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alevel psychology aqa > neurons- types > Flashcards

neurons- types Flashcards

how they communicate, synaptic transmission, summation, neurotransmitters, types and structure of neurons

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1
Q

nerve impulses are triggered in the

A

cell body

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2
Q

where do small waves of positivly charged particles enter the neurone

A

at the dendrites

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3
Q

if the charge particle entering the dendrite is weakly positive will a nerve impulse occur

A

no

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4
Q

A neuron only generates a nerve impulse if (2)

A

there is a change in voltage in the cell body and the change is large/strongly positive so the necessary voltage is created for a nerve impulse to be triggered

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5
Q

where do nerve impulses travel from and to

A

dendrites to axon terminals

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6
Q

the electrical signals are actually

A

changes in voltage

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7
Q

how does voltage change

A

if there are more or fewer charged particles inside the neurone

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8
Q

where are sensory neurons located

A

near our sensory receptors

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9
Q

sensory neurons send information towards the

A

cns

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10
Q

sensory neurons receive information from our

A

sensory receptors

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11
Q

where are the sensory receptors

A

eyes, skin, tongue, nose and ears

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12
Q

the axon terminals on a motor neuron are positioned next to

A

next to the muscles

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13
Q

relay neurons can process and transform what type of info

A

sensory information

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14
Q

do sensory neurons have large dendries to receive sensory information

A

no

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15
Q

what is the first stage of synaptic transmission

A

the nerve impulse arrives at the pre synaptic terminal and causes the synaptic vesicles to travel down to the pre synaptic membrane

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16
Q

what is the second stage of synaptic transmission (after the sv travels to psm)

A

the synaptic vesicle and pre synaptic membrane fuse causing neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft

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17
Q

what is the third stage of synaptic transmission (after N are released into sc)

A

the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft towards the post synaptic terminal and then bind to post synaptic receptors

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18
Q

explain the process of synaptic transmission (4)

A

electrical impulses (action potentials) reach presynaptic terminal
they trigger the release of neurotransmitters from synapse vesicles
neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft
they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

inhibition/excitation

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19
Q

neurotransmitters bind to

A

receptors on the post synaptic membrane

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20
Q

what do the recpetors on the post synaptic membrane usually do?

A

block the positivley charged ions from entering the dendrite/post synaptic neuron

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21
Q

how do neurotransmitters effect the receptors

A

they open a gate allowing (small) +charged ions to enter the post synaptic terminal

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22
Q

When positively charged particles flow into the post-synaptic neuron, they cause…

A

a small positive change in voltage (in the dendrites/post synaptic neuron)

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23
Q

what causes more positively chareged particles to flow into dendrites and what effect does this have on voltage

A

if there are more neurotransmitters bound to the receptors then more will flow in this will result in a greater change in the voltage

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24
Q

If the change in voltage is big enough, then a …….. i triggered in the cell body

A

a nerve impulse/action potential

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25
Q

the more neurotransmitters are released by the pre synaptic neuron the more neurotransmitters will…

A

bind to receptors

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26
Q

The more neurotransmitters are released by the pre-synaptic neuron the bigger the change

A

in voltage

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27
Q

The more neurotransmitters are released by the pre-synaptic neuron the more likely

A

a nerve impulse is triggered

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28
Q

The more neurotransmitters are released by the pre-synaptic neuron the more + charged

A

particles will enter the neuron

29
Q

what happens to a post synaptic receptor when a neurotransmitter bind to it

A

it changes shape to allow flow into the post synaptic terminal

30
Q

The more positively charged particles flow into the post-synaptic terminal the more likely….

A

it is that a nerve impulse is generated at the cell body

31
Q

once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor and +charged particles have flowed into the post synaptic membrane, what happens

A

the neurotransmitter is released back out into the synaptic cleft

32
Q

once the neurotransmitters are released back into the synaptic cleft, what would happen if they stayed in the cleft

A

they would keep binding to the receptors, transferring more +charged particles and creating more impulses

33
Q

what is the process of reuptake

A

reuptake proteins on the pre synaptic membrane suck up the free neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft back into the pre synaptic terminal so that they can be used again

34
Q

after synaptic transmission what are the 3 ways that the neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft

A

reuptake
diffusion
breakdown

35
Q

most neurotransmitters can bind to various…..

