neurons- types

Question 1

nerve impulses are triggered in the

Answer 1

cell body

Question 2

where do small waves of positivly charged particles enter the neurone

Answer 2

at the dendrites

Question 3

if the charge particle entering the dendrite is weakly positive will a nerve impulse occur

Answer 3

no

Question 4

A neuron only generates a nerve impulse if (2)

Answer 4

there is a change in voltage in the cell body and the change is large/strongly positive so the necessary voltage is created for a nerve impulse to be triggered

Question 5

where do nerve impulses travel from and to

Answer 5

dendrites to axon terminals

Question 6

the electrical signals are actually

Answer 6

changes in voltage

Question 7

how does voltage change

Answer 7

if there are more or fewer charged particles inside the neurone

Question 8

where are sensory neurons located

Answer 8

near our sensory receptors

Question 9

sensory neurons send information towards the

Answer 9

cns

Question 10

sensory neurons receive information from our

Answer 10

sensory receptors

Question 11

where are the sensory receptors

Answer 11

eyes, skin, tongue, nose and ears

Question 12

the axon terminals on a motor neuron are positioned next to

Answer 12

next to the muscles

Question 13

relay neurons can process and transform what type of info

Answer 13

sensory information

Question 14

do sensory neurons have large dendries to receive sensory information

Answer 14

no

Question 15

what is the first stage of synaptic transmission

Answer 15

the nerve impulse arrives at the pre synaptic terminal and causes the synaptic vesicles to travel down to the pre synaptic membrane

Question 16

what is the second stage of synaptic transmission (after the sv travels to psm)

Answer 16

the synaptic vesicle and pre synaptic membrane fuse causing neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft

Question 17

what is the third stage of synaptic transmission (after N are released into sc)

Answer 17

the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft towards the post synaptic terminal and then bind to post synaptic receptors

Question 18

explain the process of synaptic transmission (4)

Answer 18

electrical impulses (action potentials) reach presynaptic terminal
they trigger the release of neurotransmitters from synapse vesicles
neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft
they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

inhibition/excitation

Question 19

neurotransmitters bind to

Answer 19

receptors on the post synaptic membrane

Question 20

what do the recpetors on the post synaptic membrane usually do?

Answer 20

block the positivley charged ions from entering the dendrite/post synaptic neuron

Question 21

how do neurotransmitters effect the receptors

Answer 21

they open a gate allowing (small) +charged ions to enter the post synaptic terminal

Question 22

When positively charged particles flow into the post-synaptic neuron, they cause…

Answer 22

a small positive change in voltage (in the dendrites/post synaptic neuron)

Question 23

what causes more positively chareged particles to flow into dendrites and what effect does this have on voltage

Answer 23

if there are more neurotransmitters bound to the receptors then more will flow in this will result in a greater change in the voltage

Question 24

If the change in voltage is big enough, then a …….. i triggered in the cell body

Answer 24

a nerve impulse/action potential

Question 25

the more neurotransmitters are released by the pre synaptic neuron the more neurotransmitters will...

Answer 25

bind to receptors

Question 26

The more neurotransmitters are released by the pre-synaptic neuron the bigger the change

Answer 26

in voltage

Question 27

The more neurotransmitters are released by the pre-synaptic neuron the more likely

Answer 27

a nerve impulse is triggered

Question 28

The more neurotransmitters are released by the pre-synaptic neuron the more + charged

Answer 28

particles will enter the neuron

Question 29

what happens to a post synaptic receptor when a neurotransmitter bind to it

Answer 29

it changes shape to allow flow into the post synaptic terminal

Question 30

The more positively charged particles flow into the post-synaptic terminal the more likely....

Answer 30

it is that a nerve impulse is generated at the cell body

Question 31

once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor and +charged particles have flowed into the post synaptic membrane, what happens

Answer 31

the neurotransmitter is released back out into the synaptic cleft

Question 32

once the neurotransmitters are released back into the synaptic cleft, what would happen if they stayed in the cleft

Answer 32

they would keep binding to the receptors, transferring more +charged particles and creating more impulses

Question 33

what is the process of reuptake

Answer 33

reuptake proteins on the pre synaptic membrane suck up the free neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft back into the pre synaptic terminal so that they can be used again

Question 34

after synaptic transmission what are the 3 ways that the neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft

Answer 34

reuptake diffusion breakdown

Question 35

most neurotransmitters can bind to various.....

