Swellings Flashcards
what is cellulitis?
inflammation and infection of soft tissues
how does cellulitis present?
pain
swelling
erythema
what are two common causative organisms of cellulitis?
beta haemolytic strep
staphylococci
how is cellulitis managed?
rest and elevation
analgesia
antibiotics
what is an abscess?
a discrete collection of pus
how does an abscess present?
defined + fluctuating swelling
erythema
pain
what is often present in the history of an abscess?
history of trauma e..g PWID, bite
how is an abscess managed?
drainage
rest
analgesia
antibiotics
what is septic arthritis?
bacterial infection of a joint
what can cause septic arthritis?
trauma
haematogenous spread of infection
what can septic arthritis cause?
irreversible joint damage
name three common causative organisms of septic arthritis
staph aureus
strep
e coli
how does septic arthritis present?
monoarthropathy
reduced ROM
swelling
systemic upset
what is seen on bloods in septic arthritis?
raised WCC
raised inflammatory markers
how is septic arthritis managed?
urgently
aspiration
washout and debridement
what is a ganglia?
out pouching of the synovial joint lining, filled with synovial fluid
describe the appearance of a ganglia
discrete and round
not tender
fixed to underlying structures
where are ganglia commonly located?
wrists
feet
knees
how is a ganglia managed?
often not
surgical excision if needed
what is a baker’s cyst?
a ganglia in the popliteal fossa
how does a baker’s cyst present?
general fullness of the popliteal fossa - not tender
can be painful if they rupture
what is bursitis?
inflammation of the synovial lined sacs that protect joints
what is a possible complication of bursitis?
infection and abscess formation
how is bursitis managed?
analgesia
antibiotics and drainage if needed
excision if chronic
what foods are associated with gout?
purine rich foods
alcohol
dairy
what is seen on aspiration in gout?
negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals
how are rheumatoid nodules managed?
excise if problematic
where are Bouchard’s nodes found?
the PIP joints
what are Bouchard’s nodes associated with?
OA
RA
where are heberden’s nodes found?
DIP joints
what are heberden’s nodes associated with?
OA
what are the two types of giant cell tumour?
localised - more common
diffuse
what causes giant cell tumour?
regenerative hyperplasia with an inflammatory process
is a giant cell tumour benign or malignant?
benign
how does a giant cell tumour present?
firm, discrete swelling
may or may not be tender
where are giant cell tumours found?
volar aspect of digits
how is a giant cell tumour managed?
leave alone if there is no functional issue
surgical excision
what is a lipoma?
a benign proliferation of subcutaneous fat
how does a lipoma present?
swelling
slow growing
painless
how is lipoma managed?
can be left alone
surgical excision if problematic
what is an osteochondroma?
a benign lesson from cartilage
what are the two types of osteochondroma?
solitary
multiple hereditary exostosis (MHE)
where does osteochondroma commonly occur?
around the knee
when does osteochondroma usually occur?
adolescence
what is there a very small risk of in osteochondroma?
malignant change
how does an osteochondroma present?
painless, hard lump
how is osteochondroma managed?
observation
surgical excision
what is Ewing’s sarcoma?
malignant primary bone tumour of the endothelial cells in the marrow
when is Ewing’s sarcoma most common?
ages 10-20
how does Ewing’s sarcoma present?
hot swollen and tender joint/limb
raised inflammatory markers
what is the prognosis like in Ewing’s sarcoma?
poor
how is Ewing’s sarcoma managed?
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
surgery to remove affected limb
what is a sebaceous cyst?
hair follicle filled with caseous material
how does a sebaceous cyst present?
slow growing
painless
mobile
how is sebaceous cyst managed?
excisions if needed
what is myositis ossificans?
abnormal calcifications of. a muscle haematoma
how is myositis ossificans managed?
X ray
MRI
how is myositis ossificans managed?
observe
intervene if mature and symptomatic
