Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

23 spring: med surg > Test 1: lecture 17 feline > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 17 feline Flashcards

1
Q

primary myocardial disease of cats

A

hypertrophic (HCM)
Restrictive (RCM)
dilated (DCM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

secondary myocardial diseases in cats

A

systemic hypertension
hyperthyroid
transient myocardial thickening
nutritional (taurine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

myocardial disease in cats can lead to — cardiac dysfuction, — and atrial dilation leading to —

A

diastolic
arrhythmias, sudden death
thromboembolic event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

diastolic dysfunction is caused by

A
  • impaired relaxation
  • increase LV stiffness, decreased LV compliance
  • fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diastolic dysfunction will lead to increased — pressure and increased — size

A

↑LV diastolic pressure
↑LA pressure

↑LA size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HCM causes — hypertrophy and — dysfunction

A

concentric LV

diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what cause HCM

A

we dont know
but it is inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

histo of cat with HCM

A

disarray
increased size of cell
increased cells in interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

prevalence of HCM in cats

A

15% of cats
29% of older cats

most subclinical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of cats get HCM

A

middle aged males

maine coon, ragdoll, sphinx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

genetics of HCM in cats

A

Autosomal dominant

Genetic mutations
Myosin binding protein C (MYBPC) – sarcomeric protein
* Maine Coon: Missense mutation (A31P)
* Ragdoll: Missense mutation (R820W)

ALMS1 – Protein involved in cell cycle control
* Sphinx: Glycine to arginine variant in exon 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PE of cat with HCM

A

systolic murmur
gallop heart sound (S4)
arrhythmias

dyspnea, tachpnea
abnormal lung sounds
clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what valves close at S1

A

AV valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what valves close at S2

A

semilunar valves (end of sytolic- aorta and pulmonary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens at S4

A

atria contract, fill noncompliant LV

happens with HCM in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

EKG of HCM in cats

A

LV and/or LA enlargement pattern
Ventricular arrhythmia
Conduction disturbance
* Left anterior fascicular block (partial LBBB)

Supraventricular arrhythmia
* Atrial fibrillation rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

left anterior fascicular block will have mean toward

A

-30

will have negative QRS in lead 2, 3, aVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

xray of cat with HCM

A

heart could be normal: does not rule it out

cardiomegaly
CHF: pulmonary venous distension
pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

echo of HCM in cats

A

LV hypertrophy
* Symmetric
* Asymmetric
* Focal/regional

+/- LA dilation
+/- Spontaneous echocontrast (“smoke”)
+/- Intracardiac thrombi
+/- Dynamic LV outflow tract obstruction (HOCM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what causes HOCM in cats

A

HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY (HOCM)

Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
* Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve

mitral valve gets in the way during systolic (ventricle contracting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what can worsen HOCM

A

Decreased diastolic filling (increased HR, diuretics)

Increased myocardial contractility (increased SNS, positive inotropes)

Reduced afterload (exercise, vasodilators)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

differential diagnosis for thick LV in cat

A

HCM
hyperthyroid
systemic hypertension

23
Q

treatment of HCM in cats

A

no drugs can prevent LV thickening

minimize LV outflow tract obstruction (atenolol)
control CHF
treat arrhythmias
prevent/treat clots

24
Q

how to treat severe LV outflow tract obstuction in cats with HCM

A

give atenolol- slow HR= decrease LV pressure

only for severe or LVOTO with clinical signs

25
Q

cats with Left sided CHF can form

A

pleural effusions and pulmonary edema

26
Q

what anti-arrhythmic for ventricular and/or supraventricular arrhythmias caused by HCM

A

atenolol
sotalol

27
Q

— is an AA to stop supreventricular arrhythmias

A

diltiazem

used for treatment in HCM in cats

28
Q

what is ATE

A

aterial thromboemoblism

29
Q

what causes ATE

A

aterial thromboembolism

virchow’s triangle: hypercoagulability, vessel wall injury, stasis

LA dilation cause clot to form, can travel to hindlimbs (saddle), forelimbs, kidney or brain

