Test 1: lecture 2: physical exam Flashcards
extended jugular indicates — sided heart failure
right
leads to increased pressure in veins
cyanosis in mucous membrane is usually caused by
blood disorder
shunt- leading to deoxygenated blood mixing with oxygenated
uncommon in heart failure
jugular vein pulse reflects — atrial pressure and venous return to the — heart
right
(normal at level of heart, anything above 1/3 of neck is abnormal and suggests right sided CHF)
what valves can you hear at the left base
aortic
pulmonary
what valve can you hear on left apex
mitral
where can you hear tricuspid valve
right apex
what is S1 sound
mitral and tricuspid close
systolic (ventricle contract)
what is S2 heart sound
aortic and pulmonary valves close
end of systolic, start of diastolic
if dub is louder then lub then where are you in the heart
base (sound of the aortic and pulmonary valve closing after systole)
if lub is louder then dub where in the heart are you
dub= closing of mitral and tricuspid, the start of systole
would be at the apex of the heart
where is the precordial impulse
felt at the apex of the heart on the left side (where you can feel pulse with your fingers)
found at the mitral valve
most heart murmurs in animals occur during —
sytolic (during lub to dub)
when mitral and tricuspid is closed and atortic and pulmonary is open
why hard to hear murmur in cat
heart moves with age
murmurs all sound the same
small heart
need to listen next to sternum
murmur on right side of dog usually means
tricuspid issue
regurgitation
ventricular septal defect
mitral or tricuspid regurgitation will have what shaped murmur
band
systolic murmur
when would you hear aortic stenosis murmur
systolic
(aortic should be open, but stiff causes murmur as blood pushes past it)
when can you feel a thrill on a heart murmur
grade V and 6
grade 1 murmur is —
softest audible murmur
grade — mumur is soft but easily heard
2
grade — murmur is moderate intensity
3
grade — murmur is loud but no thrill
4
grade — murmur is very loud with + thrill
5
grade 6 murmur is —
super loud with + thrill
what causes systolic murmur
mitral and tricuspid leaky (insufficiency/regurgitation)
aortic or pulmonary stenosis (not opening all the way)
what causes diastolic murmur
mitral and tricuspid not fully opening (stenosis)
leak in aortic or pulmonary (regurgitation/ insufficiency)
what kind of dogs can develope physiologic murmurs that resolve with age
golden, boxers, bull terriers
will have soft systolic murmur that resolves with age
what is a dynamic murmur for cats
will be louder with increased HR
will be softer when HR decreased
murmur can come and go
what causes bounding pulse
change in the difference between systolic and diastolic
something that drops diastolic → AV fistula, PDA, aortic regurgitation – High output states – anemia, hyperthyroidism
what can cause a missing pulse
arrythmia
can hear a pulse, but so fast and weak it does not cause blood to be pushed out of heart = no pulse
pulsus paradoxus occcurs with —
pericardial effusion
pulse very weak during inspiration
pulse very strong during expiration
