Test 42 pneumonia Flashcards
clinical signs of pulmonary parachymal disease
Increased resp. rate and effort
Restrictive respiratory pattern
Harsh BV sounds or crackles
Nasal discharge
Cough (productive)
Signs of hypoxemia
diagnostics for pulmonary parenchymal disease
Physical exam and history
CBC/chem screen
Thoracic radiographs
CT
Tracheal wash
Bronchoscopy +/- BAL
Lung aspirates
Lung biopsy
normal defense mechanism of the respiratory system
Nasopharynx
Mucociliary escalator
Cough reflex
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and IgA
Alveolar macrophages
Pulmonary lymphatics and lymph nodes
underlying conditions that predispose patient to aspiration pneumonia
Pharyngeal/laryngeal dysfunction
Megaesophagus
Cleft palate
Abnormal mentation
Recumbency, debilitation
Sedation or anesthesia
three phases of aspiration pneumonia
1st - low pH of GI contents causes injury and bronchoconstriction
2nd - inflammation occurs, results in edema
3rd - bacteria in aspirated material cause 2ndary bacterial pneumonia
clinical signs of bacterial pneumonia
wide range
From intermittent coughing and mild exercise intolerance to dyspnea, cyanosis, and septic shock
Other signs that may or may not be present
- Nasal discharge
- Productive cough
- Fever
- Leukocytosis (↑WBC)
routes of infection for bacterial pneumonia
inhaltion- most common
hematogenous- uncommon in dogs and cats
pneumonia usually presents as — on xrays if caused by inhalation
cranioventral alveolar pattern (air bronchograms, can’t see vessels, opacity)
what are some bacteria that can cause bacterial pneumonia
primary: bordetella (kennel cough)
opportunists: gram + and gram - aerobic (ecoli, pasteruella ect. )
Bordetella do what to cells and cause what clinical signs —
attach to columnar epith cells- cause ciliary stasis = stays in airway for long time
adult dogs: upper airway signs (hacking cough)
puppies: can cause bronchopneumonia
kennel cough
what meds for mycoplasma? why these meds
mycoplasma have NO cell wall
Sensitive to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol
Can be normal flora in dog lungs, but
not cats
when to do tracheal wash for pt with suspected bacterial pneumonia
before starting antibiotics
trans tracheal wash
used in larger breeds
endotracheal wash
treatment of bacterial pneumonia
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics until C+S results → IV if patient is critical
- O2 supplementation → Cage, nasal, mask, flow-by
- IV fluid therapy
- nebulization/coupage
- bronchodilation (more common for aspiration pneumonia)
- mucolytics
pneumonia
alveolar pattern- air bronchograms
3 month old bulldog, productive cough, difficulty breathing, high temp, pale, ↑HR and resp, harsh lung sounds and crackles cranioventrally
DDX
how to treat
pneumonia:
infectious: bordetella
aspiration
viral: distemper, flu
endotracheal wash + bacteria
treatment:
IV fluids
broad spectrum AB
nebulization and coupage
bronchodilators
O2 cage
what are common causes of viral pneumonia
Distemper
Canine influenza
Pneumovirus
COVID-19?
clinical signs of distemper
what will xray show
how to diagnose
viral pneumonia
1st: conjunctivitis and dry cough → productive cough, GI (vomiting) and neuro signs (head tilt)
then progresses to 2ndary bacterial penumonia
thoracic Xray: diffuse interstitial pattern → alveolar pattern as disease worsens
diagnosis: fluroescent Ab testing on conjunctival epithelial cells
poor prognosis
how to diagnose distemper
fluroescent Ab testing on conjunctival epithelial cells
canine flu clinical signs
Mild (most common) – soft or dry cough, ± nasal d/c
Severe – high fever, clinical signs of pneumonia, affects 5- 8%, mortality rate up to 5%
diagnosis of canine flu
serology
PCR
how to prevent canine flu
vaccinate dogs that go around other dogs
how to test for pneumovirus
primarly seen in shelter
Includes parainfluenza and distemper
PCR to test within 3 days of clinical onset, results in 3-5 days
patchy pneumonia
