1. symmetric, synchronous abduction 2. asynchronous, full abduction 3. asynchronous, decreased abduction 4. paralyzed

71-74 equine URT Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

volume/rate/ pressure of horse at rest vs exercise

4 L/s
1 breath every 3 sec
-5 cm water

exercise
75 L/sec
1 breath every 0.5 sec
-40 cm water

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poiseuille’s law

R= x/(r^4)

if you decrease radius by 2 the resistance will increase x16

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velocity is inversely proportional to — in Bernoullis law

pressure

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poiseuilles law vs reynolds number

P: R= 1/r^4
want the widest and shortest tube for ↓ in resistance

reynolds:
laminar flow
want narrow space

they contradict each other but P is worse then R

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nostrils of a horse are made of

flexible, incomplete cartilagenous rings
* no lateral support
* alar cartilage
* Dilator muscles: levator nasolabialis, dilator naris apicalis, caninus

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division of nasal passage in horses

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soft palate seperates

oro and nasopharynx

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epiglottis should be above or below soft palate

above

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— muscles open the glottis in horses

CAD

cricoarythenoideus dorsalis

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laryngeal grading

symmetric, synchronous abduction
asynchronous, full abduction
asynchronous, decreased abduction
paralyzed

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URI clinical signs in horses

respiratory noise
coughing/dysphagia
nasal discharge
facial swelling
+/- exercise intolerance

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what happens to CAL muscles on ultrasound if horse has hemiplasia

↑ echogenicity

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what is an alar fold

extra tissue in horse nose forms false nostril

causes snoring noise
common in standardbreds

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how to treat snoring from alar folds

test to see if issue by tying up

if issue, can cut out

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atheroma

benign cyst that can form in alar fold of horse

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wry nose
congenital malformation

surgery can fix bone but not all the soft tissue, will still have respiratory issues

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how to treat septal abnormalities

if they can breathe- do not treat

if problem- intense surgery to remove septum, need to breathe through trach during surgery and in recovery
- do no do in young animals

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progressive ethmoid hematomas presents as

intermittent mild epistaxis
unusual to cause facial deformity

common in TB and arabians

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treatment for ethmoid hematoma

intralesional formalin
surgical excision (laser)
laser ablation

20% unilateral and 50% bilateral recurrence

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what are the paranasal sinuses of horses

rostal and caudal maxillary
dorsal and ventral conchal
frontal
sphenopalatine

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frontal sinus of horse is connected to

conchal and maxillary sinuses

rostral and caudal maxillary sinus are not connected to each other, have to go from CM to frontal to RM

grove between maxillary sinuses and frontal sinuses in horses

infaorbital canal

what sinus is on the medial side of the infraorbital canal

ventral conchal sinus

clinical signs of paranasal sinus disease in horse

unilateral discharge facial deformity quidding- have trouble eating - rare

primary sinusitis will cause --- on xray

fluid line

which teeth are usually affected and can cause secondary sinusitis

1st molar, 4th premolar

how to treat primary sinusitis

infection culture and lavage

2ndary sinusitis caused by tooth root abcess looks like soft tissue opacity

paranasal cysts cause

facial deformity characteristic fluid happens in young and old horses dental origin? **treatment**: maxillary or frontomaxillary sinusotomy

what are common sinus tumors in horses

SCC ossifying fibroma lymphosarcoma common in older horses cause facial deformity

intermittent IDDSP

intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate causes expiratory obstruction → inspiratory compromise * expiratory gurgle * exercise induced, intermittent * racehorses and sport horses * stop, gurgle, choking down

DDSP/entrapment

why tie tongue in race horse

keep palate below the epiglotis prevent dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP)

how to treat dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP)

many methods **tie tongue** during exercise **sternothyoid tenotomy**- prevent retraction/rotation of larynx **staphylectomy**- trim soft palate- rare **tie-forward**

how does tie forward work

prevent dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP)

pharyngeal cysts are located where most often

subepiglottic

pharyngeal cysts can lead to

aspiration in foals IDDSP

explain epiglottic entrapment

when subepiglottic tissue traps the epigolottis

3 ways to repair epiglottic entrapment

laser scope: split skin down the middle hook laryngotomy- can cause more problems

axial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold is caused by

infolding of the membranous tissue across the glottis on inspiration roaring noise, can be normal at rest TB racehorses unilateral or bilateral associated with LLH

how to treat axial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold (ADAF)

steroids- 3 months laser resection

--- causes as inspiratory gurgle

epiglottic retroversion

what can cause epiglottic retroversion

severe URT infection messed up surgery hypoglossal nerve dysfunction?

how to treat epiglottic retroversion

conservative surgery: * augmentation * tie down * resection

what causes laryngeal hemiplegia

neuropathy of recurrent laryngeal nerve causes atrophy of CAD muscle → progessive dynamic inspiratory collapse and roaring noise

laryngeal hemiplegia leads to progressive

dynamic inspiratory collapse

how to assess laryngeal function

slap test nasal occlusion **swallow reflex** can do exercising endoscopy US of CAL, if CAL ↓ then CAD also affected

how to treat left laryngeal hemiplegia

arytenoidectomy reinnervation of CAD layngoplasty (**tie back)**

how does tie back surgery for laryngeal hemiplesia work

suture between musclar process and cricoid pulls open airway **80-90%**- adbuction +/- cordectomy or sacculectomy

what is arytenoid chondrosis

thickened misshapened arytenoid ulcers and granulation tissue prevents abduction

how to repair arytenoid chondrosis

cut it out arytenoidectomy requires **trache and laryngotomy** can do partial or total