Bone Tumours

Question 1

what is the most common primary tumour of bone marrow?

Answer 1

multiple myeloma

Question 2

what is multiple myeloma?

Answer 2

a tumour that forms in the white cells of the bone marrow

Question 3

who is generally affected by multiple myeloma?

Answer 3

elderly patients

Question 4

what cancers commonly spread to bone?

Answer 4

breast 
lung 
prostate 
renal 
thyroid

Question 5

when are primary bone sarcomas more common?

Answer 5

childhood

Question 6

what are the risk factors for primary bone cancers?

Answer 6

previous radiotherapy
predisposing conditions
genetic conditions

Question 7

what are the three predisposing conditions for primary bone cancers?

Answer 7

Paget’s disease
fibrous dysplasia
multiple enchondromas

Question 8

what genetic conditions increase risk of primary bone tumours?

Answer 8

li fraumeni

familial retinoblastoma

Question 9

what age group is most commonly affected by primary bone tumours?

Answer 9

10-30

Question 10

how does a primary bone tumour present?

Answer 10

persistent pain
swelling and erythema
palpable mass
pathological fracture

Question 11

describe the pain associated with primary bone tumours

Answer 11

worse at night
well localised
doesn’t respond well to analgesia

Question 12

when do primary bone tumours cause pathological fractures?

Answer 12

if they have caused loss of bone

Question 13

what investigations are done for primary bone tumours?

Answer 13

x-rays
CT
MRI
bone scan

Question 14

what are the neoadjuvant treatment options for primary bone tumours?

Answer 14

chemotherapy
radiotherapy
hormone therapy

Question 15

what is the aim of Neo adjuvant therapy in primary bone tumours?

Answer 15

shrink tumour before surgery

reduce risk of metastasis

Question 16

what surgery can be done for primary bone tumours?

Answer 16

excision and reconstruction

amputation

Question 17

what adjuvant treatment may be done for primary bone tumours?

Answer 17

chemotherapy

radiotherapy

Question 18

what is the most common malignant tumour of bone?

Answer 18

osteosarcoma

Question 19

what age group is affected by osteosarcoma?

Answer 19

children

young adults

Question 20

what is the second peak of osteosarcoma?

Answer 20

elderly patients with Paget’s

Question 21

where does osteosarcoma usually affect?

Answer 21

around the knee

Question 22

how do around a fifth of patients with osteosarcoma present?

Answer 22

with pulmonary metastases

Question 23

how is osteosarcoma managed?

Answer 23

chemotherapy

limb salvage

Question 24

who gets Ewing’s sarcoma?

Answer 24

5-25 years old

Question 25

where is Ewing's sarcoma usually found?

Answer 25

diaphsysis of long bones

Question 26

what is the prognosis of Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer 26

70% if localised | 30% if metastatic

Question 27

how is Ewing's sarcoma managed?

Answer 27

chemo limb salvage +/- radiotherapy

Question 28

is Ewing's sarcoma benign or malignant?

Answer 28

malignant

Question 29

what is chondrosarcoma?

Answer 29

malignancy of chondrocytes

Question 30

who gets chondrosarcoma?

Answer 30

older patients (40-75)

Question 31

where is chondrosarcoma commonly found?

Answer 31

pelvis | femur

Question 32

describe the appearance of chondrosarcoma on x-ray

Answer 32

lytic/blastic lesions with cortical thickening

Question 33

is osteoid osteoma benign or malignant?

Answer 33

benign

Question 34

where is osteoid osteoma usually found?

Answer 34

long bones

Question 35

who gets osteoid osteoma?

Answer 35

young people (5-25)

Question 36

how does osteoid osteoma present?

Answer 36

pain that is worse at night and relieved by aspirin

Question 37

when do osteoid osteomas get better?

Answer 37

spontaneously after 6-18 months

Question 38

what management can be done for osteoid osteoma?

Answer 38

radiofrequency ablation

Question 39

what is the most common benign bone tumour?

Answer 39

osteochondroma

Question 40

what is an osteochondroma?

Answer 40

a benign lesion formed from abnormal cartilage

Question 41

when do multiple osteochondromas occur?

Answer 41

in hereditary multiple exostoses (HME)

Question 42

who gets osteochondroma?

Answer 42

common in young people

Question 43

how can osteochondroma be managed?

Answer 43

excised if causing symptoms

Question 44

what is an enchondroma?

Answer 44

a benign intramedullary cartilage lesion

Question 45

who gets enchondromas?

Answer 45

20-50 year olds

Question 46

how does an enchondroma present?

Answer 46

asymptomatic | usually an incidental finding

Question 47

how is enchondroma managed?

Answer 47

conservative usually curettage and bone grafting if symptomatic

Question 48

what does it mean if a lesion is lytic?

Answer 48

loss of bone

Question 49

what does it mean if a lesion is sclerotic?

Answer 49

gain of bone