Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are staphylococci?

A

gram positive cocci in clusters

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2
Q

what are the two main groups of staphylococci?

A

coagulase positive

coagulase negative

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3
Q

name a coagulase positive staph

A

staph aureus

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4
Q

name a coagulase negative staph

A

staph epidermis

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5
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A

inflammation of the bone and medullary cavity

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6
Q

where does osteomyelitis usually arise in a bone?

A

the head of the bone as this is where the greatest blood supply is

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7
Q

what are common causes of osteomyelitis in new borns and children?

A

s aureus

group B strep

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8
Q

what is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in adults?

A

staph aureus

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9
Q

how is osteomyelitis managed?

A

debridement

antimicrobials

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10
Q

what investigations are done for osteomyelitis?

A

bloods
imaging
bone biopsy

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11
Q

what is the gold standard investigation for osteomyelitis?

A

bone biopsy

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12
Q

what is spondylodiscitis?

A

infection of the disc space

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13
Q

how is vertebral osteomyelitis managed?

A

drain abscesses if present

antimicrobials for at least 6 weeks

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14
Q

what are the three types of prosthetic joint infection?

A

early
chronic
haematogenous

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15
Q

how is prosthetic joint infection diagnosed?

A

culture
CRP
imaging

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16
Q

how is prosthetic joint infection managed?

A

ideally remove prosthesis
antibiotics
re implant

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17
Q

what is septic arthritis?

A

inflammation of the joint space due to infection

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18
Q

how is septic arthritis diagnosed?

A

joint fluid for culture
x-ray
MRI

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19
Q

what is rubor?

A

redness

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20
Q

what is calor?

A

heat

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21
Q

what is dolor?

A

pain

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22
Q

what is tumor?

A

swelling

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23
Q

what is functio laesa?

A

loss of function

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24
Q

what is the most common cause of acute osteomyelitis?

A

staph aureus

25
Q

what is the most common cause of acute osteomyelitis in children?

A

haemophilus

26
Q

what investigations should be done for chronic osteomyelitis?

A

plain XR

MRI

27
Q

how is cellulitis managed?

A

flucloxacillin and benzylpenicillin

28
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A

inflammation of the bone + medullary cavity

29
Q

where does osteomyelitis usually arise and why?

A

at the head of a long bone

has the greatest blood supplu

30
Q

how is osteomyelitis managed?

A

debridement

antimicrobials

31
Q

what investigations are done for osteomyelitis?

A

bloods - CRP

imaging

32
Q

what is the gold standard method of taking a sample in osteomyelitis?

A

bone biopsy

33
Q

how are open fractures managed?

A

urgent aggressive debridement
fixation
soft tissue cover

34
Q

name two common causes of infected open fractures

A

s aureus

gram - bacteria

35
Q

what classification system is used to suggest how likely infection is in open fractures?

A

gustilo classification

36
Q

what are the risk factors for osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes?

A

previous foot ulcers
neuropathy
foot deformity
vascular disease

37
Q

what patient groups can be affected by haematogenous osteomyelitis?

A

prepubertal children
PWID
central lines
elderly

38
Q

where in the body can osteomyelitis affect PWID?

A

often in unusual sites - SCJ, sternocostal joints, SIJ, pubic symphysis

39
Q

what unusual pathogens may cause osteomyelitis in PWID?

A

pseudomonas
candida
eikenella corrodens
TB

40
Q

what is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in dialysis patients?

A

s aureus

41
Q

what organisms cause osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell?

A

staph aureus

salmonella

42
Q

what can osteomyelitis lead to in patients with sickle cell?

A

septic arthritis

43
Q

what is SAPHO?

A

synovitis acne pustulosis hyperostosis osteitis

affects adults

44
Q

what is CRMO?

A

chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis

affects kids

45
Q

how do SAPHO and CRMO present?

A
raised inflammatory markers
lytic lesions on X-rays
fever 
weight loss 
malaise
46
Q

what is spondylodiscitis?

A

disc space infection

47
Q

what things can increase risk of vertebral osteomyelitis?

A
epidural abscess
PWID
IV site infections 
GU infections 
STI 
post op 
bacteraemia
48
Q

how does vertebral osteomyelitis present?

A

fever
insidious pain + tenderness
neurological symptoms
raised inflammatory markers

49
Q

how long should antibiotics be given for vertebral osteomyelitis?

A

minimum 6 weeks

50
Q

when should MRI be repeated in diagnosed vertebral osteomyelitis?

A

unexplained increase in inflammatory markers
increasing pain
new signs/symptoms

51
Q

what comorbidities can increase the risk of prosthetic joint infection (PJI)?

A
RA
diabetes
cancer
CKD
obesity 
lymphoedema
52
Q

what drugs can increase the risk of PJI?

A

corticosteroids
TNF inhibitors
DMARDs

53
Q

what are the three types of PJI?

A

early
chronic
haematogenous

54
Q

when does early PJI present?

A

1-3 months post op

acquired during surgery or directly after

55
Q

name the most common cause of early PJI

A

S aureus

56
Q

what is the most common type of PJI?

A

chronic

57
Q

name some common cause of chronic PJI

A

cutibacterium
corynebacterium
s aureus

58
Q

how does haematogenous PJI present?

A

abrupt onset

very unwell

59
Q

name two common causes of haematogenous PJI

A

s aureus

gram negatives