Knee Injuries

Question 1

what are some common causes of meniscal tears?

Answer 1

sporting injury
getting up from squatting
degenerate

Question 2

what do 50% of ACL tears have associated?

Answer 2

meniscal tears

Question 3

how does a meniscal tear present?

Answer 3

pain
tenderness at the joint line
inflammatory effusion

Question 4

what investigations should be done for a suspected meniscal tear?

Answer 4

MRI

Question 5

which type of meniscal tear is more common?

Answer 5

medial

Question 6

what are the four patterns of meniscal tear?

Answer 6

longitudinal
bucket handle
radial
parrot beak

Question 7

what should be considered for acute traumatic peripheral meniscal tears in young patients?

Answer 7

arthroscopic meniscal repair

Question 8

what should be considered for irreparable meniscal tears with symptoms?

Answer 8

arthroscopic meniscectomy

Question 9

what does an acute locked knee suggest?

Answer 9

a displaced bucket handle meniscal tear

Question 10

what is needed for an acute locked knee?

Answer 10

urgent surgery

Question 11

what is seen on MRI in acute locked knee?

Answer 11

two things that look like a PCL

Question 12

what does the MCL resist?

Answer 12

valgus stress

Question 13

what does the LCL resist?

Answer 13

varus stress

Question 14

what type of instability can MCL rupture lead to?

Answer 14

valgus instability

Question 15

what does the ACL resist?

Answer 15

anterior subluxation of the tibia

internal rotation of the tibia

Question 16

what type of instability can ACL rupture lead to?

Answer 16

rotatory instability

Question 17

what does the PCL resist?

Answer 17

posterior subluxation of the tibia

hyperextension of the knee

Question 18

what can PCL rupture lead to?

Answer 18

recurrent hyperextension

inability to descend stairs

Question 19

what forms the posterolateral corner?

Answer 19

PCL
LCL
popliteus
smaller ligaments

Question 20

what does the posterolateral corner resist?

Answer 20

external rotation of the tibia

Question 21

what are the three grades of knee ligament injuries?

Answer 21

grade 1
grade 2
grade 3

Question 22

describe a grade 1 knee ligament injury

Answer 22

sprain

tear some fibres

Question 23

describe a grade 2 knee ligament injury

Answer 23

partial tear

Question 24

describe a grade 3 knee ligament injury

Answer 24

complete tear

Question 25

which is more likely to heal - an MCL or LCL injury?

Answer 25

MCL

Question 26

how is an MCL injury managed?

Answer 26

brace early motion physiotherapy

Question 27

what surgery may be done for MCL injury?

Answer 27

reconstruction with a tendon graft

Question 28

what usually causes an ACL injury?

Answer 28

sports

Question 29

what is the classic history of an ACL injury?

Answer 29

pop hemarthrosis giving way on turning

Question 30

what can allow ACL injuries to stabilise?

Answer 30

time | physio

Question 31

how is an ACL injury diagnosed?

Answer 31

history | MRI

Question 32

what clinical tests can be done for an ACL injury?

Answer 32

lachman's test | anterior drawer test

Question 33

what causes an LCL injury?

Answer 33

varus | hyperextension

Question 34

what is there a high incidence of in LCL injury?

Answer 34

common peroneal nerve palsy

Question 35

what is an LCL injury often found in combination with?

Answer 35

PCL or ACL injury

Question 36

what is the management of a complete LCL rupture?

Answer 36

urgent repair with 2-3 weeks

Question 37

what is the later or second line management for an LCL injury?

Answer 37

reconstruction with another tendon

Question 38

what causes a PCL rupture?

Answer 38

direct blow to the anterior tibia | hyperextension injury

Question 39

how does a PCL rupture present?

Answer 39

popliteal knee pain | bruising

Question 40

what do PCL rupture often occur alongside?

Answer 40

other knee injuries

Question 41

what are three possible complications of a knee dislocation?

Answer 41

popliteal artery injury common peroneal nerve injury compartment syndrome

Question 42

what is the initial management of a knee dislocation?

Answer 42

emergency reduction | check neurovascular status

Question 43

how is knee dislocation managed?

Answer 43

knee reconstruction

Question 44

what causes patellar dislocation?

Answer 44

rapid turn | direct blow

Question 45

what are three risk factors for patellar dislocation?

Answer 45

female ligamentous laxity valgus knee

Question 46

what is the surgical management for patellar dislocation?

Answer 46

MPFL reconstruction

Question 47

what is MPFL?

Answer 47

median patello femoral ligament

Question 48

what direction does a patellar dislocation occur in?

Answer 48

laterally always

Question 49

what are two other names for patellofemoral pain syndrome?

Answer 49

idiopathic adolescent anterior knee pain chondromalacia patellae

Question 50

what do the majority of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome get?

Answer 50

physio

Question 51

what causes an extensor mechanism rupture?

Answer 51

falling onto a flexed knee when the quads are contracted

Question 52

what are some risk factors for extensor mechanism rupture?

Answer 52

previous tendonitis steroids chronic renal failure ciprofloxacin

Question 53

what is seen on examination of extensor mechanism rupture?

Answer 53

unable to do a straight leg raise | palpable gap

Question 54

what investigations may be done to support a diagnosis of extensor mechanism rupture?

Answer 54

USS or MRI

Question 55

how is extensor mechanism rupture managed?

Answer 55

urgent surgical repair

Question 56

what is osteochondritis dissecans?

Answer 56

when an area of the surface of the knee loses its blood supply and cartilage/bone fragments off

Question 57

when is osteochondritis dissecans most common?

Answer 57

adolescence

Question 58

how long can bone bruising take to settle?

Answer 58

three months can be up to a year in some cases