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Y2 Musculoskeletal > Knee Injuries > Flashcards

Knee Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

what are some common causes of meniscal tears?

A

sporting injury
getting up from squatting
degenerate

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2
Q

what do 50% of ACL tears have associated?

A

meniscal tears

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3
Q

how does a meniscal tear present?

A

pain
tenderness at the joint line
inflammatory effusion

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4
Q

what investigations should be done for a suspected meniscal tear?

A

MRI

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5
Q

which type of meniscal tear is more common?

A

medial

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6
Q

what are the four patterns of meniscal tear?

A

longitudinal
bucket handle
radial
parrot beak

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7
Q

what should be considered for acute traumatic peripheral meniscal tears in young patients?

A

arthroscopic meniscal repair

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8
Q

what should be considered for irreparable meniscal tears with symptoms?

A

arthroscopic meniscectomy

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9
Q

what does an acute locked knee suggest?

A

a displaced bucket handle meniscal tear

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10
Q

what is needed for an acute locked knee?

A

urgent surgery

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11
Q

what is seen on MRI in acute locked knee?

A

two things that look like a PCL

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12
Q

what does the MCL resist?

A

valgus stress

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13
Q

what does the LCL resist?

A

varus stress

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14
Q

what type of instability can MCL rupture lead to?

A

valgus instability

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15
Q

what does the ACL resist?

A

anterior subluxation of the tibia

internal rotation of the tibia

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16
Q

what type of instability can ACL rupture lead to?

A

rotatory instability

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17
Q

what does the PCL resist?

A

posterior subluxation of the tibia

hyperextension of the knee

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18
Q

what can PCL rupture lead to?

A

recurrent hyperextension

inability to descend stairs

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19
Q

what forms the posterolateral corner?

A

PCL
LCL
popliteus
smaller ligaments

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20
Q

what does the posterolateral corner resist?

A

external rotation of the tibia

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21
Q

what are the three grades of knee ligament injuries?

A

grade 1
grade 2
grade 3

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22
Q

describe a grade 1 knee ligament injury

A

sprain

tear some fibres

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23
Q

describe a grade 2 knee ligament injury

A

partial tear

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24
Q

describe a grade 3 knee ligament injury

A

complete tear

25
Q

which is more likely to heal - an MCL or LCL injury?

A

MCL

26
Q

how is an MCL injury managed?

A

brace
early motion
physiotherapy

27
Q

what surgery may be done for MCL injury?

A

reconstruction with a tendon graft

28
Q

what usually causes an ACL injury?

A

sports

29
Q

what is the classic history of an ACL injury?

A

pop
hemarthrosis
giving way on turning

30
Q

what can allow ACL injuries to stabilise?

A

time

physio

31
Q

how is an ACL injury diagnosed?

A

history

MRI

32
Q

what clinical tests can be done for an ACL injury?

A

lachman’s test

anterior drawer test

33
Q

what causes an LCL injury?

A

varus

hyperextension

34
Q

what is there a high incidence of in LCL injury?

A

common peroneal nerve palsy

35
Q

what is an LCL injury often found in combination with?

A

PCL or ACL injury

36
Q

what is the management of a complete LCL rupture?

A

urgent repair with 2-3 weeks

37
Q

what is the later or second line management for an LCL injury?

A

reconstruction with another tendon

38
Q

what causes a PCL rupture?

A

direct blow to the anterior tibia

hyperextension injury

39
Q

how does a PCL rupture present?

A

popliteal knee pain

bruising

40
Q

what do PCL rupture often occur alongside?

A

other knee injuries

41
Q

what are three possible complications of a knee dislocation?

A

popliteal artery injury
common peroneal nerve injury
compartment syndrome

42
Q

what is the initial management of a knee dislocation?

A

emergency reduction

check neurovascular status

43
Q

how is knee dislocation managed?

A

knee reconstruction

44
Q

what causes patellar dislocation?

A

rapid turn

direct blow

45
Q

what are three risk factors for patellar dislocation?

A

female
ligamentous laxity
valgus knee

46
Q

what is the surgical management for patellar dislocation?

A

MPFL reconstruction

47
Q

what is MPFL?

A

median patello femoral ligament

48
Q

what direction does a patellar dislocation occur in?

A

laterally always

49
Q

what are two other names for patellofemoral pain syndrome?

A

idiopathic adolescent anterior knee pain

chondromalacia patellae

50
Q

what do the majority of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome get?

A

physio

51
Q

what causes an extensor mechanism rupture?

A

falling onto a flexed knee when the quads are contracted

52
Q

what are some risk factors for extensor mechanism rupture?

A

previous tendonitis
steroids
chronic renal failure
ciprofloxacin

53
Q

what is seen on examination of extensor mechanism rupture?

A

unable to do a straight leg raise

palpable gap

54
Q

what investigations may be done to support a diagnosis of extensor mechanism rupture?

A

USS or MRI

55
Q

how is extensor mechanism rupture managed?

A

urgent surgical repair

56
Q

what is osteochondritis dissecans?

A

when an area of the surface of the knee loses its blood supply and cartilage/bone fragments off

57
Q

when is osteochondritis dissecans most common?

A

adolescence

58
Q

how long can bone bruising take to settle?

A

three months

can be up to a year in some cases

Y2 Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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