Anatomy: Upper Limb (Dissection) Flashcards
1
Q
what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the arm?
A
biceps brachii
coracobrachialis
brachialis
2
Q
what nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?
A
musculocutaneous nerve
3
Q
describe the biceps brachii
A
comprises a long head, a short head and two distal tendons
4
Q
what are the two distal tendons of the biceps brachii?
A
biceps tendon
bicipital aponeurosis
5
Q
what is the most anterior muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?
A
the biceps brachii
6
Q
where is the proximal attachment of the long head biceps brachii?
A
supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
7
Q
where is the proximal attachment of the short head biceps brachii?
A
coracoid process of the scapula
8
Q
what muscles attach to the coracoid process?
A
pectoralis minor
coracobrachialis
short head biceps brachii
9
Q
where does the biceps tendon insert?
A
radial tuberosity
10
Q
where does the bicipital aponeurosis insert?
A
blends with the antebrachial fascia on the medial side of the proximal forearm
11
Q
where is the proximal attachment of coracobrachialis?
A
the coracoid process of the scapula
12
Q
where is the distal attachment of coracobrachialis?
A
the humerus
13
Q
where does coracobrachialis lie in the anterior compartment of the arm?
A
deep to biceps brachii
medial to brachialis
14
Q
what separates the coracobrachialis from the triceps?
A
the medial intermuscular septa
15
Q
where is the proximal attachment of brachialis?
A
the humerus
16
Q
where is the distal attachment of brachialis?
A
the coronoid process of the ulna
17
Q
where does brachialis lie in the anterior compartment of the arm?
A
deep to biceps brachii
lateral to coracobrachialis
18
Q
what separates brachialis from the triceps?
A
the lateral intermuscular septae
19
Q
what joints do all three muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm span?
A
the shoulder
the elbow
20
Q
what are the main movements of the anterior compartment of the arm?
A
flexion at the shoulder
flexion at the elbow
21
Q
what movement can biceps brachii do and how?
A
supination
spans the proximal radioulnar joint
22
Q
what nerve innervates most of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
A
median nerve
23
Q
which two muscles are not supplied by the median nerve in the anterior compartment of the forearm, and which nerve supplies them?
A
flexor carpi ulnaris
medial part of the flexor digitorum profundus
the ulnar nerve
24
Q
what movements are caused by the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
A
flexion, abduction and adduction of the wrist
flexion of the digits
pronation of the forearm
25
how many layers make up the anterior compartment of the forearm?
three
26
what are the layers of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
superficial
intermediate
deep
27
what is the tendon of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm called?
the common flexor tendon
28
where does the common flexor tendon insert?
the medial epicondyle of the humerus
29
what muscles make up the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
pronator teres
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
30
where is the distal attachment of palmaris longus?
the palmar aponeurosis
31
where is the distal attachment of flexor carpi radialis?
the metacarpals on the radial side
32
where is the distal attachment of flexor carpi ulnaris?
the metacarpals on the ulnar side
33
where does the muscle of the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm attach proximally?
medial epicondyle of the humerus
the coronoid process of the ulna
the radial head
34
what muscle makes up the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
flexor digitorum superficialis
35
describe the structure of flexor digitorum superficialis
four muscle bellies
| four tendons for the medial four digits
36
where do the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm attach proximally?
to the anterior surface of either the radius or the ulna
37
what muscles make up the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
38
where is the distal attachment of flexor digitorum profundus?
digits 2-5
39
where is the distal attachment of flexor pollicis longus?
the thumb
40
where is the distal attachment of pronator quadratus?
between distal anterior surfaces of the radius and the ulna
41
what is the superior boundary of the cubital fossa?
transverse line between the epicondyles of the humerus
42
what is the medial border of the cubital fossa?
pronator teres
43
what is the lateral border of the cubital fossa?
brachioradialis
44
what are the superficial contents of the cubital fossa?
median cubital vein
cephalic vein
basilic vein
tendons of biceps brachii
45
what are the deep contents of the cubital fossa, from medial to lateral?
median nerve
brachial artery
radial nerve
46
what is the axilla?
the space inferior to the shoulder joint and superior to the armpit
47
what is the medial wall of the axilla?
the superolateral aspect of the chest
48
what forms the anterior wall of the axilla?
pectoralis major
49
where is the lower border of pectoralis major contained?
within the inferior edge of the anterior axillary fold
50
what are the main muscles of climbing?
pectoralis major
| latissimus dorsi
51
what is the superior continuation of the brachial vein?
the axillary vein
52
where does the brachial vein become the axillary vein?
at the lower border of the teres major
53
what makes up part of the posterior wall of the axilla?
teres major
54
what does the inferior border of teres major correspond with?
the inferior extent of the axilla
55
where can the pulsations of the subclavian artery be palpated?
where the artery crosses the first rib
56
where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
at the lateral border of the first rib
57
what provides nerve supply to the upper limbs?
the brachial plexus
58
what forms the brachial plexus?
intertwined anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1
59
what are the main parts of the brachial plexus, from proximal to distal?
```
roots
trunks
divisions
cords
named nerves
```
60
what are the roots of the brachial plexus?
the anterior rami of C5-T1 spinal nerves
61
what forms the trunks of the brachial plexus?
combination of the nerve fibres of the roots
62
what are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
superior
middle
inferior
63
what makes up the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
combined anterior rami of C5 and C6 spinal nerves
64
what makes up the middle trunk of the the brachial plexus?
anterior ramus of C7 spinal nerve
65
what makes up the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
combined anterior rami of C8 and T1 spinal nerves
66
what do the trunks of the brachial plexus divide into?
anterior and posterior divisions
67
what do the divisions of the brachial plexus combine to form?
the cords
68
what are the cords of the brachial plexus named according to?
their relationship with the axillary artery
69
what are the cords of the brachial plexus?
medial
lateral
posterior
70
what makes the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
direct continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk
71
what makes the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks
72
what makes the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
the posterior divisions of all three trunks
73
what do the cords of the brachial plexus come together to form?
the named nerves of the brachial plexus
74
what are the named nerves of the brachial plexus?
