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Y2 Musculoskeletal > Anatomy: Upper Limb (Dissection) > Flashcards

Anatomy: Upper Limb (Dissection) Flashcards

1
Q

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

biceps brachii
coracobrachialis
brachialis

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2
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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3
Q

describe the biceps brachii

A

comprises a long head, a short head and two distal tendons

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4
Q

what are the two distal tendons of the biceps brachii?

A

biceps tendon

bicipital aponeurosis

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5
Q

what is the most anterior muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

the biceps brachii

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6
Q

where is the proximal attachment of the long head biceps brachii?

A

supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

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7
Q

where is the proximal attachment of the short head biceps brachii?

A

coracoid process of the scapula

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8
Q

what muscles attach to the coracoid process?

A

pectoralis minor
coracobrachialis
short head biceps brachii

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9
Q

where does the biceps tendon insert?

A

radial tuberosity

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10
Q

where does the bicipital aponeurosis insert?

A

blends with the antebrachial fascia on the medial side of the proximal forearm

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11
Q

where is the proximal attachment of coracobrachialis?

A

the coracoid process of the scapula

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12
Q

where is the distal attachment of coracobrachialis?

A

the humerus

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13
Q

where does coracobrachialis lie in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

deep to biceps brachii

medial to brachialis

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14
Q

what separates the coracobrachialis from the triceps?

A

the medial intermuscular septa

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15
Q

where is the proximal attachment of brachialis?

A

the humerus

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16
Q

where is the distal attachment of brachialis?

A

the coronoid process of the ulna

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17
Q

where does brachialis lie in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

deep to biceps brachii

lateral to coracobrachialis

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18
Q

what separates brachialis from the triceps?

A

the lateral intermuscular septae

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19
Q

what joints do all three muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm span?

A

the shoulder

the elbow

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20
Q

what are the main movements of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

flexion at the shoulder

flexion at the elbow

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21
Q

what movement can biceps brachii do and how?

A

supination

spans the proximal radioulnar joint

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22
Q

what nerve innervates most of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

median nerve

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23
Q

which two muscles are not supplied by the median nerve in the anterior compartment of the forearm, and which nerve supplies them?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris
medial part of the flexor digitorum profundus

the ulnar nerve

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24
Q

what movements are caused by the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexion, abduction and adduction of the wrist

flexion of the digits

pronation of the forearm

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25
Q

how many layers make up the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

three

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26
Q

what are the layers of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

superficial
intermediate
deep

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27
Q

what is the tendon of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm called?

A

the common flexor tendon

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28
Q

where does the common flexor tendon insert?

A

the medial epicondyle of the humerus

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29
Q

what muscles make up the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

pronator teres
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris

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30
Q

where is the distal attachment of palmaris longus?

A

the palmar aponeurosis

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31
Q

where is the distal attachment of flexor carpi radialis?

A

the metacarpals on the radial side

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32
Q

where is the distal attachment of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

the metacarpals on the ulnar side

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33
Q

where does the muscle of the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm attach proximally?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus
the coronoid process of the ulna
the radial head

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34
Q

what muscle makes up the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

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35
Q

describe the structure of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

four muscle bellies

four tendons for the medial four digits

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36
Q

where do the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm attach proximally?

A

to the anterior surface of either the radius or the ulna

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37
Q

what muscles make up the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus

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38
Q

where is the distal attachment of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

digits 2-5

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39
Q

where is the distal attachment of flexor pollicis longus?

A

the thumb

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40
Q

where is the distal attachment of pronator quadratus?

A

between distal anterior surfaces of the radius and the ulna

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41
Q

what is the superior boundary of the cubital fossa?

A

transverse line between the epicondyles of the humerus

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42
Q

what is the medial border of the cubital fossa?

A

pronator teres

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43
Q

what is the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A

brachioradialis

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44
Q

what are the superficial contents of the cubital fossa?

A

median cubital vein
cephalic vein
basilic vein
tendons of biceps brachii

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45
Q

what are the deep contents of the cubital fossa, from medial to lateral?

A

median nerve
brachial artery
radial nerve

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46
Q

what is the axilla?

