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Y2 Musculoskeletal > Physiology - Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Physiology - Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest tissue type in the body?

A

muscle

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2
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

what muscle types are striated?

A

cardiac

skeletal

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4
Q

what muscle type is not striated?

A

smooth

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5
Q

what causes muscle striation?

A

alternating dark and light bands

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6
Q

what are the dark bands in muscle?

A

myosin thick filaments

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7
Q

what are the light bands in muscle?

A

actin thin filaments

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8
Q

what nervous system innervates skeletal muscle and what does this mean?

A

somatic

voluntary control

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9
Q

what nervous system innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and what does this mean?

A

autonomic

involuntary control

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10
Q

what mechanism initiates contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

neurogenic

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11
Q

what mechanism initiates contraction of cardiac muscle?

A

myogenic

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12
Q

in which type of muscle are neuromuscular junctions present?

A

skeletal

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13
Q

in which type of muscle are gap junctions present?

A

cardiac

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14
Q

what is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

what are skeletal muscle fibres organised into?

A

motor units

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16
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

a single alpha motor neurone and all skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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17
Q

what does the number of muscle fibres per motor unit depend on?

A

the functions served by the muscle

fine movement = less fibres

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18
Q

name two types of muscles with few fibres per motor unit

A

intrinsic hand muscle

extra ocular muscles

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19
Q

how are skeletal muscles organised?

A

parallel muscle fibres bundled by connective tissues

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20
Q

how long are skeletal muscle fibres?

A

the length of the muscle

21
Q

what attaches skeletal muscles to the skeleton?

A

tendons

22
Q

what is the predominant structure of skeletal muscle fibres?

A

myofibrils

23
Q

what is found within each myofibril?

A

sarcomeres

24
Q

what is the functional unit of muscle?

A

sarcomeres

25
Q

what is the functional unit of an organ?

A

the smallest component capable of performing all of the organs functions

26
Q

where are sarcomeres found?

A

between two Z lines

27
Q

what are the four zones of a sarcomere?

A

A band
H zone
M line
I band

28
Q

what makes up the A band?

A

thick filaments

thin filaments that overlap

29
Q

what is the H zone?

A

the lighter area in the middle of the A band where thin filaments don’t reach

30
Q

where is the M line found?

A

the middle of the A band and the centre of the H zone

31
Q

what is the I band made of?

A

the remaining thin filaments that are not in the A band

32
Q

what produces muscle tension?

A

sliding of actin filaments on myosin filaments

33
Q

what does force generation depend on?

A

ATP dependent interactions between myosin and actin filaments

34
Q

where are calcium ions stored in skeletal muscle fibres?

A

the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

when are calcium ions released in skeletal muscle?

A

when the surface action potential spreads down the T tubules

36
Q

what are T tubules?

A

extension of the surface membrane that dip into the muscle fibre

37
Q

what two factors determine the gradation of skeletal muscle tension?

A

number of fibres contracting

the tension developed by each fibre

38
Q

what is motor unit recruitment?

A

the stimulation of more motor units in a muscle

39
Q

what is longer in skeletal muscle - the duration of the AP or the duration of the resulting twitch?

A

the twitch

40
Q

how can a stronger contraction be achieved in skeletal muscle?

A

repetitive fast stimulation of the muscle

41
Q

what is repetitive fast stimulation of muscle called?

A

tetanus

42
Q

why can cardiac muscle not be tetanised?

A

long refractory period

43
Q

how can maximal tetanic contraction be achieved?

A

when muscle is the optimal length before the onset of contraction

44
Q

what are the two types of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

isotonic

isometric

45
Q

what is isotonic contraction used for?

A

body movements

moving objects

46
Q

what is isotonic contraction?

A

when muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes

47
Q

what is isometric contraction used for?

A

supporting objects in fixed positions

maintaining body posture

48
Q

what is isometric contraction?

A

when muscle tension develops at constant muscle lengths

Y2 Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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