Test 4: 67 brachycephalic Flashcards
what are some characteristics of brachycephalic breeds
- Stenotic nares
- elongated soft palate
- hypoplastic trachea
- Eversion of the mucosa of the lateral ventricles (“laryngeal saccules”)
- laryngeal collapse occur secondary to chronic partial airway obstruction.
- esophagitis
exercise intolerance and increasing ambient temperature
how to measure resistance
R= (8nl)/(r^4)
if the radius is small the resistance ↑
what are some 2nd abnormalities for bull dogs
- Everted mucosa of the lateral ventricles- “Everted laryngeal saccules”
- Laryngeal collapse
- Esophagitis
- Gastric ulceration
- cardiac disease
how to measure tracheal hypoplasia in bulldogs
Tracheal diameter Vs width Thoracic Inlet
normal 20-22%
bulldogs: 12-14%
how to treat emergency brachy?
- Severe dyspnea, hyperthermia, exhaustion, collapse
- Possible aspiration
- Some improve with cool IV fluids, sedation, O2, corticosteroids
- +/- intubation, tracheostomy
dont give water may aspirate!
how to fix stenotic nares
remove part of dorsal lateral nasal cartilage
how to fix elongated soft palate and possible complications
cut palate to extend caudal to the tonsil with its tip extending
over the apex of the epiglottis
can’t cut too short
complications:
hemorrhage, swelling, respiratory obstruction, vomit, aspiration pneumonia
what can cause laryngeal collapse
In response to chronic airway obstruction and an increased inspiratory effort, the cuneiform and corniculate cartilages are drawn into the glottal opening.
aryepiglottic fold can also be weakened and drawn into the glottis
laryngeal mucosa becomes inflamed and edematous
usually have everted laryngeal saccules. Severe dyspnea and cyanosis develops
may need to trach
brachycephalic and sleep apnea
lack of air causes sudden strong contraction of pharyngeal dilator muscle: sternohyoideus
can damage muscle: edema and fibrosis →increased numbers of type II myosin heavy chains
