Anatomy: Lower Limb (Dissection) Flashcards
1
Q
what makes up the superior border of the femoral triangle?
A
inguinal ligament
2
Q
what makes up the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
A
sartorius
3
Q
what makes up the medial border of the femoral triangle?
A
adductor longus
4
Q
what muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle?
A
iliopsoas laterally
pectineus medially
5
Q
what are the contents of the femoral triangle?
A
femoral nerve, artery vein
femoral canal
6
Q
what is contained in the femoral canal?
A
the deep inguinal lymph nodes
7
Q
what is the femoral sheath?
A
a short tube of transversalis and iliopsoas fascia from the abdominal wall
8
Q
what is found in the femoral sheath?
A
the femoral artery and vein
9
Q
where is the femoral nerve located relative to the femoral sheath?
A
laterally to the sheath
10
Q
what is the femoral nerve made from?
A
L2, L3 and L4
11
Q
where is the femoral nerve formed?
A
in the lumbar plexus
12
Q
name a branch of the femoral nerve?
A
the saphenous nerve
13
Q
where does the saphenous nerve leave the adductor canal?
A
distally
between sartorius and gracilis
14
Q
what does the saphenous nerve supply?
A
the fascia and skin of the anteromedial knee and leg
the medial aspect of the foot
15
Q
what is found in the femoral canal?
A
deep inguinal lymph nodes and adipose tissue
16
Q
what forms the medial part of the femoral sheath?
A
the femoral canal
17
Q
what artery do the circumflex femoral arteries arise from?
A
the profunda femoris artery
18
Q
what is the inguinal ligament?
A
the inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis
19
Q
where does the inguinal ligament run?
A
between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
20
Q
what do the muscles of the anterior thigh act to do?
A
flex the hip
extend the knee
21
Q
name the muscles of the anterior thigh
A
pectineus
iliopsoas
sartorius
quadriceps femoris
22
Q
what muscles are included in the quadriceps femoris?
A
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medius
23
Q
what are the attachments of the iliopsoas?
A
proximal = iliac fossa and lumbar transverse processes
distal = lesser trochanter of femur
24
Q
what are the attachments of the sartorius/
A
proximal = ASIS
distal = medial surface of proximal tibia
25
what muscle of the quadriceps femoris has a different proximal attachment and where is it?
rectus femoris
ASIS
26
what are the attachments of the quadriceps femoris?
proximal = shaft of femur
distal = patella then tibial tuberosity
27
what supplies most of the muscles of the anterior thigh?
femoral nerve
28
what are the muscles of the medial thigh?
gracilis
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
29
what are the parts of the adductor magnus?
adductor part
hamstring part
30
what is the most medial muscle of the medial thigh?
gracilis
31
where does the gracilis insert?
the superomedial aspect of the tibia
32
which muscles lie anterior to adductor magnus?
adductor brevis
| adductor longus
33
which muscle lies superior to adductor longus?
adductor brevis
34
where do the adductors attach proximally?
pubis
ischiopubic remis
ischial tuberosity
35
where do the adductors attach distally?
posterior surface of the shaft of the femur
adductor tubercle of the femur
36
what nerve supplies most of the muscles of the medial thigh and which is the exception?
obturator nerve
hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)
37
where does the obturator nerve enter the medial thigh?
via the obturator foramen of the hip bone
38
where does the obturator nerve divide?
upper border of adductor brevis
into anterior and posterior branches
39
where is the anterior branch of the obturator nerve located?
between adductors longus and brevis
40
what does lymph from superficial structures in the lower limbs follow?
the saphenous veins
41
describe lymph drainage of lymph following the great saphenous vein
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
THEN
external iliac nodes
42
describe lymph drainage of lymph following the small saphenous vein
popliteal lymph nodes
THEN
deep inguinal nodes
THEN
external iliac nodes
43
what are the five joints found in the foot?
```
subtalar
midtarsal
tarsometatarsal
MTP
interphalangeal
```
44
where is the subtalar joint located?
between the talus and the calcaneus
45
what two joints are midtarsal joints?
calcaneocuboid
| talocalcaneonavicular
46
what type of joint is a midtarsal joint?
synovial
47
what movements can occur at the midtarsal joints?
inversion
| eversion
48
what muscles are involved in inversion at the midtarsal joint?
tibialis anterior
| tibialis posterior
49
what nerves are involved in inversion at the midtarsal joint?
tibial
| deep fibular
50
what muscles are involved in eversion at the midtarsal joint?
fibularis muscles
51
what nerves are involved in eversion at the midtarsal joint?
superficial and deep fibular nerves
52
where are the tarsometatarsal joints located?
between the cuneiforms/cuboid and the metatarsals
53
what type of joints are the MTP joint?
synovial
54
what movements can occur at the MTP joints?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction of the toes
55
what type of joints are the interphalangeal joints of the feet?
synovial hinge joints
56
what movements occur at the interphalangeal joints of the toes?
flexion and extension
57
what type of joints are all of the joints in the feet?
synovial
58
what is the role of the arches of the foot?
shock absorption
push off spring in function
increased weight bearing capacity
59
what two things support the arches of the foot?
plantar aponeurosis
| plantar ligaments
60
what is the plantar aponeurosis?
thickened central area of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
61
what are the three arches of the feet?
medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse
62
what forms the medial longitudinal arch?
```
calcaneus
talus
navicular
three cuneiforms
metatarsals 1-3
```
63
what supports the medial longitudinal arch?
flexor hallucis longus
the attachments of tibialis anterior
the attachment of fibularis longus
64
what forms the lateral longitudinal arch?
calcaneus
cuboid
metatarsals 4-5
65
what forms the transverse arch?
cuboid
cuneiforms
base of all five metatarsals
66
what supports the transverse arch?
fibularis longus
| tibialis posterior
67
where do the intrinsic muscles of the foot attach?
proximal and distal attachments are both inside the foot
68
how many layers of intrinsic muscles of the foot are there?
three
69
what are the arteries of the feet?
dorsalis pedis
medial plantar artery
lateral plantar artery
70
what branches to form the dorsalis pedus?
anterior tibial artery
71
where is the pulse of dorsalis pedis felt?
lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
72
what does the dorsalis pedis branch to form?
the arcuate artery on the dorsum of the foot
73
what are the medial and lateral plantar arteries branches of?
the posterior tibial artery
74
what do the medial and lateral plantar arteries contribute to?
the deep plantar arch
75
what arises from the deep plantar arch/arcuate artery and what do these branch into?
metatarsal arteries
branch into digital arteries
76
how many digital arteries supply each toe?
four
77
what is the main superficial vein of the foot?
dorsal venous arch
78
what arises from the medial dorsal venous arch?
great saphenous vein
79
what arises from the lateral dorsal venous arch?
small saphenous vein
80
what nerves supply motor nerves to the intrinsic muscles of the feet?
tibial nerve to the sole
| deep fibular nerves to the dorsum
81
what nerve mainly supplies sensory nerves to the dorsum of the foot?
superficial fibular
82
what nerve mainly supplies sensory nerves to the plantar foot?
tibial
83
what two bones make up the hindfoot?
talus
| calcaneus
84
what five bones make up the midfoot?
navicular
cuboid
all cuneiforms
85
what 19 bones make up the forefoot?
metatarsals
| phalanges
86
what three muscles make up the superficial gluteal muscles?
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
87
what is the largest gluteal muscle?
gluteus maximus
88
where does gluteus maximus originate?
iliac crest
sacrum
sacrotuberous ligament
coccyx
89
where does gluteus maximus insert?
iliotibial tract
90
what is the most powerful extensor of the hip?
gluteus maximus
91
what makes up the inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle?
inferior gluteal artery, vein and nerve
92
where is the inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle located?
deep to the gluteus maximus
93
what makes up the superior gluteal neurovascualr bundle?
superior gluteal artery, vein and nerve
94
where is the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle found?
deep to gluteus medius
95
what makes up the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
96
what branch of the sciatic nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?
tibial
97
what are the "hamstring muscles'?
the muscles of the posterior thigh
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
98
where does biceps femoris attach?
lateral aspect of the head of the fibula
99
where to semimembranosus and semitendinosus attach?
the proximal tibia
100
where does the artery to the head of the femur run in?
the ligament to the head of the femur
101
what type of joint is the knee joint?
synovial hinge
102
what are the three articulations involved in the knee joint?
two femorotibial
| one femoropatellar
103
what are the five ligaments of the knee joint?
```
iliotibial tract
MCL
LCL
ACL
PCL
```
104
what is another name for the MCL?
tibial collateral ligament
105
what is another name for the LCL?
fibular collateral ligament
106
what are the two menisci of the knee?
medial
| lateral
107
what is genu varum?
bow legs
108
what is genu valgum?
knock knees
109
where are the menisci thicker?
peripherally, where they attach to the fibrous capsule
110
what is the medial meniscus peripherally attached to?
the medial collateral ligament
111
what three things are involved in an "unhappy triad" knee injury?
medial collateral ligament
medial meniscus
ACL
112
what are the suprapatellar bursa?
extensions of the synovial cavity
113
what does the suprapatellar bursa do?
reduces friction on the quadriceps tendon during knee movements
114
what is the popliteal fossa?
the space posterior to the knee joint
115
what forms the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?
semitendinosus
| semimembranosus
116
what forms the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
117
what forms the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?
medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
118
where does the small saphenous vein drain?
the popliteal vein
119
what is found in the neurovascular bundle in the popliteal fossa?
tibial nerve
popliteal vein
popliteal artery
120
what lymph nodes are found in the popliteal fossa?
popliteal lymph nodes
121
where does the sciatic nerve divide?
the popliteal fossa
122
what are the divisions of the sciatic nerve?
tibial
| common fibular
123
what is the branch of the tibial nerve called?
the medial sural cutaneous nerve
124
what is the branch of the fibular nerve?
lateral sural cutaneous nerve
125
how do the sural cutaneous nerves communicate with each other?
through the sural communicating branch
126
how can the common fibular nerve be damaged?
compression against the neck of the fibula
| fracture of the neck of the fibula
127
what provides collateral blood supply to the structure of the knee joint?
genicular anastomoses
128
what are the two layers of muscles of the posterior leg?
superficial
| deep
129
what three muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior leg?
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
130
what four muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior leg?
popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
131
what nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior leg?
tibial nerve
132
what is the popliteal fossa?
space posterior to the knee joint
133
what forms the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?
semitendonosus
| semimembranosus
134
what forms the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
135
what forms the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?
medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
136
what vessels make up the neurovascular bundle found in the popliteal fossa?
tibial nerve
popliteal vein
popliteal artery
137
what is the tibial nerve a branch of?
sciatic
138
where does the sciatic nerve divide?
superior apex of the popliteal fossa
139
what are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve?
tibial
| common fibular
140
what do the sural nerve supply?
skin and fascia on the posterolateral aspect of the leg and foot
141
what sural nerve comes off of the tibial nerve?
medial sural cutaneous nerve
142
what sural nerve comes off of the common fibular nerve?
lateral sural cutaneous nerve
143
how do the sural cutaneous nerves communicate with each other?
via the sural communicating branch
144
where can the common fibular nerve become compressed?
against the neck of the fibula
145
what injury can cause damage to the common fibular nerve?
fracture of the fibular neck
146
what can be done to make palpation of the popliteal pulse easier?
flexion of the knee to around 30 degrees and relaxing the hamstring muscles
147
what provides collateral blood supply to the structures of the knee joint?
genicular anastamoses
148
what are the two layers of muscles in the posterior leg?
superficial
| deep
149
what muscles are found in the superficial posterior leg?
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
150
what muscles are found in the deep posterior leg?
popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
151
what movements are caused by the posterior leg muscles?
plantarflex ankles and toes
| inversion of foot
152
what nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior leg?
tibial nerve
153
what are the two parts of gastrocnemius?
medial
| lateral
154
where does gastrocnemius attach distally?
calcaneus via the achilles tendon
155
where does gastrocnemius attach proximally?
each head to their respective femoral condyle
156
what movements does gastrocnemius cause?
week knee flexion
| powerful ankle plantar flexion
157
where does soleus attach proximally?
neck of the fibula
| soleal line of the tibia
158
where does soleus attach distally?
calcaneus via the achilles tendon
159
what is the normal response when the calcaneal tendon is struck with a tendon hammer?
involuntary contraction of gastrocnemius and soleus with slight ankle plantarflexion
160
what are the two branches of popliteal artery and where do these arise?
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
immediately distal to the popliteal fossa
161
what is the fibular artery a branch of?
the posterior tibial artery
