Foot and Ankle Problems

Question 1

what is hallux valgus?

Answer 1

a deformity of the first toe

it is laterally deviated

Question 2

what is hallux valgus often associated with?

Answer 2

pathology in other toes

Question 3

who is commonly affected by hallux valgus?

Answer 3

elderly individuals

more common in women

Question 4

what are three common causes of hallux valgus?

Answer 4

familial
hypermobility
RA

Question 5

is conservative management useful in hallux valgus?

Answer 5

not really

Question 6

what conservative management can be done for hallux valgus? (4)

Answer 6

analgesia
orthotics
well fitting shoes
physiotherapy

Question 7

what is the definitive management for hallux valgus?

Answer 7

surgery

Question 8

what is morton’s neuroma?

Answer 8

a benign fibrotic thickening of a plantar digital nerve due to irritation

Question 9

what causes morton’s neuroma?

Answer 9

a degenerative process

Question 10

what is the mean age for morton’s neuroma?

Answer 10

45-50

Question 11

what is a risk factor for morton’s neuroma?

Answer 11

obesity

Question 12

who is more commonly affected by morton’s neuroma and why?

Answer 12

women

associated with wearing high heels

Question 13

how does morton’s neuroma present?

Answer 13

painful forefoot that is exacerbate dby footwear

Question 14

what is the diagnostic investigation for morton’s neuroma?

Answer 14

ultrasound

Question 15

what is the conservative management for morton’s neuroma?

Answer 15

weight loss
stretching
better footwear
activity modifications

Question 16

what is the medical management for morton’s neuroma?

Answer 16

corticosteroid injections (USS guided)

Question 17

when is surgery done for morton’s neuroma?

Answer 17

conservative management unsuccessful for 2-3 months

inadequate response to corticosteroids

Question 18

what is the most common cause of acquired flat foot deformity in adults?

Answer 18

tibialis posterior dysfunction

Question 19

how does tibialis posterior dysfunction present?

Answer 19

pain over the medial malleolus
changes in foot shape
diminished walking ability

Question 20

what are four treatment options for tibialis posterior dysfunction?

Answer 20

physio
insoles
orthosis
surgery

Question 21

what should NOT be given for tibialis posterior dysfunction?

Answer 21

steroid injections

Question 22

what usually causes pes cavus?

Answer 22

idiopathic

Question 23

describe the pain in plantar fasciitis

Answer 23

pain that starts after rest

can be worse after exercise

Question 24

besides pain, what else can be seen in plantar fasciitis?

Answer 24

swelling of the heel

tenderness over the heel

Question 25

what clinical test is done for plantar fasciitis?

Answer 25

tinel's test positive for baxter's nerve

Question 26

how long does it take for plantar fasciitis to get better itself?

Answer 26

18-24 months

Question 27

what are four conservative management options for plantar fasciitis?

Answer 27

NSAIDs splints physio steroid injections

Question 28

what causes an achilles tendon rupture?

Answer 28

sudden deceleration with resisted calf contraction

Question 29

what clinical test is done for achilles tendon rupture?

Answer 29

simmond's test will be positive

Question 30

what ligament is most commonly damaged in ankle instability?

Answer 30

ATFL

Question 31

what are the three grades of ankle ligament injury from best to worst?

Answer 31

microscopic tear partial tear complete tear

Question 32

when is ankle instability chronic?

Answer 32

>6/12 recurrent giving way

Question 33

what are the three management options for chronic ankle instability?

Answer 33

physio arthroscopy for pain reconstruction if needed

Question 34

what is hallux rigidus?

Answer 34

a painful first MTPJ with stiffness

Question 35

what is the first line management for hallux rigidus?

Answer 35

weight loss footwear advice analgesia activity modifications

Question 36

what is the second line management for hallux rigidus?

Answer 36

orthosis | surgery

Question 37

how are ankle fractures classified?

Answer 37

weber classification

Question 38

what are the possible complications of a pilon fracture?

Answer 38

infection nonunion OA

Question 39

what causes 5th metatarsal fractures?

Answer 39

inversion injuries

Question 40

what is a Lisfranc fracture?

Answer 40

a tarsometarasal fracture dislocation

Question 41

how is a Lisfranc fracture managed?

Answer 41

surgical fixation

Question 42

what is a possible complication of a Lisfranc fracture?

Answer 42

OA later in life

Question 43

what causes calcaneus fractures?

Answer 43

a fall from a height

Question 44

what is there a risk of in calcaneus fractures?

Answer 44

compartment syndrome

Question 45

what can cause a talus fracture?

Answer 45

forced dorsiflexion | rapid deceleration

Question 46

what are some possible complications of a talus fracture?

Answer 46

AVN | OA