used

Answer 46

when no previous research has been done or if it is contradictory

Question 47

when and why is a directional hypothesis done

Answer 47

when previous research has been done eg if previous research suggests a particular direction is likely then you can justify using a directional hypothesis

Question 48

what is a case study

Answer 48

Detailed investigations into a single individual or small group of individuals.

Question 49

what is a pilot study

Answer 49

a small scale investigation conducted before the research

Question 50

reasons why you use a pilot study

Answer 50

to identify whether there neded to be any modifications in the design eg were the questions suitable for ....(study) whether it would be feasible to conduct a study on .....