A

types of receptors eg serotonin can bind ot 10

36
Q

SSRI antidepressants inhibit …… in order to prolong

A

inhibit reuptake in order to prolong the effect of neurotransmitters

37
Q

the quicker the reuptake of the neurotransmitter the ………

A

shorter the effects on the postsynaptic neuron

38
Q

excitatory synaptic connection do what to neural activation in the CNS

A

increase

39
Q

Most of the time, only a small amount of neurotransmitter is released into the synapse. This means that…

A

A small number of positively charged particles flow into the post-synaptic neuron.

There will be a small change in voltage in the post-synaptic neuron.

40
Q

summation is when successive changes….

A

Summation is when successive changes in voltage add up in the post-synaptic neuron.

when multiple small changed in voltage add up together

41
Q

summation occurs when multiple ……… occur in the …….. neuron ……

A

Summation occurs when multiple nerve impulses occur in the pre-synaptic neuron, in quick succession

OR multiple nerve impulses occur at multiple synapses at the same time.

a process that makes it more likely a nerve impulse will be triggered

42
Q

the post synaptic neuron may also form

A

multiple other synapses with other neuron

43
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters cause

A

negatively charged particles to enter the post synaptic neuron (inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP) = less likely the neuron will fire an impulse

l

44
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause

A

positively charged particles to enter the post-synaptic neuron (excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP) = increasing the likelihood that the postsyanptic cell will fire

45
Q

egs of excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate, noradrenaline

46
Q

eg of inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

47
Q

do inhibitory synaptic connections increase or decrease neural activity in the cns

A

decrease

48
Q

ipsp can do what to epsp if a neuron can receive them both

A

they can cancel them out but epsp and ipsp can summate, for an impulse so occur there needs to be more excitatory neurons

Both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters will bind to the post-synaptic receptors, allowing for both negatively and positively charged particles to enter the neuron. These opposite charges will summate, cancelling each other out, making a nerve impulse less likely to occur.

49
Q

whether a nerve impulse occurs depends on the …..

A

balance of excitatory and inhibitor neurotransmitters binding to the post synaptic receptors

50
Q

what is the name of the neurotransmitter which is released by neurons controlling our muscles causing muscle movements

A

acetylcholine

51
Q

Acetylcholine makes nerve impulses more likely to happen, so it is an

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

52
Q

dopamine is released between neurons that help control the brains …..

what type of neurotransmitter is it

A

response to reward

can be excitatory or inhibitory

53
Q

serotonin is released between neurons that help control

what type of neurotransmitter is it

A

mood

can be excitatory or inhibitory

54
Q

which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter used in the brain

A

GABA

55
Q

what affect will gaba have on neural transmission

A

it will cause negatively charged particles to enter the posy synaptic neuron causing a negative change in voltage making it less likely than an impulse will be fired

56
Q

When positively charged particles flow into the neuron, this causes a change in voltage called an

A

excitatory post synaptic potential

57
Q

When negatively charged particles flow into the neuron, this causes a change in voltage called an

A

inhibitory post synaptic potential

58
Q

what are neurons

A

cells that make up the nervous system which conduct electrical impulses

59
Q

dendrites …… signals from …. or sensory ….

A

dendrites receive signals from other neurons or from sensory receptors

60
Q

what is the cell body/what happens

A

it is the control centre of the neuron

61
Q

what is the axon

A

it conducts the nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards the other neurons

62
Q

relay neurons are also called

A

interneurons

63
Q

which neurons are multipolar and which are unipolar

A

motor and relay are multipolar
sensory is unipolar

64
Q

which neurons have a myleinated axon

A

sensory and motor

65
Q

which has a longer axon, motor or relay neuron

A

motor

66
Q

what does a unipolar neuron mean

A

only has one extension from the cell body

67
Q

what does multipolar neuron mean

A

many dendrites surround the cell body

68
Q

information can only travel in one direction at a synapse, explain why neurones can only transmit info in one direction at a synapse (3)

A

the synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter are only present on/released from presynaptic membrane/at the axon terminal of the synapse of the presyanptic neurone

the receptors for the neurotransmitters are only present on the post synaptic membrane at the synapse

it is the binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor which enables the signal/info to be passed/transmitted to the next neurone

diffusion of neurotransmitters mean they can only go from high to low conc, so can only travel from the presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane

69
Q
A

alevel psychology aqa (42 decks)

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