Red blood Cells

Question 1

Tell me the pathway of circulation around the body

Answer 1

The heart
Arterial system
Capillary bed - Venous system
Lymphatic 
Venous system

Question 2

What are the three layers of blood vessels

Answer 2

The tunica Intima = endothelium + connective tissue
The tunica media = muscle and connective tissue
The tunica externa = thick layer of connective tissue

Question 3

Tell me more about the tunica intima

Answer 3

lined with simple squamous epithelium = endothelium
continuous throughout the entire vascular system
endothelium releases endothelins (locally acting hormones) that can constrict smooth muscle within the walls of the vessels to increase blood pressure

Question 4

What is deep in the endothelium

Answer 4

basement membrane or basal lamina, binds endothelium to connective tissue

Question 5

In larger arteries what is there as well as the basement membrane

Answer 5

thick, distinct layer of elastic fibres known as internal elastic membrane at the boundary of the tunica media, provides structure whilst allowing vessel to stretch

Question 6

Tell me about the Tunica media

Answer 6

Composed of concentric layers of helically arraigned smooth muscle cells
Contains varying amounts of elastic fibres which support the muscle cells
Thickest layer in arteries , much thicker in A than v

Question 7

What are vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Answer 7

Vasodilation = the relaxation of the circular muscles causing the opposite

Vasoconstriction = contraction of the circular muscles = decrease in the diameter of the vessel lumen

Question 8

Tell me about the tunica externa

Answer 8

A sheath of longitudinally orientated connective tissue composed of primarily collagen type 1 fibres
This is the thickest in veins

Question 9

Tell me about elastic large arteries

Answer 9

mainly elastic
conducting arteries
expand during systole, while elastic recoil during diastole helps drive blood onwards

Question 10

Tell me about muscular arteries

Answer 10

• relatively thick layer of circular smooth muscle in their tunica media
• control distribution of blood to regions and organs
• regulate blood flow by contraction or relaxation
• They can accommodate an increase in diameter
• they can contract to prevent haemorrhage

Question 11

Name me the artier of the upper limb

Answer 11

Subclavian
Axillary 
Brachial 
Radial 
Ulnar

Question 12

What is anastomosis

Answer 12

when one vessel plugs into another, arterial anastomosis ensures blood supply to the hand and fingers

Question 13

what must you note about the subclavian and the axillary and brachial arteries

Answer 13

The originate from the same artery

Question 14

What must joints have to prevent compromised flow when contricted

Answer 14

co-lateral flow, in anastomosis

Question 15

Where is the deep and superficial palmar arches are derived from

Answer 15

both the radial and ulnar arteries

Question 16

Tell me about the blood vessels if the thorax

Answer 16

The main defending thoracic aorta

The Abdominal Aorta, this splits into the common iliac arteries which supply segmented blood flow to the abdomen

Question 17

Arteries of the lower limb

Answer 17

In the groin = femoral artery (this was the external iliac but becomes femoral), vein lies medially and nerve laterally

Question 18

Arterioles

Answer 18

arteries less than 0.5mm thick in diameter

Question 19

Metarterioles

Answer 19

same diameter as capillaries (7 to 9 um) but have a layer of smooth muscle in their walls

Question 20

capillaries

Answer 20

tube of endothelium only

Question 21

What are the methods by which nutrients, hormones, 02 etc are exchanged

Answer 21

active transport 
passive transport 
-osmosis
-diffusion
-filtration
-Facilitated Transport

Question 22

Tell me more about capillaries Basal lamina

Answer 22

splits to enclose pericytes (myoepithelial cells)

Question 23

What is blood flow through the capillary regaled by

Answer 23

pre-capillary sphincter

Question 24

veins

Answer 24

70% of blood volume
smallest are venues
Leukocytes can pass through the walls of the venules (diapedesis) and escape into surrounding connective tissue

Question 25

Tell me about veins in relation to large arteries

Answer 25

large arteries have veins alongside them but smaller arteries have venae comitantes, pulsation of the artery aids in venous return to the heart

Question 26

Name me two superficial veins

Answer 26

The great saphenous vein

The small saphenous vein

Question 27

how are deep and superficial veins connected

Answer 27

perforating veins
the flow of blood is from superficial to deep due to the valves in the perforating veins
if these valves don’t work this leads to varicose veins

Question 28

What helps venous return to the heart against gravity

Answer 28

valves
contraction of the muscles
arterial pulsation
negetive inter thoracic pressure

Question 29

superficial veins are used for what

Answer 29

phlebotomy

-the cephalic, the basilic and median cubital veins

Question 30

The blood from the lower limbs, pelvic organs, kidneys and abdominal walls drain to

Answer 30

the inferior vena cava vein which immediately enters the right atrium after passing through the diaphragm

Question 31

The upper half is drained to

Answer 31

the superior vena cava vein

Azygos veins drain the venous blood from the thoracic wall to SVC

Question 32

Any venous blood from the GI and spleen go where

Answer 32

through the liver via portal vein before joining the IVC

Question 33

Where are vasa vasorum located

Answer 33

in larger vessels = this nourishes the media

In smaller vessels they branch in the adventitia and outer part of the media

Question 34

What makes up the lymphatic system

Answer 34

lymph nodes
lymph vessels
tonsils 
thymus 
spleen 
intestinal wall

Question 35

Tell me about the lymphatic system

Answer 35

Superficial lymph nodes are related to veins
 Deep lymph nodes are related to arteries
 Drainage depends upon adjacent muscle activity and valves to prevent backflow
 Tumour may well spread in the lymphatics and seed in the nodes

Question 36

Where are deep inguinal nodes located

Answer 36

alongside the femoral vein

Question 37

Where are the deep cervical nodes located

Answer 37

alongside internal jugular vein

Question 38

What is the largest lymph vessel

Answer 38

Thoracic duct

Question 39

Veterbral arteries - deep in the neck

Answer 39

provide collateral supply to the brain