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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System

A 
Much slower than the nervous system
Actions are mediated by hormones 
Regulates the following systems:
- regulation of cellular metabolism 
- Maintenance of homeostasis 
- sexual development 
- growth and development from childhood to adult 
- modulates long term behaviour (mood and sleep)
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2
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

they have no ducts\they secrete and release hormones directly into the blood

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3
Q

What are hormones

A

chemical messengers that act on target cells through specific receptors

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4
Q

What are the three classes of hormones

A

Proteins - chains of amino acids (usually injected)

Steroids - synthesised from cholesterol (oral administration)

Amino acid derivatives - thyroid hormones + catecholamines (adrenaline, dopamine, noradrenaline)

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5
Q

Where do glands develop from

A

epithelial cells

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6
Q

Where do cords of cells develop and grow

A

down into the underlying tissue

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7
Q

what carry secretions to the surface of the epithelium

A

epithelial cells form ducts

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8
Q

Ductless endocrine glands

A

The hormone being delivered diffuses from the extracellular fluid into the bloodstream

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9
Q

Paracrine secretion

A

contain paracrine factors (polypeptides) diffused over short distances
Cell to cell communication - inducing changes in adjacent cells (peptide neurotransmitters)

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10
Q

Where is paracrine secretion important

A

In embryogenesis where gradients of polypeptides influence developmental change

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11
Q

Where is the pineal gland

A

in the brain

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12
Q

Tell me about the concentration of hormones in the blood

A

these often act at very low concentrations, these however vary:
- episodic
- diurnal
this is important when taking bloods as conc may vary throughout the day

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13
Q

How are steroids and thyroid hormones transported

A

specific carrier/binding proteins:

  • improves solubility
  • increases half life
  • provides a reserve in the blood
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14
Q

What kinds of hormones are biological active

A

free hormones, once bound they are rendered inactive

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15
Q

Name the types of cell membrane receptors

A

peptides
glycoproteins
catecholamines

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16
Q

Name intracellular receptors in the nucleus

A

steroids

thyroid hormones

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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary develops from where

A

the epithelium of the mouth

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18
Q

The posterior pituitary

A

down growth of the hypothalamus which consists of nerve fibres

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19
Q

Endocrine Axes/Cascades

A

the target tissue of the one hormone is another endocrine gland:
THIS ALLOWS AMPLIFICATION AND FINE CONTROL

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

secretes hormones that control the secretion and release of pituitary hormones

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21
Q

Pituitary hormones

A

stimulate/control many other endocrine glands (thyroid, gonads etc.)

22
Q

What are the two main functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • Control release of anterior pituitary hormones via RELEASING HORMONES
  • it secretes hormones that are stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland:
  • oxytocin
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
23
Q

What is the name of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis

24
Q

What are the 6 hormones the Adenohypophysis secretes

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid stimulating
    hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
  4. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  5. Luteinising hormone (LH)
  6. Prolactin
25
What is the name of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and what's it composed of
Neurohypophysis | neural tissue
26
What is the function of the neurohypophysis
stores hormones which are secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus Transported via neuronal axons in the stalk of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
27
What are the two hormones released from the neurohypophysis
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) | Oxytocin
28
What controls the pituitary
hypothalamus
29
Explain the action of negative feedback control
the final product of a cascade sets to inhibit a hormones higher up the cascade. The hypothalamus is an important site of negative feedback in many hormone systems.
30
optic chasm
immediately inferior to the hypothalamus and superior to the pituitary gland
31
Where is the thyroid gland
anterior to the trachea
32
Development of the thyroid gland
develops as down growth of the epithelium of the tongue (leaves a pit at the back known as the foramen caecum)
33
What is situated immediately inferior to the foramen caecum
thyroglossal duct
34
What do follicular cells secrete in the thyroid gland and where are they stored
Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) | stored in colloid (thyroglobulin)
35
What does thyroxin regulate
energy use - rate of metabolism protein production - growth and development regulates sensitivity of cells to other hormones
36
What types of cells produce calcitonin (regulates calcium homeostasis)
parafollicular (aka c) cells
37
Where do parathyroid glands develop from
the wall of the pharynx in two pairs of glands
38
Where are the parathyroid glands located
embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
39
What hormone does the parathyroid glands produce
parathyroid hormone - this regulates calcium homeostasis - stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone matrix and therefore increases blood calcium levels
40
What are the three layers of epithelial cells in the cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zone reticular
41
What cells are in the medulla
neural crest cells
42
What produces steroid hormones
the Adrenal cortex
43
Where does the adrenal cortex develop from
mesoderm of the posterior abdominal wall
44
Whats secreted by the zone glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone
45
whats secreted by the zone fasciculata
glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol
46
What is secreted by the zone reticularis
sex steroids - androgens
47
Where does the adrenal medulla develop from
forms from neural crest cells neuroectoderm
48
What cells does the Adrenal medulla contain
``` Chromaffin which produce catecholamines -epinephrine -norepinephrine -dopamine DIRECT CONNECTION WITH SNS ```
49
Where do pancreas ducts empty into
duodenum
50
What is the exocrine component of the pancreas
pancreatic acini produce pancreatic amylase (pancreatitis)
51
What is the endocrine component of the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans produce hormones (diabetes mellitus) - alpha cells = glucagon - beta cells = insulin
52
What hormone does the GI tract produce
Gastrin

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