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Y2 Musculoskeletal > Bone Tumours > Flashcards

Bone Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common primary tumour of bone marrow?

A

multiple myeloma

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2
Q

what is multiple myeloma?

A

a tumour that forms in the white cells of the bone marrow

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3
Q

who is generally affected by multiple myeloma?

A

elderly patients

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4
Q

what cancers commonly spread to bone?

A 
breast 
lung 
prostate 
renal 
thyroid
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5
Q

when are primary bone sarcomas more common?

A

childhood

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6
Q

what are the risk factors for primary bone cancers?

A

previous radiotherapy
predisposing conditions
genetic conditions

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7
Q

what are the three predisposing conditions for primary bone cancers?

A

Paget’s disease
fibrous dysplasia
multiple enchondromas

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8
Q

what genetic conditions increase risk of primary bone tumours?

A

li fraumeni

familial retinoblastoma

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9
Q

what age group is most commonly affected by primary bone tumours?

A

10-30

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10
Q

how does a primary bone tumour present?

A

persistent pain
swelling and erythema
palpable mass
pathological fracture

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11
Q

describe the pain associated with primary bone tumours

A

worse at night
well localised
doesn’t respond well to analgesia

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12
Q

when do primary bone tumours cause pathological fractures?

A

if they have caused loss of bone

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13
Q

what investigations are done for primary bone tumours?

A

x-rays
CT
MRI
bone scan

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14
Q

what are the neoadjuvant treatment options for primary bone tumours?

A

chemotherapy
radiotherapy
hormone therapy

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15
Q

what is the aim of Neo adjuvant therapy in primary bone tumours?

A

shrink tumour before surgery

reduce risk of metastasis

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16
Q

what surgery can be done for primary bone tumours?

A

excision and reconstruction

amputation

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17
Q

what adjuvant treatment may be done for primary bone tumours?

A

chemotherapy

radiotherapy

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18
Q

what is the most common malignant tumour of bone?

A

osteosarcoma

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19
Q

what age group is affected by osteosarcoma?

A

children

young adults

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20
Q

what is the second peak of osteosarcoma?

A

elderly patients with Paget’s

21
Q

where does osteosarcoma usually affect?

A

around the knee

22
Q

how do around a fifth of patients with osteosarcoma present?

A

with pulmonary metastases

23
Q

how is osteosarcoma managed?

A

chemotherapy

limb salvage

24
Q

who gets Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

5-25 years old

25
Q

where is Ewing’s sarcoma usually found?

A

diaphsysis of long bones

26
Q

what is the prognosis of Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

70% if localised

30% if metastatic

27
Q

how is Ewing’s sarcoma managed?

A

chemo
limb salvage
+/- radiotherapy

28
Q

is Ewing’s sarcoma benign or malignant?

A

malignant

29
Q

what is chondrosarcoma?

A

malignancy of chondrocytes

30
Q

who gets chondrosarcoma?

A

older patients (40-75)

31
Q

where is chondrosarcoma commonly found?

A

pelvis

femur

32
Q

describe the appearance of chondrosarcoma on x-ray

A

lytic/blastic lesions with cortical thickening

33
Q

is osteoid osteoma benign or malignant?

A

benign

34
Q

where is osteoid osteoma usually found?

A

long bones

35
Q

who gets osteoid osteoma?

A

young people (5-25)

36
Q

how does osteoid osteoma present?

A

pain that is worse at night and relieved by aspirin

37
Q

when do osteoid osteomas get better?

A

spontaneously after 6-18 months

38
Q

what management can be done for osteoid osteoma?

A

radiofrequency ablation

39
Q

what is the most common benign bone tumour?

A

osteochondroma

40
Q

what is an osteochondroma?

A

a benign lesion formed from abnormal cartilage

41
Q

when do multiple osteochondromas occur?

A

in hereditary multiple exostoses (HME)

42
Q

who gets osteochondroma?

A

common in young people

43
Q

how can osteochondroma be managed?

A

excised if causing symptoms

44
Q

what is an enchondroma?

A

a benign intramedullary cartilage lesion

45
Q

who gets enchondromas?

A

20-50 year olds

46
Q

how does an enchondroma present?

A

asymptomatic

usually an incidental finding

47
Q

how is enchondroma managed?

A

conservative usually

curettage and bone grafting if symptomatic

48
Q

what does it mean if a lesion is lytic?

A

loss of bone

49
Q

what does it mean if a lesion is sclerotic?

A

gain of bone

Y2 Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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