A

the space inferior to the shoulder joint and superior to the armpit

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47
Q

what is the medial wall of the axilla?

A

the superolateral aspect of the chest

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48
Q

what forms the anterior wall of the axilla?

A

pectoralis major

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49
Q

where is the lower border of pectoralis major contained?

A

within the inferior edge of the anterior axillary fold

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50
Q

what are the main muscles of climbing?

A

pectoralis major

latissimus dorsi

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51
Q

what is the superior continuation of the brachial vein?

A

the axillary vein

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52
Q

where does the brachial vein become the axillary vein?

A

at the lower border of the teres major

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53
Q

what makes up part of the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

teres major

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54
Q

what does the inferior border of teres major correspond with?

A

the inferior extent of the axilla

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55
Q

where can the pulsations of the subclavian artery be palpated?

A

where the artery crosses the first rib

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56
Q

where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

at the lateral border of the first rib

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57
Q

what provides nerve supply to the upper limbs?

A

the brachial plexus

58
Q

what forms the brachial plexus?

A

intertwined anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

59
Q

what are the main parts of the brachial plexus, from proximal to distal?

A 
roots 
trunks 
divisions 
cords 
named nerves
60
Q

what are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

the anterior rami of C5-T1 spinal nerves

61
Q

what forms the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

combination of the nerve fibres of the roots

62
Q

what are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

superior
middle
inferior

63
Q

what makes up the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

combined anterior rami of C5 and C6 spinal nerves

64
Q

what makes up the middle trunk of the the brachial plexus?

A

anterior ramus of C7 spinal nerve

65
Q

what makes up the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

combined anterior rami of C8 and T1 spinal nerves

66
Q

what do the trunks of the brachial plexus divide into?

A

anterior and posterior divisions

67
Q

what do the divisions of the brachial plexus combine to form?

A

the cords

68
Q

what are the cords of the brachial plexus named according to?

A

their relationship with the axillary artery

69
Q

what are the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

medial
lateral
posterior

70
Q

what makes the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

A

direct continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk

71
Q

what makes the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

A

the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks

72
Q

what makes the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

the posterior divisions of all three trunks

73
Q

what do the cords of the brachial plexus come together to form?

A

the named nerves of the brachial plexus

74
Q

what are the named nerves of the brachial plexus?

A 
ulnar nerve 
musculocutaneous nerve 
axillary nerve 
radial nerve 
median nerve
75
Q

what forms the median nerve?

A

continuation of the lateral cord

76
Q

what forms the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

direct continuation of the lateral cord

77
Q

what forms the axillary and radial nerves?

A

division of the posterior cord

78
Q

what forms the median nerve?

A

the medial and lateral cords

79
Q

where do the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus lie?

A

between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the root of the neck

80
Q

where do the divisions of the brachial plexus lie?

A

immediately posterior to the subclavian vessels in the root of the neck

81
Q

where do the cords of the brachial plexus lie?

A

around the axillary artery (distal to the first rib)

82
Q

what nerve wraps around the posterior aspect of the surgical neck of humerus?

A

axillary nerve

83
Q

what nerve wraps around the posterior aspect of the mid shaft of the humerus?

A

radial nerve

84
Q

what is the most medial named nerve in the brachial plexus?

A

ulnar nerve

85
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum?

A

distal thickening of the antebrachial fascia

86
Q

what is the proximal thickening of the antebrachial fascia called?

A

palmar carpal ligament

87
Q

where does the flexor retinaculum attach?

A 
lateral = scaphoid/trapezoid 
medial = pisiform/hamate
88
Q

what forms the carpal tunnel?

A

carpal bones

flexor retinaculum

89
Q

what does the carpal tunnel contain?

A

long tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL

median nerve

90
Q

what causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression of the median nerve due to swelling in the carpal tunnel

91
Q

what are the two branches of the radial artery?

A

superficial

deep

92
Q

what are the four neurovascular bundles that supply each finger?

A

medial palmar
lateral palmar
medial dorsal
lateral dorsal

93
Q

which tendons attach to the middle phalanges?

A

FDS

94
Q

which tendons attach to the distal phalanges?

A

FDP

FPL

95
Q

what is tenderness in the floor of the anatomical snuff box suggestive of?

