Cells and Organelles Flashcards
List the fundamental properties of cells
Cytosol, semi-permeable membrane, golgi, RER, SER, Nuclear Envelope, centrosome, lysosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria
State the approximate size of cells and understand the scale of cells and their components
cells are 0.01 milimeters and components are 0.1 micrometers
descibe the basic features of a eukaryote cell
Eukaryotes are more complex cells with internal compartments, contain organelles and are much bigger
Describe the basic features of a prokaryote cell
Some cells only have enclosing membranes, providing structure to the cell, these are the simplest and smallest known as prokaryotes and are mostly bacteria. They have no internal membranes and do not have a nucleus
Where is DNA packaged in these types of cells
Prokaryotes – in these types of cells DNA is packaged but not enclosed by a membrane.
Eukaryotes – in these types of cells the DNA is packaged AND enclosed by a double membrane (known as the nuclear envelope)
List some diseases caused due to errors in cells
- Hypercholesterolemia (defective uptake of lipoproteins)
- Cystic fibrosis (misfolding of key protein)
- Hypertension (defective cell-cell adhesion in the kidney)
- Congenital heart defects (errors in cell migration during development)
- Muscular dystrophy (defective attachment of the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton) • Lysosomal storage disease (defective intracellular transport of enzymes)
- Food-borne illness (Salmonella, E. coli)
- Cancer (errors in cell division, migration, cell polarity, growth, etc)
- Ageing
What are the four basic tissue types??
- Epithelia
- Connective tissue
- Muscle
- Nervous tissue
How do static cells attach to each other
These static cells can attach to each other via certain junctions, however these interactions are normally not permenant and can be broken down and reformed.
Roles of mitochondria
- Produce most of the ATP supply to cells
- Allow cells to grow bigger
- They are present in ALL eukaryotic cells
- They are composed of two membranes – the inner membrane folded into interior
- They contain their own DNA – they reproduce by dividing in two (SEPARATE FROM DNA IN NUCLEUS) however not enough to produce all the proteins needed in the mitochondria
- All mitochondria are from the mother
- Mostly made by the nucleus
Formation of a vesicle:
highly regulated process which takes a lot of energy, there is a whole series of proteins involved. The key one is clathrin which forms a type of scaffold coat regulator which aids the formation of the vesicle by forming the membrane around it.
What are the two steps in cell evolution
- Compartmentalization
- Mitochondria
Whats the name for cells dying due to infection or attack on the body
necrosis (abnormal process sends out signals if cell dies abnormally to alert the immune system)
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules:
Microfilaments:
Intermediate filaments:
Microtubules:
A thickness of 25nm, they are vesicle tracks, they position and move organelles (cell division), they are composed of dynamic subunits known as tubulins. Don’t always make it right to the end of the cell.
Microfilaments:
A thickness of 7nm, they generate contractile forces enabling cells to move, parts of cells to move and for cells to contract. They are also composed of subunits of actin and myosin (motility). Very extensive and stretch right to the edge of the cell.