30
Q

what is smoke in echo

A

micro thrombi

31
Q

clinical signs of ATE

A

acute paralysis
pain
weakness
pale pink/cyanotic paw pads
cold
+/- dyspnea

32
Q

5 Ps of ATE

A

pain
paresis/paralysis
pallor
pulselessness
poikilothermy (cold limbs)

33
Q

what are bad signs for cat with ATE

A

hypothermia
bradycardia
absent motor functions
more than one limb affected

arterial thromboembolism

34
Q

how to diagnose ATE

A

echo and xrays

low glucose in affected limbs
high lactase in affected limbs

serial bloodwork
* kidney function
* reperfusion injury = ↑K

35
Q

how to treat ATE

A

prophylaxis
platelet inhibitor: clopidogrel(plavix), ASA
anti-coagulants: heparin

Thrombolysis (rare)
urokinase, TPA

Thromboectomy (surgery)

36
Q

clopidogrel

A

plavix
platelet inhibitor: prevents platelet aggregation and fibrin cross linking

effect after 3 days, and lasts 7 days

can cause GI upset

bitter taste

37
Q

how does rivarozaban work

A

xarelto

inhibits factor Xa: prevents clot formation

super cat study still ongoing

38
Q

how does TPA work

A

tissue plasminogen activator

activated plasminogen which will break up clots

39
Q

cat at risk for ATE is treated with

A

clopidogrel

40
Q

cat with current ATE is treated with

A

clopidogrel +/- other prophylaxis

pain meds
supportive care
+/-CHF therapy

41
Q

heart with restrictive cardiomyopathy will look

A

normal LV thickness
with diastolic dysfunction

unknown origin

42
Q

Physical of cat with RCM

A

gallop heart sound
murmur
arrhythmia

Dyspnea, tachypnea
Abnormal lung sounds
Thromboembolism

43
Q

what type of cats get RCM

A

older, male cats

no specific breeds

44
Q

echo of RCM with show

A
  • Normal LV thickness
  • Left atrial dilation +/- right atrial dilation
  • +/- Systolic dysfunction
  • +/- Spontaneous echocontrast (“smoke”)
  • +/- Intracardiac thrombi
45
Q

cats with systolic dysfunction can be treated with

A

pimobendan

46
Q

DCM in cats will have — dilation and — dysfunction

A

cardiac chamber
systolic

can be idiopathic or secondary to taurine deficiency

47
Q

— is an amino acid important for cardiovascular function. Cats cannot synthesize this

A

taurine

deficiency can lead to DCM in cats

48
Q

taurine deficiency in cats can lead to

A

central retinal degeneration
DCM

49
Q

how to treat DCM in cats

A

treat for CHF:
furosemide
ACE inhibtor: enalapril or benazepril
spironolactone

treat arrhythmias:
atenolol and sotalol (ventricular and/or supraventricular)
diltiazem (supraventricular)

treat poor pumping (positive inotropes)
dobutamine (seizures)
pimobendan

Taurine supplements

50
Q

how to treat HCM in cats

A

treat for CHF:
furosemide
ACE inhibtor: enalapril or benazepril
spironolactone

treat arrhythmias:
atenolol and sotalol (ventricular and/or supraventricular)
diltiazem (supraventricular)

51
Q

what is TMT

A

TRANSIENT MYOCARDIAL THICKENING

  • Form of secondary cardiomyopathy
  • Can mimic HCM
  • Occurs more commonly in younger cats
  • Antecedent events (general anesthesia, stress, other illness)
  • Increased cardiac troponin I (CTnI) may strengthen suspicion
  • Hypertrophy resolves over time
  • Good prognosis
52
Q

cats with — have a higher likely of having TMT

A

previous stressful event (general anesthesia, stress, other illness)

increased troponin

younger cats

53
Q

TMT will look like —

A

HCM

but hypertrophy will resolve over time

transient myocardial thickening (TMT)

23 spring: med surg (60 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions