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Y2 Musculoskeletal > Anatomy: Lower Limb (Dissection) > Flashcards

Anatomy: Lower Limb (Dissection) Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the superior border of the femoral triangle?

A

inguinal ligament

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2
Q

what makes up the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius

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3
Q

what makes up the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

adductor longus

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4
Q

what muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

iliopsoas laterally

pectineus medially

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5
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

femoral nerve, artery vein

femoral canal

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6
Q

what is contained in the femoral canal?

A

the deep inguinal lymph nodes

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7
Q

what is the femoral sheath?

A

a short tube of transversalis and iliopsoas fascia from the abdominal wall

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8
Q

what is found in the femoral sheath?

A

the femoral artery and vein

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9
Q

where is the femoral nerve located relative to the femoral sheath?

A

laterally to the sheath

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10
Q

what is the femoral nerve made from?

A

L2, L3 and L4

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11
Q

where is the femoral nerve formed?

A

in the lumbar plexus

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12
Q

name a branch of the femoral nerve?

A

the saphenous nerve

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13
Q

where does the saphenous nerve leave the adductor canal?

A

distally

between sartorius and gracilis

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14
Q

what does the saphenous nerve supply?

A

the fascia and skin of the anteromedial knee and leg

the medial aspect of the foot

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15
Q

what is found in the femoral canal?

A

deep inguinal lymph nodes and adipose tissue

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16
Q

what forms the medial part of the femoral sheath?

A

the femoral canal

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17
Q

what artery do the circumflex femoral arteries arise from?

A

the profunda femoris artery

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18
Q

what is the inguinal ligament?

A

the inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis

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19
Q

where does the inguinal ligament run?

A

between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle

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20
Q

what do the muscles of the anterior thigh act to do?

A

flex the hip

extend the knee

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21
Q

name the muscles of the anterior thigh

A

pectineus
iliopsoas
sartorius
quadriceps femoris

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22
Q

what muscles are included in the quadriceps femoris?

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medius

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23
Q

what are the attachments of the iliopsoas?

A

proximal = iliac fossa and lumbar transverse processes

distal = lesser trochanter of femur

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24
Q

what are the attachments of the sartorius/

A

proximal = ASIS

distal = medial surface of proximal tibia

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25
Q

what muscle of the quadriceps femoris has a different proximal attachment and where is it?

A

rectus femoris

ASIS

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26
Q

what are the attachments of the quadriceps femoris?

A

proximal = shaft of femur

distal = patella then tibial tuberosity

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27
Q

what supplies most of the muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

femoral nerve

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28
Q

what are the muscles of the medial thigh?

A

gracilis
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus

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29
Q

what are the parts of the adductor magnus?

A

adductor part

hamstring part

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30
Q

what is the most medial muscle of the medial thigh?

A

gracilis

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31
Q

where does the gracilis insert?

A

the superomedial aspect of the tibia

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32
Q

which muscles lie anterior to adductor magnus?

A

adductor brevis

adductor longus

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33
Q

which muscle lies superior to adductor longus?

A

adductor brevis

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34
Q

where do the adductors attach proximally?

A

pubis
ischiopubic remis
ischial tuberosity

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35
Q

where do the adductors attach distally?

A

posterior surface of the shaft of the femur

adductor tubercle of the femur

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36
Q

what nerve supplies most of the muscles of the medial thigh and which is the exception?

A

obturator nerve

hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

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37
Q

where does the obturator nerve enter the medial thigh?

A

via the obturator foramen of the hip bone

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38
Q

where does the obturator nerve divide?

A

upper border of adductor brevis

into anterior and posterior branches

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39
Q

where is the anterior branch of the obturator nerve located?

A

between adductors longus and brevis

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40
Q

what does lymph from superficial structures in the lower limbs follow?

A

the saphenous veins

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41
Q

describe lymph drainage of lymph following the great saphenous vein

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

THEN

external iliac nodes

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42
Q

describe lymph drainage of lymph following the small saphenous vein

A

popliteal lymph nodes

THEN

deep inguinal nodes

THEN

external iliac nodes

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43
Q

what are the five joints found in the foot?

A 
subtalar 
midtarsal
tarsometatarsal
MTP
interphalangeal
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44
Q

where is the subtalar joint located?

A

between the talus and the calcaneus

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45
Q

what two joints are midtarsal joints?

A

calcaneocuboid

talocalcaneonavicular

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46
Q

what type of joint is a midtarsal joint?

A

synovial

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47
Q

what movements can occur at the midtarsal joints?

A

inversion

eversion

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48
Q

what muscles are involved in inversion at the midtarsal joint?

A

tibialis anterior

tibialis posterior

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49
Q

what nerves are involved in inversion at the midtarsal joint?

A

tibial

deep fibular

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50
Q

what muscles are involved in eversion at the midtarsal joint?

