Nervous System

Question 1

What are the two divisions of the nervous system

Answer 1

CNS and PNS

Question 2

What makes up the spinal cord

Answer 2

encephalon and spinal cord
covered with a system of membranes (known as meninges)
Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 3

cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia

Question 4

CNS

Answer 4

Spinal cord
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

Question 5

What are the parts that make up the brain stem

Answer 5

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

Question 6

What are the parts that make up the cerebrum

Answer 6

Telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere)

Diencephalon

Question 7

What are neurons supported by

Answer 7

specialised glial cells called NEUROGLIA (there are a lot more neuroglia than neurons)
can readily regenerate

Question 8

Role of satellite cells

Answer 8

support cell soma

Question 9

Role of schwann cells

Answer 9

myelin production in PNS

Question 10

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 10

Myelin Production in CNS

Question 11

Astrocytes - look like stars

Answer 11

Brain blood barrier

Question 12

Microglia

Answer 12

hover up dead cells - scavengers

Question 13

Ependymal cells

Answer 13

produce cerebral spinal fluid

Question 14

Myelin Sheath

Answer 14

Produced by:
- schwann cells (single) in the PNS
- oligodendroglia (multiple) in CNS
Myelin:
-insulation material
- rich in lipid and protein
- Makes conduction faster, requiring less energy

Question 15

How do neurons communicate

Answer 15

via synapses, between axons and dendrites

Question 16

What is a ganglion

Answer 16

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

inside = nucleus

Question 17

Tell me about the Fibres surrounding the ganglion

Answer 17

Preganglionic fibres= thin myelinated  axons from the brain stem or spinal cord)
postganglionic fibres (unmyelinated axons supplying smooth muscle and glands) MORE IN NUMBER

Question 18

Tell me about neurons in an autonomic ganglion compared to those in sensory ganglion

Answer 18

they have dendrites where as sensory ganglions are unipolar and have only an axon

Question 19

Gray matter

Answer 19

cell bodies of neurons + neuroganglia + unmyelinated neurites
On the surface of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres as well as in the depths of the cerebrum

Question 20

White matter THINK TRACKS

Answer 20

myelinated axons

spinal cord white matter is on the surface surrounding the grey matter

Question 21

Colour code of Axons

Answer 21

blue = up and down
green = front/back
red = left/right

Question 22

Whats the role of the somatic nervous system

Answer 22

innervation of the skeletal muscles and is a voluntary response

Question 23

role of the autonomic/visceral nervous system

Answer 23

innervation of the cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
important for internal homeostasis
involuntary

Question 24

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic neurons located

Answer 24

lateral horn of T1-L2

Question 25

where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic neurons located

Answer 25

brain stem to S2-4 spinal cord segments

Question 26

tell me about the fibres in the sympathetic ganglia

Answer 26

short pre-synaptic fibres and long post-synaptic fibres

Question 27

tell me about the fibres in the parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 27

long pre-synatic fibres and short post-synpatic fibres

Question 28

What are the two layers of the DURA

Answer 28

meningeal | periosteal

Question 29

roles f the inward septa of the dura

Answer 29

secure the brain to the skull dampen movement of the brain in the cranial cavity divide the cranial cavity into freely communicating compartments

Question 30

where is the lateral ventricles located

Answer 30

cerebral hemispheres

Question 31

where is the 3rd ventricle located

Answer 31

diencephalon

Question 32

where is the 4th ventricle located

Answer 32

brain stem

Question 33

Where is CSF produced

Answer 33

by the choroid plexus in lateral and third ventricles

Question 34

gyri

Answer 34

bump

Question 35

sulcus

Answer 35

dip

Question 36

What separates the two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 36

median longitudinal fissure

Question 37

vision is in what part of the brain

Answer 37

primary visual and visual association is in the occipital lobe of the brain

Question 38

sensory in in what part of the brain

Answer 38

primary somatosensory and somatosensory is in the parietal lobe

Question 39

auditory is in what lobe of the brain

Answer 39

primary auditory and auditory association areas are in the temporal lobe

Question 40

motor is in what part of the brain

Answer 40

primary motor and premotor areas are in the frontal lobe

Question 41

functions of the thalamus

Answer 41

major relay station for; - sensory impulses ascending to sensory cortex - inputs from subcortical motor nuclei and cerebellum travelling to the cerebral motor cortex - encloses the third ventricle

Question 42

functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 42

``` autonomic control endocrine control with pituitary gland regulation thirst (fluid electrolyte balance) eating (energy balance) sexual behaviour and reproduction body temp ```

Question 43

function of the midbrain

Answer 43

superior and inferior colliculi (visual and auditory reflex centres) red nucleus substantia nigra (reward seeking) surrounds cerebral aqueduct

Question 44

function of the pons

Answer 44

``` conduction area (forebrain and cerebellum nuclei contribute to regulation of respiration as well as hearing and balance ```

Question 45

functions of the medulla

Answer 45

pyramidal decussation before entering spinal cord vital centres regulating: resp. rhythm, heart rate, blood pressure non-vital centres regulating: cough, sneeze, swallowing and vomitting