Anatomy: Lower Limb Flashcards
where does the lower limb extend from?
the pelvis
what are the three functions of the lower limb?
support body weight
movement
maintain balance
what muscles make up the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae
what nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?
inferior gluteal nerve
what nerve innervates most of the superficial gluteal muscles?
superior gluteal nerve
what causes trendelenburg’s gait?
pathology affecting the superior gluteal nerve
what happens in trendelenburg’s gait?
pelvis tilts down on affected side as the gluteus medius and minimus aren’t working to support the pelvis
what muscles make up the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?
piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris
where does the nerve supply for the deep muscles of the gluteal region come from?
the sacral plexus
how do nerves enter/exit the pelvis?
via the greater sciatic foramen
how do nerve enter/exit the perineum?
via the lesser sciatic foramen
what forms the sciatic foraminae?
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
where would an injection into the gluteal region be done and why?
the upper and outer quadrant to avoid any important nerves
what nerves enter the pelvis at the gluteal region?
sciatic
pudendal
posterior cutaneous nerve to the thigh
what is the largest nerve of the body?
sciatic
what makes up the sciatic nerve?
L4 - S3
what makes up the pudendal nerve?
S2 - S4
what is the principle nerve to the perineum?
the pudendal nerve
what makes up the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
S1-S3
where does the sciatic nerve usually exit the gluteal region?
inferior to piriformis
what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region?
nothing
what are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve in the distal thigh?
tibial (larger, more medial)
common fibular (smaller, more lateral)
what is the superior border of the femoral triangle?
inguinal ligament
what is the medial border of the femoral triangle?
adductor longus
what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
sartorius
what makes up the floor of the femoral triangle?
iliopsoas
pectineus
what makes up the roof of the femoral triangle?
deep fascia of the thigh (fascia lata)
what does the femoral triangle contain?
femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
lymphatics
what is compartment syndrome?
increased pressure in a fascial compartment
what is done to relieve compartment syndrome?
fasciotomy
how many compartments make up the thigh and what are they?
three
anterior, medial, posterior
how many compartments make up the leg and what are they?
three
anterior, posterior and lateral
what four muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?
pectineus
iliopsoas
sartorius
quadriceps femoris
what forms the iliopsoas muscle?
iliacus and psoas coming together
what is the longest muscle in the body?
sartorius
what nerves supply the muscles of the anterior thigh?
femoral nerve
which compartment contains the adductors of the thigh?
the medial compartment
what are the adductors of the thigh?
adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracilis obturator externus
what nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh, and which muscle is the exception?
obturator nerve
except hamstring adductor magnus, supplied by tibial nerve
what muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
what is another name for the posterior compartment of the thigh?
the hamstrings
which muscle is not a true hamstring?
short head biceps femoris
what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
what nerve supplies the anterior muscles of th eleg?
L4 and L5
what muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
what nerve supplies the lateral muscles of the leg?
superficial fibular nerve
what are the two groups of posterior leg muscles?
superficial
deep
what are the superficial posterior leg muscles?
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
what nerve supplies the superficial posterior leg muscles?
tibial
what are the deep posterior leg muscles?
popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
what nerve supplies the deep posterior leg muscles?
tibial
what type of joint is the hip joint?
a ball and socket synovial joint
what is a multiaxial joint and what is an example?
one that can move in many directions
the hip
what forms the hip ligaments and what is their role?
the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
support the joint
what are the three main ip ligaments?
iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
what is another name for the ligament to head of femur?
ligamentum teres
what type of joint is the knee joint?
synovial hinge joint
how many articulations does the knee joint have and what are these?
three
2 femorotibial, 1 femoropatellar
what are the extracapsular knee joint ligaments?
patellar
LCL
MCL
what is another name for the LCL of the knee?
fibular CL
what is another name for the MCL of the knee?
tibial CL
what are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee?
ACL
PCL
what are the menisci made of and what are the two menisci called?
medial and lateral
fibrocartilage
what tests are done to test the integrity of the knee joint?
anterior and posterior drawer signs
where is the popliteal fossa found?
posterior to the knee
what is another name for the achilles tendon?
calcaneal tendon
what is the calcaneal tendon?
the tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together
where does the calcaneal tendon attach?
the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
what is the normal result of the ankle jerk reflex?
plantar flexion
what does the ankle jerk reflex test?
S1 and S2 nerve roots
