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Y2 Musculoskeletal > Foot and Ankle Problems > Flashcards

Foot and Ankle Problems Flashcards

1
Q

what is hallux valgus?

A

a deformity of the first toe

it is laterally deviated

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2
Q

what is hallux valgus often associated with?

A

pathology in other toes

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3
Q

who is commonly affected by hallux valgus?

A

elderly individuals

more common in women

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4
Q

what are three common causes of hallux valgus?

A

familial
hypermobility
RA

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5
Q

is conservative management useful in hallux valgus?

A

not really

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6
Q

what conservative management can be done for hallux valgus? (4)

A

analgesia
orthotics
well fitting shoes
physiotherapy

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7
Q

what is the definitive management for hallux valgus?

A

surgery

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8
Q

what is morton’s neuroma?

A

a benign fibrotic thickening of a plantar digital nerve due to irritation

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9
Q

what causes morton’s neuroma?

A

a degenerative process

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10
Q

what is the mean age for morton’s neuroma?

A

45-50

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11
Q

what is a risk factor for morton’s neuroma?

A

obesity

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12
Q

who is more commonly affected by morton’s neuroma and why?

A

women

associated with wearing high heels

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13
Q

how does morton’s neuroma present?

A

painful forefoot that is exacerbate dby footwear

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14
Q

what is the diagnostic investigation for morton’s neuroma?

A

ultrasound

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15
Q

what is the conservative management for morton’s neuroma?

A

weight loss
stretching
better footwear
activity modifications

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16
Q

what is the medical management for morton’s neuroma?

A

corticosteroid injections (USS guided)

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17
Q

when is surgery done for morton’s neuroma?

A

conservative management unsuccessful for 2-3 months

inadequate response to corticosteroids

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18
Q

what is the most common cause of acquired flat foot deformity in adults?

A

tibialis posterior dysfunction

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19
Q

how does tibialis posterior dysfunction present?

A

pain over the medial malleolus
changes in foot shape
diminished walking ability

20
Q

what are four treatment options for tibialis posterior dysfunction?

A

physio
insoles
orthosis
surgery

21
Q

what should NOT be given for tibialis posterior dysfunction?

A

steroid injections

22
Q

what usually causes pes cavus?

A

idiopathic

23
Q

describe the pain in plantar fasciitis

A

pain that starts after rest

can be worse after exercise

24
Q

besides pain, what else can be seen in plantar fasciitis?

A

swelling of the heel

tenderness over the heel

25
Q

what clinical test is done for plantar fasciitis?

A

tinel’s test positive for baxter’s nerve

26
Q

how long does it take for plantar fasciitis to get better itself?

A

18-24 months

27
Q

what are four conservative management options for plantar fasciitis?

A

NSAIDs
splints
physio
steroid injections

28
Q

what causes an achilles tendon rupture?

A

sudden deceleration with resisted calf contraction

29
Q

what clinical test is done for achilles tendon rupture?

A

simmond’s test

will be positive

30
Q

what ligament is most commonly damaged in ankle instability?

A

ATFL

31
Q

what are the three grades of ankle ligament injury from best to worst?

A

microscopic tear
partial tear
complete tear

32
Q

when is ankle instability chronic?

A

> 6/12
recurrent
giving way

33
Q

what are the three management options for chronic ankle instability?

A

physio
arthroscopy for pain
reconstruction if needed

34
Q

what is hallux rigidus?

A

a painful first MTPJ with stiffness

35
Q

what is the first line management for hallux rigidus?

A

weight loss
footwear advice
analgesia
activity modifications

36
Q

what is the second line management for hallux rigidus?

A

orthosis

surgery

37
Q

how are ankle fractures classified?

A

weber classification

38
Q

what are the possible complications of a pilon fracture?

A

infection
nonunion
OA

39
Q

what causes 5th metatarsal fractures?

A

inversion injuries

40
Q

what is a Lisfranc fracture?

A

a tarsometarasal fracture dislocation

41
Q

how is a Lisfranc fracture managed?

A

surgical fixation

42
Q

what is a possible complication of a Lisfranc fracture?

A

OA later in life

43
Q

what causes calcaneus fractures?

A

a fall from a height

44
Q

what is there a risk of in calcaneus fractures?

A

compartment syndrome

45
Q

what can cause a talus fracture?

A

forced dorsiflexion

rapid deceleration

46
Q

what are some possible complications of a talus fracture?

A

AVN

OA

Y2 Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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