A

fibularis muscles

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51
Q

what nerves are involved in eversion at the midtarsal joint?

A

superficial and deep fibular nerves

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52
Q

where are the tarsometatarsal joints located?

A

between the cuneiforms/cuboid and the metatarsals

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53
Q

what type of joints are the MTP joint?

A

synovial

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54
Q

what movements can occur at the MTP joints?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction of the toes

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55
Q

what type of joints are the interphalangeal joints of the feet?

A

synovial hinge joints

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56
Q

what movements occur at the interphalangeal joints of the toes?

A

flexion and extension

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57
Q

what type of joints are all of the joints in the feet?

A

synovial

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58
Q

what is the role of the arches of the foot?

A

shock absorption
push off spring in function
increased weight bearing capacity

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59
Q

what two things support the arches of the foot?

A

plantar aponeurosis

plantar ligaments

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60
Q

what is the plantar aponeurosis?

A

thickened central area of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

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61
Q

what are the three arches of the feet?

A

medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse

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62
Q

what forms the medial longitudinal arch?

A 
calcaneus
talus
navicular
three cuneiforms
metatarsals 1-3
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63
Q

what supports the medial longitudinal arch?

A

flexor hallucis longus
the attachments of tibialis anterior
the attachment of fibularis longus

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64
Q

what forms the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

calcaneus
cuboid
metatarsals 4-5

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65
Q

what forms the transverse arch?

A

cuboid
cuneiforms
base of all five metatarsals

66
Q

what supports the transverse arch?

A

fibularis longus

tibialis posterior

67
Q

where do the intrinsic muscles of the foot attach?

A

proximal and distal attachments are both inside the foot

68
Q

how many layers of intrinsic muscles of the foot are there?

69
Q

what are the arteries of the feet?

A

dorsalis pedis
medial plantar artery
lateral plantar artery

70
Q

what branches to form the dorsalis pedus?

A

anterior tibial artery

71
Q

where is the pulse of dorsalis pedis felt?

A

lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

72
Q

what does the dorsalis pedis branch to form?

A

the arcuate artery on the dorsum of the foot

73
Q

what are the medial and lateral plantar arteries branches of?

A

the posterior tibial artery

74
Q

what do the medial and lateral plantar arteries contribute to?

A

the deep plantar arch

75
Q

what arises from the deep plantar arch/arcuate artery and what do these branch into?

A

metatarsal arteries

branch into digital arteries

76
Q

how many digital arteries supply each toe?

77
Q

what is the main superficial vein of the foot?

A

dorsal venous arch

78
Q

what arises from the medial dorsal venous arch?

A

great saphenous vein

79
Q

what arises from the lateral dorsal venous arch?

A

small saphenous vein

80
Q

what nerves supply motor nerves to the intrinsic muscles of the feet?

A

tibial nerve to the sole

deep fibular nerves to the dorsum

81
Q

what nerve mainly supplies sensory nerves to the dorsum of the foot?

A

superficial fibular

82
Q

what nerve mainly supplies sensory nerves to the plantar foot?

83
Q

what two bones make up the hindfoot?

A

talus

calcaneus

84
Q

what five bones make up the midfoot?

A

navicular
cuboid
all cuneiforms

85
Q

what 19 bones make up the forefoot?

A

metatarsals

phalanges

86
Q

what three muscles make up the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

87
Q

what is the largest gluteal muscle?

A

gluteus maximus

88
Q

where does gluteus maximus originate?

A

iliac crest
sacrum
sacrotuberous ligament
coccyx

89
Q

where does gluteus maximus insert?

A

iliotibial tract

90
Q

what is the most powerful extensor of the hip?

A

gluteus maximus

91
Q

what makes up the inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle?

A

inferior gluteal artery, vein and nerve

92
Q

where is the inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle located?

A

deep to the gluteus maximus

93
Q

what makes up the superior gluteal neurovascualr bundle?

A

superior gluteal artery, vein and nerve

94
Q

where is the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle found?

A

deep to gluteus medius

95
Q

what makes up the sciatic nerve?

96
Q

what branch of the sciatic nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

97
Q

what are the “hamstring muscles’?

A

the muscles of the posterior thigh

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

98
Q

where does biceps femoris attach?

A

lateral aspect of the head of the fibula

99
Q

where to semimembranosus and semitendinosus attach?

A

the proximal tibia

100
Q

where does the artery to the head of the femur run in?

A

the ligament to the head of the femur

101
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint?

A

synovial hinge

102
Q

what are the three articulations involved in the knee joint?

A

two femorotibial

one femoropatellar

103
Q

what are the five ligaments of the knee joint?

A 
iliotibial tract 
MCL 
LCL 
ACL 
PCL
104
Q

what is another name for the MCL?

