The back Flashcards by Katie Whyte

functions of the vertebral column

enables upright posture
supports body weight
protects and transmits spinal cord and spinal nerves
supports skull and allows for its movement
locomotion - provides attachment for trunk muscles

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lordosis

concave posteriorly

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kyphosis

concave anteriorly

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cervical

30 degree lordosis

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thoracic

40 degree kyphosis

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lumber

45 degree lordosis

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sacrococcygeal

kyphosis

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tell me about primary curvatures

present in utero
concave anteriorly (kyphosis)
this remains in thoracic and sacral regions

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tell me about secondary curvatures

concave posteriorly (lordosis)
don't develop until infant lifts their head and stands to walk

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What part of a vertebrae is susceptible to arthritis

articular facets and joint

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cervical vertebrae

small cell body 
uncinate processes at lateral edges 
transverse foramen 
bifid spinous processes 
superior articular facets which are flat and face superiorly and posteriorly 
flexion with some lateral flexion

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atlas C1

no cell body
superior articular facets which articulate with the occipital condyles known as the base of the skull
it has s groove for the vertebral artery

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atlas C2

body with odontoid processes or dens, these are for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas
superior articular facets which are flat and articulate with the inferior facets of the atlas
rotation of the head and neck at the Atlanta-axia joint

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thoracic vertebrae

superior articular facets - flat facing posteriorly on the arc of a circle which allows rotation
transverse process, long with a facet for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib
costal demi facets, upper for articulation with head of own rib, lower with rib below
spine is long and pointy inferiorly overlapping two vertebrae

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lumbar

largest body
superior articular facets - concave and facing posteriorly interlocking with inferior facets
spine is sturdy, stumpy and quadrangular
extension and flexion and some lateral flexion but NO ROTATION

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Sacrum

formed by 5 fused vertebra
sacral promontory is the anterior projection of S1
Median, intermediate, lateral crests : union of spinous, articular and transverse processes respectively.

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synovial joints between articular facets

zygapophyseal facet joints

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symphyses and secondary cartilaginous

between intervertebral discs

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what forms the vertebral foramen

superior and inferior vertebral notches

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What makes up a vertebral disc

outer annulus fibrosus which surrounds a central nucleus pulpous

nucleus pulposus

gelatinous
absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae
relative collagen content increase with age

annulus fibrosus

very strong, concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage

attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

herniated disc

nucleus may herniate or prolapse to compress the spinal cord
the caudal equina
an emerging spinal nerve
- due to the position of the posterior longitudinal ligament means that most disc herniations are posterolateral towards the intervertebral foramen

where is the anterior Atlanta-axial and Atlanta occipital membranes

continues down as the anterior longitudinal ligament

the anterior longitudinal ligament

a broad band on the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae - between atlas and the sacrum - limits extension

tectorial membrane

extends between the foramen magnum and C2 | continues downwards as the posterior long. ligament

the posterior long. ligament

posterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae - between c2 and sacrum - resists hyeprflexion.

ligament flava

between vertebral lamina | limits sudden flexion and supports the curvatures

inter transverse ligaments

between transverse processes

supraspinous ligaments

between tips of spines and run between sacrum to C7 | continues with ligament niche

ligamentum nuchae

intends between external occipital protuberance and posterior edge of foramen magnum down to c7 -limits flexion and provides muscle attachment

intraspinous ligaments

between all spinous processes

alar ligaments

from sides of dens to sides of foramen magnum | -prevents excessive rotation

transverse ligament

keeps the dens close to the anterior arch

cruciate ligament

transverse + superior and inferior long. fascicles | - prevents excessive movement between the Aix. atlas and occipital joint

properties of extrinsic muscles

superficial involved with movement of upper limbs and thoracic wall innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves

prosperities of intrinsic muscles

located deep between spinous processes and the angle of the ribs adapted to provide support and movement in resistance to the effect of gravity move the vertebral column participate in moving the head innervated by the posterior rami of the spinal nerves stronger as are in OPPOSITION TO GRAVUTY

Trapezius LAYER 1

covers: the skull ligamentum nuchae spines of c7 to T12; to scapula and clavicle laterally extends neck, retracts scapula, upper fibres elevate (rotate) the shoulders and lower fibres depress has an accessory nerve

Latissimus Dorsi LAYER 1

``` covers: iliac crest fascia spines of T6 to T12 lower ribs humorous does shoulder extension and adduction nerve = thoracodorsal ```

Levator Scapulae LAYER 2

scapular elevation

Rhomboid minor and major LAYER 2

scapula retraction and elevation

serratus posterior superior LAYER 2

inspiration

serratus posterior inferior LAYER 2

expiration

Layer 1-2 are what group fo muscles

EXTRINSIC

What are the three layers of intrinsic muscles

superficial intermediate deep

superficial intrinsic

splenius capitis (up) and cervicis (lower) acting together: extend the neck acting alone: rotate and laterally flex

intermediate

erector spinae Ilicostalis Longissimus Spinalis

Intermediate 2

``` semispinallis: capitis cervicus thoracis multifundis lavatores castarum ```

Deep

``` deep to semispinalis capitis: obliqulus capitis superior obliqus capitis inferior rectus capitis posterior major rectus capitis minor the sub-occipital triangle - transmits vertebral artery and vein as well as sub occipital nerve ```