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Y2 Musculoskeletal > Anatomy: Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy: Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

where does the lower limb extend from?

A

the pelvis

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2
Q

what are the three functions of the lower limb?

A

support body weight
movement
maintain balance

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3
Q

what muscles make up the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

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4
Q

what nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?

A

inferior gluteal nerve

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5
Q

what nerve innervates most of the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

superior gluteal nerve

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6
Q

what causes trendelenburg’s gait?

A

pathology affecting the superior gluteal nerve

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7
Q

what happens in trendelenburg’s gait?

A

pelvis tilts down on affected side as the gluteus medius and minimus aren’t working to support the pelvis

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8
Q

what muscles make up the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

A

piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris

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9
Q

where does the nerve supply for the deep muscles of the gluteal region come from?

A

the sacral plexus

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10
Q

how do nerves enter/exit the pelvis?

A

via the greater sciatic foramen

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11
Q

how do nerve enter/exit the perineum?

A

via the lesser sciatic foramen

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12
Q

what forms the sciatic foraminae?

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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13
Q

where would an injection into the gluteal region be done and why?

A

the upper and outer quadrant to avoid any important nerves

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14
Q

what nerves enter the pelvis at the gluteal region?

A

sciatic
pudendal
posterior cutaneous nerve to the thigh

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15
Q

what is the largest nerve of the body?

A

sciatic

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16
Q

what makes up the sciatic nerve?

A

L4 - S3

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17
Q

what makes up the pudendal nerve?

A

S2 - S4

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18
Q

what is the principle nerve to the perineum?

A

the pudendal nerve

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19
Q

what makes up the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

S1-S3

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20
Q

where does the sciatic nerve usually exit the gluteal region?

A

inferior to piriformis

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21
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region?

A

nothing

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22
Q

what are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve in the distal thigh?

A

tibial (larger, more medial)

common fibular (smaller, more lateral)

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23
Q

what is the superior border of the femoral triangle?

A

inguinal ligament

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24
Q

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

adductor longus

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25
Q

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius

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26
Q

what makes up the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

iliopsoas

pectineus

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27
Q

what makes up the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

deep fascia of the thigh (fascia lata)

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28
Q

what does the femoral triangle contain?

A

femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
lymphatics

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29
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A

increased pressure in a fascial compartment

30
Q

what is done to relieve compartment syndrome?

A

fasciotomy

31
Q

how many compartments make up the thigh and what are they?

A

three

anterior, medial, posterior

32
Q

how many compartments make up the leg and what are they?

A

three

anterior, posterior and lateral

33
Q

what four muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

pectineus
iliopsoas
sartorius
quadriceps femoris

34
Q

what forms the iliopsoas muscle?

A

iliacus and psoas coming together

35
Q

what is the longest muscle in the body?

A

sartorius

36
Q

what nerves supply the muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

femoral nerve

37
Q

which compartment contains the adductors of the thigh?

A

the medial compartment

38
Q

what are the adductors of the thigh?

A 
adductor longus 
adductor brevis 
adductor magnus 
gracilis 
obturator externus
39
Q

what nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh, and which muscle is the exception?

A

obturator nerve

except hamstring adductor magnus, supplied by tibial nerve

40
Q

what muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris

41
Q

what is another name for the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

the hamstrings

42
Q

which muscle is not a true hamstring?

A

short head biceps femoris

43
Q

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

44
Q

what nerve supplies the anterior muscles of th eleg?

A

L4 and L5

45
Q

what muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

46
Q

what nerve supplies the lateral muscles of the leg?

A

superficial fibular nerve

47
Q

what are the two groups of posterior leg muscles?

A

superficial

deep

48
Q

what are the superficial posterior leg muscles?

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

49
Q

what nerve supplies the superficial posterior leg muscles?

A

tibial

50
Q

what are the deep posterior leg muscles?

A

popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior

51
Q

what nerve supplies the deep posterior leg muscles?

A

tibial

52
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

a ball and socket synovial joint

53
Q

what is a multiaxial joint and what is an example?

A

one that can move in many directions

the hip

54
Q

what forms the hip ligaments and what is their role?

A

the fibrous layer of the joint capsule

support the joint

55
Q

what are the three main ip ligaments?

A

iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral

56
Q

what is another name for the ligament to head of femur?

A

ligamentum teres

57
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint?

A

synovial hinge joint

58
Q

how many articulations does the knee joint have and what are these?

A

three

2 femorotibial, 1 femoropatellar

59
Q

what are the extracapsular knee joint ligaments?

A

patellar
LCL
MCL

60
Q

what is another name for the LCL of the knee?

A

fibular CL

61
Q

what is another name for the MCL of the knee?

A

tibial CL

62
Q

what are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee?

A

ACL

PCL

63
Q

what are the menisci made of and what are the two menisci called?

A

medial and lateral

fibrocartilage

64
Q

what tests are done to test the integrity of the knee joint?

A

anterior and posterior drawer signs

65
Q

where is the popliteal fossa found?

A

posterior to the knee

66
Q

what is another name for the achilles tendon?

A

calcaneal tendon

67
Q

what is the calcaneal tendon?

A

the tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together

68
Q

where does the calcaneal tendon attach?

A

the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

69
Q

what is the normal result of the ankle jerk reflex?

A

plantar flexion

70
Q

what does the ankle jerk reflex test?

A

S1 and S2 nerve roots

Y2 Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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