A

tibial collateral ligament

105
Q

what is another name for the LCL?

A

fibular collateral ligament

106
Q

what are the two menisci of the knee?

A

medial

lateral

107
Q

what is genu varum?

108
Q

what is genu valgum?

A

knock knees

109
Q

where are the menisci thicker?

A

peripherally, where they attach to the fibrous capsule

110
Q

what is the medial meniscus peripherally attached to?

A

the medial collateral ligament

111
Q

what three things are involved in an “unhappy triad” knee injury?

A

medial collateral ligament
medial meniscus
ACL

112
Q

what are the suprapatellar bursa?

A

extensions of the synovial cavity

113
Q

what does the suprapatellar bursa do?

A

reduces friction on the quadriceps tendon during knee movements

114
Q

what is the popliteal fossa?

A

the space posterior to the knee joint

115
Q

what forms the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

semitendinosus

semimembranosus

116
Q

what forms the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

biceps femoris

117
Q

what forms the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?

A

medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius

118
Q

where does the small saphenous vein drain?

A

the popliteal vein

119
Q

what is found in the neurovascular bundle in the popliteal fossa?

A

tibial nerve
popliteal vein
popliteal artery

120
Q

what lymph nodes are found in the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal lymph nodes

121
Q

where does the sciatic nerve divide?

A

the popliteal fossa

122
Q

what are the divisions of the sciatic nerve?

A

tibial

common fibular

123
Q

what is the branch of the tibial nerve called?

A

the medial sural cutaneous nerve

124
Q

what is the branch of the fibular nerve?

A

lateral sural cutaneous nerve

125
Q

how do the sural cutaneous nerves communicate with each other?

A

through the sural communicating branch

126
Q

how can the common fibular nerve be damaged?

A

compression against the neck of the fibula

fracture of the neck of the fibula

127
Q

what provides collateral blood supply to the structure of the knee joint?

A

genicular anastomoses

128
Q

what are the two layers of muscles of the posterior leg?

A

superficial

deep

129
Q

what three muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior leg?

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

130
Q

what four muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior leg?

A

popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior

131
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior leg?

A

tibial nerve

132
Q

what is the popliteal fossa?

A

space posterior to the knee joint

133
Q

what forms the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

semitendonosus

semimembranosus

134
Q

what forms the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

biceps femoris

135
Q

what forms the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius

136
Q

what vessels make up the neurovascular bundle found in the popliteal fossa?

A

tibial nerve
popliteal vein
popliteal artery

137
Q

what is the tibial nerve a branch of?

138
Q

where does the sciatic nerve divide?

A

superior apex of the popliteal fossa

139
Q

what are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve?

A

tibial

common fibular

140
Q

what do the sural nerve supply?

A

skin and fascia on the posterolateral aspect of the leg and foot

141
Q

what sural nerve comes off of the tibial nerve?

A

medial sural cutaneous nerve

142
Q

what sural nerve comes off of the common fibular nerve?

A

lateral sural cutaneous nerve

143
Q

how do the sural cutaneous nerves communicate with each other?

A

via the sural communicating branch

144
Q

where can the common fibular nerve become compressed?

A

against the neck of the fibula

145
Q

what injury can cause damage to the common fibular nerve?

A

fracture of the fibular neck

146
Q

what can be done to make palpation of the popliteal pulse easier?

A

flexion of the knee to around 30 degrees and relaxing the hamstring muscles

147
Q

what provides collateral blood supply to the structures of the knee joint?

A

genicular anastamoses

148
Q

what are the two layers of muscles in the posterior leg?

A

superficial

deep

149
Q

what muscles are found in the superficial posterior leg?

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

150
Q

what muscles are found in the deep posterior leg?

A

popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior

151
Q

what movements are caused by the posterior leg muscles?

A

plantarflex ankles and toes

inversion of foot

152
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior leg?

A

tibial nerve

153
Q

what are the two parts of gastrocnemius?

A

medial

lateral

154
Q

where does gastrocnemius attach distally?

A

calcaneus via the achilles tendon

155
Q

where does gastrocnemius attach proximally?

A

each head to their respective femoral condyle

156
Q

what movements does gastrocnemius cause?

A

week knee flexion

powerful ankle plantar flexion

157
Q

where does soleus attach proximally?

A

neck of the fibula

soleal line of the tibia

158
Q

where does soleus attach distally?

A

calcaneus via the achilles tendon

159
Q

what is the normal response when the calcaneal tendon is struck with a tendon hammer?

A

involuntary contraction of gastrocnemius and soleus with slight ankle plantarflexion

160
Q

what are the two branches of popliteal artery and where do these arise?

A

anterior and posterior tibial arteries

immediately distal to the popliteal fossa

161
Q

what is the fibular artery a branch of?

A

the posterior tibial artery

Y2 Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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