Nervous System Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
What makes up the spinal cord
encephalon and spinal cord
covered with a system of membranes (known as meninges)
Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Peripheral Nervous System
cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia
CNS
Spinal cord
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
What are the parts that make up the brain stem
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
What are the parts that make up the cerebrum
Telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere)
Diencephalon
What are neurons supported by
specialised glial cells called NEUROGLIA (there are a lot more neuroglia than neurons)
can readily regenerate
Role of satellite cells
support cell soma
Role of schwann cells
myelin production in PNS
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin Production in CNS
Astrocytes - look like stars
Brain blood barrier
Microglia
hover up dead cells - scavengers
Ependymal cells
produce cerebral spinal fluid
Myelin Sheath
Produced by: - schwann cells (single) in the PNS - oligodendroglia (multiple) in CNS Myelin: -insulation material - rich in lipid and protein - Makes conduction faster, requiring less energy
How do neurons communicate
via synapses, between axons and dendrites
What is a ganglion
Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
inside = nucleus
Tell me about the Fibres surrounding the ganglion
Preganglionic fibres= thin myelinated axons from the brain stem or spinal cord) postganglionic fibres (unmyelinated axons supplying smooth muscle and glands) MORE IN NUMBER
Tell me about neurons in an autonomic ganglion compared to those in sensory ganglion
they have dendrites where as sensory ganglions are unipolar and have only an axon
Gray matter
cell bodies of neurons + neuroganglia + unmyelinated neurites
On the surface of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres as well as in the depths of the cerebrum
White matter THINK TRACKS
myelinated axons
spinal cord white matter is on the surface surrounding the grey matter
Colour code of Axons
blue = up and down green = front/back red = left/right
Whats the role of the somatic nervous system
innervation of the skeletal muscles and is a voluntary response
role of the autonomic/visceral nervous system
innervation of the cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
important for internal homeostasis
involuntary
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic neurons located
lateral horn of T1-L2
where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic neurons located
brain stem to S2-4 spinal cord segments
tell me about the fibres in the sympathetic ganglia
short pre-synaptic fibres and long post-synaptic fibres
tell me about the fibres in the parasympathetic ganglia
long pre-synatic fibres and short post-synpatic fibres
What are the two layers of the DURA
meningeal
periosteal
roles f the inward septa of the dura
secure the brain to the skull
dampen movement of the brain in the cranial cavity
divide the cranial cavity into freely communicating compartments
where is the lateral ventricles located
cerebral hemispheres
where is the 3rd ventricle located
diencephalon
where is the 4th ventricle located
brain stem
Where is CSF produced
by the choroid plexus in lateral and third ventricles
gyri
bump
sulcus
dip
What separates the two hemispheres of the brain
median longitudinal fissure
vision is in what part of the brain
primary visual and visual association is in the occipital lobe of the brain
sensory in in what part of the brain
primary somatosensory and somatosensory is in the parietal lobe
auditory is in what lobe of the brain
primary auditory and auditory association areas are in the temporal lobe
motor is in what part of the brain
primary motor and premotor areas are in the frontal lobe
functions of the thalamus
major relay station for;
- sensory impulses ascending to sensory cortex
- inputs from subcortical motor nuclei and cerebellum travelling to the cerebral motor cortex
- encloses the third ventricle
functions of the hypothalamus
autonomic control endocrine control with pituitary gland regulation thirst (fluid electrolyte balance) eating (energy balance) sexual behaviour and reproduction body temp
function of the midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi (visual and auditory reflex centres)
red nucleus
substantia nigra (reward seeking)
surrounds cerebral aqueduct
function of the pons
conduction area (forebrain and cerebellum nuclei contribute to regulation of respiration as well as hearing and balance
functions of the medulla
pyramidal decussation before entering spinal cord
vital centres regulating: resp. rhythm, heart rate, blood pressure
non-vital centres regulating: cough, sneeze, swallowing and vomitting