A

scaphoid fracture

96
Q

how many lumbricals are there?

A

four - one for each finger

97
Q

where do lumbricals attach?

A

between the FDP tendon and the extensor expansion of the same digit

98
Q

what is the action of the lumbricals?

A

flex the MCPJ

extend PIPJ

99
Q

what nerve supplies the lumbricals?

A

medial two = ulnar nerve

lateral two = median nerve

100
Q

what is the action of the palmar interossei?

A

adduct the digits

101
Q

what is the action of the dorsal interossei?

A

abduct the digits

102
Q

what nerve supplies the interossei?

A

ulnar

103
Q

what are the three parts of the deltoid?

A

posterior (spinal)
middle (acromial)
anterior (clavicular)

104
Q

what movement does the posterior deltoid allow?

A

extension at the shoulder

105
Q

what movement does the middle deltoid allow?

A

abduction at the shoulder

takes over from supraspinatus beyond 15 degrees

106
Q

what movement does the anterior deltoid allow?

A

flexion at the shoulder

107
Q

what are the three parts of the trapezius?

A

ascending
middle
descending

108
Q

what movements does levator scapulae enable?

A

elevation of the scapula

inferior rotation of the glenoid

109
Q

what are the two rhomboids?

A

rhomboid major

rhomboid minor

110
Q

what are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

111
Q

what is the common thing all rotator cuff muscles do?

A

stabilise the head of the humerus in the glenoid

112
Q

what movement does supraspinatus do?

A

first 15 degrees of shoulder abduction

113
Q

what movement does infrapsinatus do?

A

lateral rotation of the shoulder

114
Q

what movement does teres minor do?

A

lateral rotation at the shoulder

115
Q

what movement does subscapularis do?

A

medial rotation at the shoulder

116
Q

where do most rotator cuff muscles insert and which is the exception?

A

greater tubercle of the humerus

subscapularis

117
Q

where does subscapularis insert?

A

lesser tubercle of the humerus

118
Q

what makes up the nerve supply to the rotator cuff muscles?

A

branches of the brachial plexus

119
Q

what nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?

A

axillary nerve

120
Q

where does the deltoid attach proximally?

A

lateral third of the clavicle, inferior aspects of the scapular spine and acromion

121
Q

where does the deltoid attach distally?

A

deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

122
Q

where is the subacromial bursa located?

A

between the supraspinatus tendon and the acromion process of the scapula

123
Q

what muscles make up the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

triceps brachii

124
Q

what nerve innervates the triceps brachii?

A

radial nerve

this is the nerve to the posterior compartment of the arm

125
Q

what are the three parts of the triceps brachii?

A

long head
lateral head
medial head

126
Q

where does the long head triceps brachii attach proximally?

A

infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

127
Q

where does the lateral head triceps brachii attach proximally?

A

superior to the radial groove of the humerus

128
Q

where does the medial head of triceps brachii attach proximally?

A

inferior to the radial groove of the humerus

129
Q

where does the triceps brachii attach distally?

A

triceps tendon attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna

130
Q

what movements are facilitated by triceps brachii?

A

weak extension at the shoulder joint

extension at the elbow joint

131
Q

what nerve roots make up the axillary nerve?

A

C5-C6

132
Q

what muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?

A

deltoid

teres minor

133
Q

what area of skin is innervated by axillary nerve?

A

the badge patch on the lateral aspect of the arm

134
Q

what type of shoulder injury can cause damage to the axillary nerve?

A

inferior shoulder dislocation

135
Q

how can the function of the axillary nerve be tested?

A

ask the patient to abduct the upper limb beyond 15 degrees

136
Q

what nerve roots make up the radial nerve?

A

C5 - T1

137
Q

where is the radial nerve found?

A

posterior compartment of the arm, in the radial groove of the humerus

then enters the posterior compartment of the forearm

138
Q

what injury can cause damage to the radial nerve?

A

mid shaft fracture of the humeus

139
Q

what are the branches of the radial nerve and where do these arise?

A

superficial and deep

divides just anterior to the lateral epicondyle

140
Q

what is the deep branch of the radial nerve called when it enters the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

the posterior interosseous nerve

Y2 Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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