Anatomy: Lower Limb

Question 1

where does the lower limb extend from?

Answer 1

the pelvis

Question 2

what are the three functions of the lower limb?

Answer 2

support body weight
movement
maintain balance

Question 3

what muscles make up the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

Answer 3

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

Question 4

what nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?

Answer 4

inferior gluteal nerve

Question 5

what nerve innervates most of the superficial gluteal muscles?

Answer 5

superior gluteal nerve

Question 6

what causes trendelenburg’s gait?

Answer 6

pathology affecting the superior gluteal nerve

Question 7

what happens in trendelenburg’s gait?

Answer 7

pelvis tilts down on affected side as the gluteus medius and minimus aren’t working to support the pelvis

Question 8

what muscles make up the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

Answer 8

piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris

Question 9

where does the nerve supply for the deep muscles of the gluteal region come from?

Answer 9

the sacral plexus

Question 10

how do nerves enter/exit the pelvis?

Answer 10

via the greater sciatic foramen

Question 11

how do nerve enter/exit the perineum?

Answer 11

via the lesser sciatic foramen

Question 12

what forms the sciatic foraminae?

Answer 12

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Question 13

where would an injection into the gluteal region be done and why?

Answer 13

the upper and outer quadrant to avoid any important nerves

Question 14

what nerves enter the pelvis at the gluteal region?

Answer 14

sciatic
pudendal
posterior cutaneous nerve to the thigh

Question 15

what is the largest nerve of the body?

Answer 15

sciatic

Question 16

what makes up the sciatic nerve?

Answer 16

L4 - S3

Question 17

what makes up the pudendal nerve?

Answer 17

S2 - S4

Question 18

what is the principle nerve to the perineum?

Answer 18

the pudendal nerve

Question 19

what makes up the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

Answer 19

S1-S3

Question 20

where does the sciatic nerve usually exit the gluteal region?

Answer 20

inferior to piriformis

Question 21

what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region?

Answer 21

nothing

Question 22

what are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve in the distal thigh?

Answer 22

tibial (larger, more medial)

common fibular (smaller, more lateral)

Question 23

what is the superior border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 23

inguinal ligament

Question 24

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 24

adductor longus

Question 25

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 25

sartorius

Question 26

what makes up the floor of the femoral triangle?

Answer 26

iliopsoas | pectineus

Question 27

what makes up the roof of the femoral triangle?

Answer 27

deep fascia of the thigh (fascia lata)

Question 28

what does the femoral triangle contain?

Answer 28

femoral nerve femoral artery femoral vein lymphatics

Question 29

what is compartment syndrome?

Answer 29

increased pressure in a fascial compartment

Question 30

what is done to relieve compartment syndrome?

Answer 30

fasciotomy

Question 31

how many compartments make up the thigh and what are they?

Answer 31

three anterior, medial, posterior

Question 32

how many compartments make up the leg and what are they?

Answer 32

three anterior, posterior and lateral

Question 33

what four muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 33

pectineus iliopsoas sartorius quadriceps femoris

Question 34

what forms the iliopsoas muscle?

Answer 34

iliacus and psoas coming together

Question 35

what is the longest muscle in the body?

Answer 35

sartorius

Question 36

what nerves supply the muscles of the anterior thigh?

Answer 36

femoral nerve

Question 37

which compartment contains the adductors of the thigh?

Answer 37

the medial compartment

Question 38

what are the adductors of the thigh?

Answer 38

``` adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracilis obturator externus ```

Question 39

what nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh, and which muscle is the exception?

Answer 39

obturator nerve except hamstring adductor magnus, supplied by tibial nerve

Question 40

what muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 40

semitendinosus semimembranosus biceps femoris

Question 41

what is another name for the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 41

the hamstrings

Question 42

which muscle is not a true hamstring?

Answer 42

short head biceps femoris

Question 43

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 43

tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius

Question 44

what nerve supplies the anterior muscles of th eleg?

Answer 44

L4 and L5

Question 45

what muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 45

fibularis longus | fibularis brevis

Question 46

what nerve supplies the lateral muscles of the leg?

Answer 46

superficial fibular nerve

Question 47

what are the two groups of posterior leg muscles?

Answer 47

superficial | deep

Question 48

what are the superficial posterior leg muscles?

Answer 48

gastrocnemius soleus plantaris

Question 49

what nerve supplies the superficial posterior leg muscles?

Answer 49

tibial

Question 50

what are the deep posterior leg muscles?

Answer 50

popliteus flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior

Question 51

what nerve supplies the deep posterior leg muscles?

Answer 51

tibial

Question 52

what type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 52

a ball and socket synovial joint

Question 53

what is a multiaxial joint and what is an example?

Answer 53

one that can move in many directions the hip

Question 54

what forms the hip ligaments and what is their role?

Answer 54

the fibrous layer of the joint capsule support the joint

Question 55

what are the three main ip ligaments?

Answer 55

iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral

Question 56

what is another name for the ligament to head of femur?

Answer 56

ligamentum teres

Question 57

what type of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 57

synovial hinge joint

Question 58

how many articulations does the knee joint have and what are these?

Answer 58

three 2 femorotibial, 1 femoropatellar

Question 59

what are the extracapsular knee joint ligaments?

Answer 59

patellar LCL MCL

Question 60

what is another name for the LCL of the knee?

Answer 60

fibular CL

Question 61

what is another name for the MCL of the knee?

Answer 61

tibial CL

Question 62

what are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee?

Answer 62

ACL | PCL

Question 63

what are the menisci made of and what are the two menisci called?

Answer 63

medial and lateral fibrocartilage

Question 64

what tests are done to test the integrity of the knee joint?

Answer 64

anterior and posterior drawer signs

Question 65

where is the popliteal fossa found?

Answer 65

posterior to the knee

Question 66

what is another name for the achilles tendon?

Answer 66

calcaneal tendon

Question 67

what is the calcaneal tendon?

Answer 67

the tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together

Question 68

where does the calcaneal tendon attach?

Answer 68

the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

Question 69

what is the normal result of the ankle jerk reflex?

Answer 69

plantar flexion

Question 70

what does the ankle jerk reflex test?

Answer 70

S1 and S2 nerve roots