The back Flashcards
functions of the vertebral column
enables upright posture
supports body weight
protects and transmits spinal cord and spinal nerves
supports skull and allows for its movement
locomotion - provides attachment for trunk muscles
lordosis
concave posteriorly
kyphosis
concave anteriorly
cervical
30 degree lordosis
thoracic
40 degree kyphosis
lumber
45 degree lordosis
sacrococcygeal
kyphosis
tell me about primary curvatures
present in utero
concave anteriorly (kyphosis)
this remains in thoracic and sacral regions
tell me about secondary curvatures
concave posteriorly (lordosis) don't develop until infant lifts their head and stands to walk
What part of a vertebrae is susceptible to arthritis
articular facets and joint
cervical vertebrae
small cell body uncinate processes at lateral edges transverse foramen bifid spinous processes superior articular facets which are flat and face superiorly and posteriorly flexion with some lateral flexion
atlas C1
no cell body
superior articular facets which articulate with the occipital condyles known as the base of the skull
it has s groove for the vertebral artery
atlas C2
body with odontoid processes or dens, these are for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas
superior articular facets which are flat and articulate with the inferior facets of the atlas
rotation of the head and neck at the Atlanta-axia joint
thoracic vertebrae
superior articular facets - flat facing posteriorly on the arc of a circle which allows rotation
transverse process, long with a facet for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib
costal demi facets, upper for articulation with head of own rib, lower with rib below
spine is long and pointy inferiorly overlapping two vertebrae
lumbar
largest body
superior articular facets - concave and facing posteriorly interlocking with inferior facets
spine is sturdy, stumpy and quadrangular
extension and flexion and some lateral flexion but NO ROTATION
Sacrum
formed by 5 fused vertebra
sacral promontory is the anterior projection of S1
Median, intermediate, lateral crests : union of spinous, articular and transverse processes respectively.
synovial joints between articular facets
zygapophyseal facet joints
symphyses and secondary cartilaginous
between intervertebral discs
what forms the vertebral foramen
superior and inferior vertebral notches
What makes up a vertebral disc
outer annulus fibrosus which surrounds a central nucleus pulpous
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous
absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae
relative collagen content increase with age
annulus fibrosus
very strong, concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage
attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
herniated disc
nucleus may herniate or prolapse to compress the spinal cord
the caudal equina
an emerging spinal nerve
- due to the position of the posterior longitudinal ligament means that most disc herniations are posterolateral towards the intervertebral foramen
where is the anterior Atlanta-axial and Atlanta occipital membranes
continues down as the anterior longitudinal ligament
the anterior longitudinal ligament
a broad band on the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae
- between atlas and the sacrum
- limits extension
tectorial membrane
extends between the foramen magnum and C2
continues downwards as the posterior long. ligament
the posterior long. ligament
posterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae
- between c2 and sacrum
- resists hyeprflexion.
ligament flava
between vertebral lamina
limits sudden flexion and supports the curvatures
inter transverse ligaments
between transverse processes
supraspinous ligaments
between tips of spines and run between sacrum to C7
continues with ligament niche
ligamentum nuchae
intends between external occipital protuberance and posterior edge of foramen magnum down to c7
-limits flexion and provides muscle attachment
intraspinous ligaments
between all spinous processes
alar ligaments
from sides of dens to sides of foramen magnum
-prevents excessive rotation
transverse ligament
keeps the dens close to the anterior arch
cruciate ligament
transverse + superior and inferior long. fascicles
- prevents excessive movement between the Aix. atlas and occipital joint
properties of extrinsic muscles
superficial
involved with movement of upper limbs and thoracic wall
innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
prosperities of intrinsic muscles
located deep between spinous processes and the angle of the ribs
adapted to provide support and movement in resistance to the effect of gravity
move the vertebral column
participate in moving the head
innervated by the posterior rami of the spinal nerves
stronger as are in OPPOSITION TO GRAVUTY
Trapezius LAYER 1
covers:
the skull
ligamentum nuchae
spines of c7 to T12; to scapula and clavicle laterally
extends neck, retracts scapula, upper fibres elevate (rotate) the shoulders and lower fibres depress
has an accessory nerve
Latissimus Dorsi LAYER 1
covers: iliac crest fascia spines of T6 to T12 lower ribs humorous does shoulder extension and adduction nerve = thoracodorsal
Levator Scapulae LAYER 2
scapular elevation
Rhomboid minor and major LAYER 2
scapula retraction and elevation
serratus posterior superior LAYER 2
inspiration
serratus posterior inferior LAYER 2
expiration
Layer 1-2 are what group fo muscles
EXTRINSIC
What are the three layers of intrinsic muscles
superficial
intermediate
deep
superficial intrinsic
splenius capitis (up) and cervicis (lower)
acting together: extend the neck
acting alone: rotate and laterally flex
intermediate
erector spinae
Ilicostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Intermediate 2
semispinallis: capitis cervicus thoracis multifundis lavatores castarum
Deep
deep to semispinalis capitis: obliqulus capitis superior obliqus capitis inferior rectus capitis posterior major rectus capitis minor the sub-occipital triangle - transmits vertebral artery and vein as well as sub occipital nerve
