Bones and Joints Flashcards
What are the three classifications of joints by movement SAD
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses= allows slight movement (spine)
Diathroses = allows lots of movement (knee)
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints
Primary cartilaginous Joint (synchondrosis):
B - H - B
Very strong with no movement like the epiphyseal plate in growing bones
Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses):
B - H - FC - H - B
Joints of the sternum, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis (midline - axial skeleton)
Limited movement so are classed as amphiarthroses
What is proprioception
The bodys awareness of where it is in space
What is the function of joints
The facilitate joints and transmit forces? (through weight bearing)
What are bursae
These are a type of synovial joint.
Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane, lubricated with fluid. There to prevent rubbing. These are found where friction occurs e.g. between skin and bone, tendon and bones. Stop tendons becoming damaged and enflamed. Bursitis enflames the bursae due to over rubbing.
What is the synovial sheath
Specialised bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure e.g. those in the hand and foot. These are potential spaces and therefore a potential route for infection down to the wrist.
SPACE = POTENICAL ROUTE FOR INFECTION
What do synovial joints do
Provide friction free movement - consist of collagen fibres that are thickened along lines of stress to form ligaments (limit movement to support structures like the knee)
What are the ends of synovial joints lined with
Articular cartilage, this is a form of hyaline cartilage that creates a frictionless surface. doesn’t heal well due to lack of blood supply
What are the two forms of ligaments that support the bone
- Intrinsic (thickening of joint capsule) Ligaments = part of capsule
- Extrinsic Ligaments (outside joint capsule) = Outside the capsule e.g. the knee
What is the synovial membrane
collagenous tissue that lines the fibroid capsule. It secretes synovial fluid which reduces friction between the articular surfaces
What is synovial fluid made up of
hyaluronic acid, lubricant, small number of phagocytic cells
What are some properties of synovial fluid
It can change its physical properties such as its viscosity depending on the force put through it as it is shock absorbing. I provides nutrients and 02 for the articular cartilage and removes waste
How doe exercise effect synovial fluid
It decreases the viscosity so that lubrication improves this is known as thixotropic
Where is intra-articular discs found
in joints where there is a rotary movement this is to depend and support the joint
What is rheumatoid arthritis
This is a form of autoimmune disease that causes a change in synovium which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage
What are the different kinds of muscle
- Skeletal = voluntary/striated
- Visceral = involuntary/smooth
- Cardiac = involuntary/striated
What factors effect stability
- Shape of the bones = deep socket? Big head? Flat socket?
- Strength and position of the ligaments – stretching =. Is there lots?
- Tone of the surrounding muscles = Tone is continuously contraction in the muscle
The shape of the articular surfaces determines the range of movement at a joint - Ball and socket joints allow movement in three planes
- Hinge joints allow movement in one plane
What is osteoarthritis
This is a form of degenerative disease which occurs in the articular cartilage in the weight bearing joints due to ware and tare. This is the most common form of arthritis. Extra bone growth which means the bone has restricted movements.
Define what a muscle is
Consists of cells that when stimulated by nerves, contract causing tension that brings about movement at synovial joints. Some muscles attach directly to periosteum via fleshy muscle fibres. Other muscles attach indirectly to periosteum via tendons i.e. tendons attach muscle to bone
Tell me about muscle fibres
These are arranged in bundles or fasciculi, these muscles are associated with extensive connective tissue coverings that support nerves and capillaries.
Compartment functional groups in muscles
- The prime mover is main participant in movement
- Other muscles in the group are synergists
- The group of muscles that oppose the movement are antagonists, this smoothes out the action
What is the endomysium
eparates the muscle fibres a form a deep fascia, this allows it to slide over muscles close to it
What are deep fascia
divides the limbs into compartments such as the arm – posterior and anterior
define tendons
formed from fascia joining muscle to bone
Name and describe the three types of fibrous joints
Sutures = joints between skull vault bones this is an example synarthroses and cannot move Syndesmosis = Fibrous membrane between bones, Radioulnar interosseous membrane. such as the bones in your arms and legs, the fibres which join them together Gomphosis = “Peg and socket” – teeth in the jaw
Define ligaments
Join bone to bone
What is a joint
Where two bones meet
What is the perimysium
Lies between fasciculi
What are the three classifications of joint by soft tissue
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous = two sub types
- Synovial = most common
What is the epimysium
Dense sheath on the surface
Describe the process of skeletal muscle differentiation
Myosatellite cells give rise to myoblasts, which mature in myocytes
Myostatin inhibits this process of differentiation
Types by movement
Synarthroses = no movement Amphiarthroses = little movement Diarthroses = movement in a single plane
