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Y1S1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System

A 
Much slower than the nervous system
Actions are mediated by hormones 
Regulates the following systems:
- regulation of cellular metabolism 
- Maintenance of homeostasis 
- sexual development 
- growth and development from childhood to adult 
- modulates long term behaviour (mood and sleep)
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2
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

they have no ducts\they secrete and release hormones directly into the blood

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3
Q

What are hormones

A

chemical messengers that act on target cells through specific receptors

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4
Q

What are the three classes of hormones

A

Proteins - chains of amino acids (usually injected)

Steroids - synthesised from cholesterol (oral administration)

Amino acid derivatives - thyroid hormones + catecholamines (adrenaline, dopamine, noradrenaline)

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5
Q

Where do glands develop from

A

epithelial cells

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6
Q

Where do cords of cells develop and grow

A

down into the underlying tissue

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7
Q

what carry secretions to the surface of the epithelium

A

epithelial cells form ducts

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8
Q

Ductless endocrine glands

A

The hormone being delivered diffuses from the extracellular fluid into the bloodstream

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9
Q

Paracrine secretion

A

contain paracrine factors (polypeptides) diffused over short distances
Cell to cell communication - inducing changes in adjacent cells (peptide neurotransmitters)

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10
Q

Where is paracrine secretion important

A

In embryogenesis where gradients of polypeptides influence developmental change

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11
Q

Where is the pineal gland

A

in the brain

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12
Q

Tell me about the concentration of hormones in the blood

A

these often act at very low concentrations, these however vary:
- episodic
- diurnal
this is important when taking bloods as conc may vary throughout the day

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13
Q

How are steroids and thyroid hormones transported

A

specific carrier/binding proteins:

  • improves solubility
  • increases half life
  • provides a reserve in the blood
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14
Q

What kinds of hormones are biological active

A

free hormones, once bound they are rendered inactive

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15
Q

Name the types of cell membrane receptors

A

peptides
glycoproteins
catecholamines

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16
Q

Name intracellular receptors in the nucleus

A

steroids

thyroid hormones

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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary develops from where

A

the epithelium of the mouth

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18
Q

The posterior pituitary

A

down growth of the hypothalamus which consists of nerve fibres

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19
Q

Endocrine Axes/Cascades

A

the target tissue of the one hormone is another endocrine gland:
THIS ALLOWS AMPLIFICATION AND FINE CONTROL

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

secretes hormones that control the secretion and release of pituitary hormones

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21
Q

Pituitary hormones

A

stimulate/control many other endocrine glands (thyroid, gonads etc.)

22
Q

What are the two main functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • Control release of anterior pituitary hormones via RELEASING HORMONES
  • it secretes hormones that are stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland:
  • oxytocin
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
23
Q

What is the name of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis

24
Q

What are the 6 hormones the Adenohypophysis secretes

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid stimulating
    hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
  4. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  5. Luteinising hormone (LH)
  6. Prolactin
25
Q

What is the name of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and what’s it composed of

A

Neurohypophysis

neural tissue

26
Q

What is the function of the neurohypophysis

A

stores hormones which are secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
Transported via neuronal axons in the stalk of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

27
Q

What are the two hormones released from the neurohypophysis

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Oxytocin

28
Q

What controls the pituitary

A

hypothalamus

29
Q

Explain the action of negative feedback control

A

the final product of a cascade sets to inhibit a hormones higher up the cascade. The hypothalamus is an important site of negative feedback in many hormone systems.

30
Q

optic chasm

A

immediately inferior to the hypothalamus and superior to the pituitary gland

31
Q

Where is the thyroid gland

A

anterior to the trachea

32
Q

Development of the thyroid gland

A

develops as down growth of the epithelium of the tongue (leaves a pit at the back known as the foramen caecum)

33
Q

What is situated immediately inferior to the foramen caecum

A

thyroglossal duct

34
Q

What do follicular cells secrete in the thyroid gland and where are they stored

A

Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

stored in colloid (thyroglobulin)

35
Q

What does thyroxin regulate

A

energy use - rate of metabolism
protein production - growth and development
regulates sensitivity of cells to other hormones

36
Q

What types of cells produce calcitonin (regulates calcium homeostasis)

A

parafollicular (aka c) cells

37
Q

Where do parathyroid glands develop from

A

the wall of the pharynx in two pairs of glands

38
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located

A

embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid

39
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid glands produce

A

parathyroid hormone - this regulates calcium homeostasis - stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone matrix and therefore increases blood calcium levels

40
Q

What are the three layers of epithelial cells in the cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zone reticular

41
Q

What cells are in the medulla

A

neural crest cells

42
Q

What produces steroid hormones

A

the Adrenal cortex

43
Q

Where does the adrenal cortex develop from

A

mesoderm of the posterior abdominal wall

44
Q

Whats secreted by the zone glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

45
Q

whats secreted by the zone fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol

46
Q

What is secreted by the zone reticularis

A

sex steroids - androgens

47
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla develop from

A

forms from neural crest cells neuroectoderm

48
Q

What cells does the Adrenal medulla contain

A 
Chromaffin which produce catecholamines 
-epinephrine 
-norepinephrine 
-dopamine
DIRECT CONNECTION WITH SNS
49
Q

Where do pancreas ducts empty into

A

duodenum

50
Q

What is the exocrine component of the pancreas

A

pancreatic acini produce pancreatic amylase (pancreatitis)

51
Q

What is the endocrine component of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans produce hormones (diabetes mellitus)

  • alpha cells = glucagon
  • beta cells = insulin
52
Q

What hormone does the GI tract produce

A

Gastrin

Y1S1 (71 decks)

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