```
ulnar nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
axillary nerve
radial nerve
median nerve
```
75
what forms the median nerve?
continuation of the lateral cord
76
what forms the musculocutaneous nerve?
direct continuation of the lateral cord
77
what forms the axillary and radial nerves?
division of the posterior cord
78
what forms the median nerve?
the medial and lateral cords
79
where do the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus lie?
between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the root of the neck
80
where do the divisions of the brachial plexus lie?
immediately posterior to the subclavian vessels in the root of the neck
81
where do the cords of the brachial plexus lie?
around the axillary artery (distal to the first rib)
82
what nerve wraps around the posterior aspect of the surgical neck of humerus?
axillary nerve
83
what nerve wraps around the posterior aspect of the mid shaft of the humerus?
radial nerve
84
what is the most medial named nerve in the brachial plexus?
ulnar nerve
85
what is the flexor retinaculum?
distal thickening of the antebrachial fascia
86
what is the proximal thickening of the antebrachial fascia called?
palmar carpal ligament
87
where does the flexor retinaculum attach?
```
lateral = scaphoid/trapezoid
medial = pisiform/hamate
```
88
what forms the carpal tunnel?
carpal bones
| flexor retinaculum
89
what does the carpal tunnel contain?
long tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL
median nerve
90
what causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
compression of the median nerve due to swelling in the carpal tunnel
91
what are the two branches of the radial artery?
superficial
| deep
92
what are the four neurovascular bundles that supply each finger?
medial palmar
lateral palmar
medial dorsal
lateral dorsal
93
which tendons attach to the middle phalanges?
FDS
94
which tendons attach to the distal phalanges?
FDP
| FPL
95
what is tenderness in the floor of the anatomical snuff box suggestive of?
scaphoid fracture
96
how many lumbricals are there?
four - one for each finger
97
where do lumbricals attach?
between the FDP tendon and the extensor expansion of the same digit
98
what is the action of the lumbricals?
flex the MCPJ
| extend PIPJ
99
what nerve supplies the lumbricals?
medial two = ulnar nerve
| lateral two = median nerve
100
what is the action of the palmar interossei?
adduct the digits
101
what is the action of the dorsal interossei?
abduct the digits
102
what nerve supplies the interossei?
ulnar
103
what are the three parts of the deltoid?
posterior (spinal)
middle (acromial)
anterior (clavicular)
104
what movement does the posterior deltoid allow?
extension at the shoulder
105
what movement does the middle deltoid allow?
abduction at the shoulder
takes over from supraspinatus beyond 15 degrees
106
what movement does the anterior deltoid allow?
flexion at the shoulder
107
what are the three parts of the trapezius?
ascending
middle
descending
108
what movements does levator scapulae enable?
elevation of the scapula
| inferior rotation of the glenoid
109
what are the two rhomboids?
rhomboid major
| rhomboid minor
110
what are the four rotator cuff muscles?
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
111
what is the common thing all rotator cuff muscles do?
stabilise the head of the humerus in the glenoid
112
what movement does supraspinatus do?
first 15 degrees of shoulder abduction
113
what movement does infrapsinatus do?
lateral rotation of the shoulder
114
what movement does teres minor do?
lateral rotation at the shoulder
115
what movement does subscapularis do?
medial rotation at the shoulder
116
where do most rotator cuff muscles insert and which is the exception?
greater tubercle of the humerus
subscapularis
117
where does subscapularis insert?
lesser tubercle of the humerus
118
what makes up the nerve supply to the rotator cuff muscles?
branches of the brachial plexus
119
what nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?
axillary nerve
120
where does the deltoid attach proximally?
lateral third of the clavicle, inferior aspects of the scapular spine and acromion
121
where does the deltoid attach distally?
deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
122
where is the subacromial bursa located?
between the supraspinatus tendon and the acromion process of the scapula
123
what muscles make up the posterior compartment of the arm?
triceps brachii
124
what nerve innervates the triceps brachii?
radial nerve
this is the nerve to the posterior compartment of the arm
125
what are the three parts of the triceps brachii?
long head
lateral head
medial head
126
where does the long head triceps brachii attach proximally?
infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
127
where does the lateral head triceps brachii attach proximally?
superior to the radial groove of the humerus
128
where does the medial head of triceps brachii attach proximally?
inferior to the radial groove of the humerus
129
where does the triceps brachii attach distally?
triceps tendon attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna
130
what movements are facilitated by triceps brachii?
weak extension at the shoulder joint
| extension at the elbow joint
131
what nerve roots make up the axillary nerve?
C5-C6
132
what muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?
deltoid
| teres minor
133
what area of skin is innervated by axillary nerve?
the badge patch on the lateral aspect of the arm
134
what type of shoulder injury can cause damage to the axillary nerve?
inferior shoulder dislocation
135
how can the function of the axillary nerve be tested?
ask the patient to abduct the upper limb beyond 15 degrees
136
what nerve roots make up the radial nerve?
C5 - T1
137
where is the radial nerve found?
posterior compartment of the arm, in the radial groove of the humerus
then enters the posterior compartment of the forearm
138
what injury can cause damage to the radial nerve?
mid shaft fracture of the humeus
139
what are the branches of the radial nerve and where do these arise?
superficial and deep
divides just anterior to the lateral epicondyle
140
what is the deep branch of the radial nerve called when it enters the posterior compartment of the forearm?
the posterior interosseous nerve
