Swellings

Question 1

what is cellulitis?

Answer 1

inflammation and infection of soft tissues

Question 2

how does cellulitis present?

Answer 2

pain
swelling
erythema

Question 3

what are two common causative organisms of cellulitis?

Answer 3

beta haemolytic strep

staphylococci

Question 4

how is cellulitis managed?

Answer 4

rest and elevation
analgesia
antibiotics

Question 5

what is an abscess?

Answer 5

a discrete collection of pus

Question 6

how does an abscess present?

Answer 6

defined + fluctuating swelling
erythema
pain

Question 7

what is often present in the history of an abscess?

Answer 7

history of trauma e..g PWID, bite

Question 8

how is an abscess managed?

Answer 8

drainage
rest
analgesia
antibiotics

Question 9

what is septic arthritis?

Answer 9

bacterial infection of a joint

Question 10

what can cause septic arthritis?

Answer 10

trauma

haematogenous spread of infection

Question 11

what can septic arthritis cause?

Answer 11

irreversible joint damage

Question 12

name three common causative organisms of septic arthritis

Answer 12

staph aureus
strep
e coli

Question 13

how does septic arthritis present?

Answer 13

monoarthropathy
reduced ROM
swelling
systemic upset

Question 14

what is seen on bloods in septic arthritis?

Answer 14

raised WCC

raised inflammatory markers

Question 15

how is septic arthritis managed?

Answer 15

urgently
aspiration
washout and debridement

Question 16

what is a ganglia?

Answer 16

out pouching of the synovial joint lining, filled with synovial fluid

Question 17

describe the appearance of a ganglia

Answer 17

discrete and round
not tender
fixed to underlying structures

Question 18

where are ganglia commonly located?

Answer 18

wrists
feet
knees

Question 19

how is a ganglia managed?

Answer 19

often not

surgical excision if needed

Question 20

what is a baker’s cyst?

Answer 20

a ganglia in the popliteal fossa

Question 21

how does a baker’s cyst present?

Answer 21

general fullness of the popliteal fossa - not tender

can be painful if they rupture

Question 22

what is bursitis?

Answer 22

inflammation of the synovial lined sacs that protect joints

Question 23

what is a possible complication of bursitis?

Answer 23

infection and abscess formation

Question 24

how is bursitis managed?

Answer 24

analgesia
antibiotics and drainage if needed
excision if chronic

Question 25

what foods are associated with gout?

Answer 25

purine rich foods alcohol dairy

Question 26

what is seen on aspiration in gout?

Answer 26

negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals

Question 27

how are rheumatoid nodules managed?

Answer 27

excise if problematic

Question 28

where are Bouchard's nodes found?

Answer 28

the PIP joints

Question 29

what are Bouchard's nodes associated with?

Answer 29

OA | RA

Question 30

where are heberden's nodes found?

Answer 30

DIP joints

Question 31

what are heberden's nodes associated with?

Answer 31

OA

Question 32

what are the two types of giant cell tumour?

Answer 32

localised - more common | diffuse

Question 33

what causes giant cell tumour?

Answer 33

regenerative hyperplasia with an inflammatory process

Question 34

is a giant cell tumour benign or malignant?

Answer 34

benign

Question 35

how does a giant cell tumour present?

Answer 35

firm, discrete swelling | may or may not be tender

Question 36

where are giant cell tumours found?

Answer 36

volar aspect of digits

Question 37

how is a giant cell tumour managed?

Answer 37

leave alone if there is no functional issue surgical excision

Question 38

what is a lipoma?

Answer 38

a benign proliferation of subcutaneous fat

Question 39

how does a lipoma present?

Answer 39

swelling slow growing painless

Question 40

how is lipoma managed?

Answer 40

can be left alone | surgical excision if problematic

Question 41

what is an osteochondroma?

Answer 41

a benign lesson from cartilage

Question 42

what are the two types of osteochondroma?

Answer 42

solitary | multiple hereditary exostosis (MHE)

Question 43

where does osteochondroma commonly occur?

Answer 43

around the knee

Question 44

when does osteochondroma usually occur?

Answer 44

adolescence

Question 45

what is there a very small risk of in osteochondroma?

Answer 45

malignant change

Question 46

how does an osteochondroma present?

Answer 46

painless, hard lump

Question 47

how is osteochondroma managed?

Answer 47

observation | surgical excision

Question 48

what is Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer 48

malignant primary bone tumour of the endothelial cells in the marrow

Question 49

when is Ewing's sarcoma most common?

Answer 49

ages 10-20

Question 50

how does Ewing's sarcoma present?

Answer 50

hot swollen and tender joint/limb | raised inflammatory markers

Question 51

what is the prognosis like in Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer 51

poor

Question 52

how is Ewing's sarcoma managed?

Answer 52

radiotherapy chemotherapy surgery to remove affected limb

Question 53

what is a sebaceous cyst?

Answer 53

hair follicle filled with caseous material

Question 54

how does a sebaceous cyst present?

Answer 54

slow growing painless mobile

Question 55

how is sebaceous cyst managed?

Answer 55

excisions if needed

Question 56

what is myositis ossificans?

Answer 56

abnormal calcifications of. a muscle haematoma

Question 57

how is myositis ossificans managed?

Answer 57

X ray | MRI

Question 58

how is myositis ossificans managed?

Answer 58

observe | intervene if mature and symptomatic