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Y1S1 > RBC Creatine > Flashcards

RBC Creatine Flashcards

1
Q

Give me some structural features of RBC

A

Biconcave
no nucleus
high surface area/volume
maintains membrane integrity and prevents oxidation

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2
Q

What are the main functions of RBC

A

O2 and CO2 transport, acid/base balance

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3
Q

Tell me about stem cells in embryonic development

A

stem cells form blood islands in yolk sac
cells migrate to the liver then spleen then bone marrow
at birth widely distributed then retreating to axial skeleton by adulthood

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4
Q

Bone marrow stroma

A

fat cells
macrophages
fibroblasts
endothelium

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5
Q

What are the growth factors that drive maturation

A
  • interleukin 3
  • erythropoietin
  • androgens
  • thyroxine
  • growth hormone
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6
Q

Reticulocytes

A

remnants of mRNA left once the nucleus of a maturing RBC has been extruded. Removed by spleen in 1-2 days.

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7
Q

What is reticulocytes used for:

A

useful for measure of marrow response to anaemia or treatment

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8
Q

What are reticulocytes stained by

A

methylene blue on a slide or automated count

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9
Q

how much iron does a normal adult have

A

3000-5000mg 2/3 is Hb

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10
Q

Where is fe +++ transported

A

duodenal enterocytes

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11
Q

What chemical regulates iron absorption and release from macrophages

A

Hepcidin = increased during an inflammatory response so their is less available iron

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12
Q

What are the different ways of iron loss

A 
menstrual loss
minor trauma 
GI
Blood sampling
Very small amounts in urine and skin shedding
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13
Q

What is the role of trasnferrin

A

transport/recycle of iron molecules, these receptors are increased in iron deficiency

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14
Q

what is ferritin

A

insoluble storage form of iron

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15
Q

Where is folic acid absorbed

A

upper small bowel

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16
Q

What is the role of the intrinsic factor

A

Gastric parietal cells produce it and it binds to B12

17
Q

Where is B12 absorbed

A

terminal ileum

18
Q

What are antibodies to intrinsic factors are associated with

A

gastric atrophy

19
Q

B12 and Folic acid

A

gets folic acid into the cell in a functioning form
allows production of thymidine (1 of 4 bases) from uridine (in RNA not DNA)
we eat 5 methyl tetradrofolate, B12 changes this to THF by stripping off methyl group (co-factor)

20
Q

what is erythropoetin triggered by

A

tissue hypoxia = at low 02 levels mRNA for epo Is increased
high altitude
epo producing tumours

21
Q

spectrin

A

two forms wound together and anchored to the cell membrane alpha and beta, provides its resilience, gives its ability to spring back once squeezed through capillaries

22
Q

Haem O2 binding

A

one O2 per globin chain (4 chains)

23
Q

What is haemoglobin composed of

A

2- alpha chains (zeta then to alpha)

2- beta chains (epsilon then gamma (child) then delta then beta

24
Q

What is Thalassaemia

A

an inherited defect in globin chain

25
Q

sickle cell disease

A

one amino acid change in beta chain

26
Q

What is the role of the glycotic pathway ending with lactate and pyruvate

A

maintain membrane integrity
Prevent oxidation of enzymes and Fe++
Maintain gradients of K+ and Ca ++

27
Q

What kind of enzymes can cause anaemia

A

pyruvate kinase by haemolysis - increase rate RBC breakdown

28
Q

What factors will cause increased O2 delivery to tissues

A

Acidosis and increased temperature

29
Q

intermediate stage in glycoloysis

A

2,3 DPG causes more 02 to be released as it wedges open the chains and releases O2, increased when excessing/anaemia and high altitude

30
Q

What is myoglobin

A

store of O2 in skeletal muscle for immediate use

31
Q

Tell me about the acid-base balance

A

Regulates free H+ ions in body fluids

pH normally 7.35 to 7.45

32
Q

Whats the equation for the buffer system (60%)

A

CO2 + H2O (Carbonic Anhydrase acts as catalyst) >
H2CO3
>
H+ + HCO3-

33
Q

buffer system for 30% capacity

A

H+ combines with Hb after loss of 02
low pH decreases affinity for 02
CO2 + Hb > HbCOO- + H+

34
Q

What happens as RBC age

A

membrane more rigid
loss of glycolytic enzymes
neoantigens exposed on cells surface

35
Q

Tell me about the recycling of RBC

A
  • Haptoglobin mops up free Hb
  • cleared by liver
  • Globing chains broken up into amino acids
  • Iron bound to transferrin and returned to macrophages
  • porphyrin ring > bilirubin
  • bound to albumin
  • conjugated to glucuronice
  • excreted in bile

Y1S1 (71 decks)

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