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23 spring: med surg > 71-74 equine URT > Flashcards

71-74 equine URT Flashcards

1
Q

volume/rate/ pressure of horse at rest vs exercise

A

4 L/s
1 breath every 3 sec
-5 cm water

exercise
75 L/sec
1 breath every 0.5 sec
-40 cm water

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2
Q

poiseuille’s law

A

R= x/(r^4)

if you decrease radius by 2 the resistance will increase x16

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3
Q

velocity is inversely proportional to — in Bernoullis law

A

pressure

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4
Q

poiseuilles law vs reynolds number

A

P: R= 1/r^4
want the widest and shortest tube for ↓ in resistance

reynolds:
laminar flow
want narrow space

they contradict each other but P is worse then R

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5
Q

nostrils of a horse are made of

A

flexible, incomplete cartilagenous rings
* no lateral support
* alar cartilage
* Dilator muscles: levator nasolabialis, dilator naris apicalis, caninus

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6
Q

division of nasal passage in horses

A
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7
Q

soft palate seperates

A

oro and nasopharynx

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8
Q

epiglottis should be above or below soft palate

A

above

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

— muscles open the glottis in horses

A

CAD

cricoarythenoideus dorsalis

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11
Q

laryngeal grading

A
  1. symmetric, synchronous abduction
  2. asynchronous, full abduction
  3. asynchronous, decreased abduction
  4. paralyzed
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12
Q

URI clinical signs in horses

A

respiratory noise
coughing/dysphagia
nasal discharge
facial swelling
+/- exercise intolerance

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13
Q

what happens to CAL muscles on ultrasound if horse has hemiplasia

A

↑ echogenicity

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14
Q

what is an alar fold

A

extra tissue in horse nose forms false nostril

causes snoring noise
common in standardbreds

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15
Q

how to treat snoring from alar folds

A

test to see if issue by tying up

if issue, can cut out

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16
Q

atheroma

A

benign cyst that can form in alar fold of horse

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17
Q
A

wry nose
congenital malformation

surgery can fix bone but not all the soft tissue, will still have respiratory issues

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18
Q

how to treat septal abnormalities

A

if they can breathe- do not treat

if problem- intense surgery to remove septum, need to breathe through trach during surgery and in recovery
- do no do in young animals

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19
Q

progressive ethmoid hematomas presents as

A

intermittent mild epistaxis
unusual to cause facial deformity

common in TB and arabians

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20
Q

treatment for ethmoid hematoma

A

intralesional formalin
surgical excision (laser)
laser ablation

20% unilateral and 50% bilateral recurrence

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21
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses of horses

A

6

rostal and caudal maxillary
dorsal and ventral conchal
frontal
sphenopalatine

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22
Q

frontal sinus of horse is connected to

A

conchal and maxillary sinuses

rostral and caudal maxillary sinus are not connected to each other, have to go from CM to frontal to RM

23
Q

grove between maxillary sinuses and frontal sinuses in horses

A

infaorbital canal

24
Q

what sinus is on the medial side of the infraorbital canal

A

ventral conchal sinus

25
Q

clinical signs of paranasal sinus disease in horse

A

unilateral discharge
facial deformity
quidding- have trouble eating - rare

26
Q

primary sinusitis will cause — on xray

A

fluid line

27
Q

which teeth are usually affected and can cause secondary sinusitis

A

1st molar, 4th premolar

28
Q

how to treat primary sinusitis

A

infection

culture and lavage

29
Q
A

2ndary sinusitis

caused by tooth root abcess

looks like soft tissue opacity

30
Q

paranasal cysts cause

A

facial deformity
characteristic fluid

happens in young and old horses
dental origin?

treatment: maxillary or frontomaxillary sinusotomy

31
Q

what are common sinus tumors in horses

A

SCC
ossifying fibroma
lymphosarcoma

common in older horses
cause facial deformity

32
Q
A
33
Q

intermittent IDDSP

A

intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate

causes expiratory obstruction → inspiratory compromise
* expiratory gurgle
* exercise induced, intermittent
* racehorses and sport horses
* stop, gurgle, choking down

34
Q

DDSP/entrapment

A
35
Q

why tie tongue in race horse

A

keep palate below the epiglotis

prevent dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP)

36
Q

how to treat dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP)

A

many methods

tie tongue during exercise

sternothyoid tenotomy- prevent retraction/rotation of larynx

staphylectomy- trim soft palate- rare

tie-forward

37
Q

how does tie forward work

A

prevent dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP)

38
Q

pharyngeal cysts are located where most often

A

subepiglottic

39
Q

pharyngeal cysts can lead to

A

aspiration in foals
IDDSP

40
Q

explain epiglottic entrapment

A

when subepiglottic tissue traps the epigolottis

41
Q

3 ways to repair epiglottic entrapment

A

laser scope: split skin down the middle

hook

laryngotomy- can cause more problems

42
Q

axial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold is caused by

A

infolding of the membranous tissue across the glottis on inspiration

roaring noise, can be normal at rest

TB racehorses
unilateral or bilateral

associated with LLH

43
Q

how to treat axial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold (ADAF)

A

steroids- 3 months
laser resection

44
Q

— causes as inspiratory gurgle

A

epiglottic retroversion

45
Q

what can cause epiglottic retroversion

A

severe URT infection
messed up surgery
hypoglossal nerve dysfunction?

46
Q

how to treat epiglottic retroversion

A

conservative

surgery:
* augmentation
* tie down
* resection

47
Q

what causes laryngeal hemiplegia

A

neuropathy of recurrent laryngeal nerve

causes atrophy of CAD muscle → progessive dynamic inspiratory collapse and roaring noise

48
Q

laryngeal hemiplegia leads to progressive

A

dynamic inspiratory collapse

49
Q

how to assess laryngeal function

A

slap test
nasal occlusion
swallow reflex

can do exercising endoscopy
US of CAL, if CAL ↓ then CAD also affected

50
Q

how to treat left laryngeal hemiplegia

A

arytenoidectomy
reinnervation of CAD
layngoplasty (tie back)

51
Q

how does tie back surgery for laryngeal hemiplesia work

A

suture between musclar process and cricoid

pulls open airway 80-90%- adbuction

+/- cordectomy or sacculectomy

52
Q

what is arytenoid chondrosis

A

thickened misshapened arytenoid

ulcers and granulation tissue

prevents abduction

53
Q

how to repair arytenoid chondrosis

A

cut it out

arytenoidectomy requires trache and laryngotomy

can do partial or total

23 spring: med surg (60 decks)

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