Answer 35

types of receptors eg serotonin can bind ot 10

Question 36

SSRI antidepressants inhibit ...... in order to prolong

Answer 36

inhibit reuptake in order to prolong the effect of neurotransmitters

Question 37

the quicker the reuptake of the neurotransmitter the .........

Answer 37

shorter the effects on the postsynaptic neuron

Question 38

excitatory synaptic connection do what to neural activation in the CNS

Answer 38

increase

Question 39

Most of the time, only a small amount of neurotransmitter is released into the synapse. This means that…

Answer 39

A small number of positively charged particles flow into the post-synaptic neuron. There will be a small change in voltage in the post-synaptic neuron.

Question 40

summation is when successive changes....

Answer 40

Summation is when successive changes in voltage add up in the post-synaptic neuron. when multiple small changed in voltage add up together

Question 41

summation occurs when multiple ......... occur in the ........ neuron ......

Answer 41

Summation occurs when multiple nerve impulses occur in the pre-synaptic neuron, in quick succession OR multiple nerve impulses occur at multiple synapses at the same time. a process that makes it more likely a nerve impulse will be triggered

Question 42

the post synaptic neuron may also form

Answer 42

multiple other synapses with other neuron

Question 43

inhibitory neurotransmitters cause

Answer 43

negatively charged particles to enter the post synaptic neuron (inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP) = less likely the neuron will fire an impulse l

Question 44

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause

Answer 44

positively charged particles to enter the post-synaptic neuron (excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP) = increasing the likelihood that the postsyanptic cell will fire

Question 45

egs of excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 45

glutamate, noradrenaline

Question 46

eg of inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 46

GABA

Question 47

do inhibitory synaptic connections increase or decrease neural activity in the cns

Answer 47

decrease

Question 48

ipsp can do what to epsp if a neuron can receive them both

Answer 48

they can cancel them out but epsp and ipsp can summate, for an impulse so occur there needs to be more excitatory neurons Both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters will bind to the post-synaptic receptors, allowing for both negatively and positively charged particles to enter the neuron. These opposite charges will summate, cancelling each other out, making a nerve impulse less likely to occur.

Question 49

whether a nerve impulse occurs depends on the .....

Answer 49

balance of excitatory and inhibitor neurotransmitters binding to the post synaptic receptors

Question 50

what is the name of the neurotransmitter which is released by neurons controlling our muscles causing muscle movements

Answer 50

acetylcholine

Question 51

Acetylcholine makes nerve impulses more likely to happen, so it is an

Answer 51

excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 52

dopamine is released between neurons that help control the brains ..... what type of neurotransmitter is it

Answer 52

response to reward can be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 53

serotonin is released between neurons that help control what type of neurotransmitter is it

Answer 53

mood can be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 54

which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter used in the brain

Answer 54

GABA

Question 55

what affect will gaba have on neural transmission

Answer 55

it will cause negatively charged particles to enter the posy synaptic neuron causing a negative change in voltage making it less likely than an impulse will be fired

Question 56

When positively charged particles flow into the neuron, this causes a change in voltage called an

Answer 56

excitatory post synaptic potential

Question 57

When negatively charged particles flow into the neuron, this causes a change in voltage called an

Answer 57

inhibitory post synaptic potential

Question 58

what are neurons

Answer 58

cells that make up the nervous system which conduct electrical impulses

Question 59

dendrites ...... signals from .... or sensory ....

Answer 59

dendrites receive signals from other neurons or from sensory receptors

Question 60

what is the cell body/what happens

Answer 60

it is the control centre of the neuron

Question 61

what is the axon

Answer 61

it conducts the nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards the other neurons

Question 62

relay neurons are also called

Answer 62

interneurons

Question 63

which neurons are multipolar and which are unipolar

Answer 63

motor and relay are multipolar sensory is unipolar

Question 64

which neurons have a myleinated axon

Answer 64

sensory and motor

Question 65

which has a longer axon, motor or relay neuron

Answer 65

motor

Question 66

what does a unipolar neuron mean

Answer 66

only has one extension from the cell body

Question 67

what does multipolar neuron mean

Answer 67

many dendrites surround the cell body

Question 68

information can only travel in one direction at a synapse, explain why neurones can only transmit info in one direction at a synapse (3)

Answer 68

the synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter are only present on/released from presynaptic membrane/at the axon terminal of the synapse of the presyanptic neurone the receptors for the neurotransmitters are only present on the post synaptic membrane at the synapse it is the binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor which enables the signal/info to be passed/transmitted to the next neurone diffusion of neurotransmitters mean they can only go from high to low conc, so can only travel from the presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane