Infections

Question 1

what are staphylococci?

Answer 1

gram positive cocci in clusters

Question 2

what are the two main groups of staphylococci?

Answer 2

coagulase positive

coagulase negative

Question 3

name a coagulase positive staph

Answer 3

staph aureus

Question 4

name a coagulase negative staph

Answer 4

staph epidermis

Question 5

what is osteomyelitis?

Answer 5

inflammation of the bone and medullary cavity

Question 6

where does osteomyelitis usually arise in a bone?

Answer 6

the head of the bone as this is where the greatest blood supply is

Question 7

what are common causes of osteomyelitis in new borns and children?

Answer 7

s aureus

group B strep

Question 8

what is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in adults?

Answer 8

staph aureus

Question 9

how is osteomyelitis managed?

Answer 9

debridement

antimicrobials

Question 10

what investigations are done for osteomyelitis?

Answer 10

bloods
imaging
bone biopsy

Question 11

what is the gold standard investigation for osteomyelitis?

Answer 11

bone biopsy

Question 12

what is spondylodiscitis?

Answer 12

infection of the disc space

Question 13

how is vertebral osteomyelitis managed?

Answer 13

drain abscesses if present

antimicrobials for at least 6 weeks

Question 14

what are the three types of prosthetic joint infection?

Answer 14

early
chronic
haematogenous

Question 15

how is prosthetic joint infection diagnosed?

Answer 15

culture
CRP
imaging

Question 16

how is prosthetic joint infection managed?

Answer 16

ideally remove prosthesis
antibiotics
re implant

Question 17

what is septic arthritis?

Answer 17

inflammation of the joint space due to infection

Question 18

how is septic arthritis diagnosed?

Answer 18

joint fluid for culture
x-ray
MRI

Question 19

what is rubor?

Answer 19

redness

Question 20

what is calor?

Answer 20

heat

Question 21

what is dolor?

Answer 21

pain

Question 22

what is tumor?

Answer 22

swelling

Question 23

what is functio laesa?

Answer 23

loss of function

Question 24

what is the most common cause of acute osteomyelitis?

Answer 24

staph aureus

Question 25

what is the most common cause of acute osteomyelitis in children?

Answer 25

haemophilus

Question 26

what investigations should be done for chronic osteomyelitis?

Answer 26

plain XR | MRI

Question 27

how is cellulitis managed?

Answer 27

flucloxacillin and benzylpenicillin

Question 28

what is osteomyelitis?

Answer 28

inflammation of the bone + medullary cavity

Question 29

where does osteomyelitis usually arise and why?

Answer 29

at the head of a long bone has the greatest blood supplu

Question 30

how is osteomyelitis managed?

Answer 30

debridement | antimicrobials

Question 31

what investigations are done for osteomyelitis?

Answer 31

bloods - CRP | imaging

Question 32

what is the gold standard method of taking a sample in osteomyelitis?

Answer 32

bone biopsy

Question 33

how are open fractures managed?

Answer 33

urgent aggressive debridement fixation soft tissue cover

Question 34

name two common causes of infected open fractures

Answer 34

s aureus | gram - bacteria

Question 35

what classification system is used to suggest how likely infection is in open fractures?

Answer 35

gustilo classification

Question 36

what are the risk factors for osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes?

Answer 36

previous foot ulcers neuropathy foot deformity vascular disease

Question 37

what patient groups can be affected by haematogenous osteomyelitis?

Answer 37

prepubertal children PWID central lines elderly

Question 38

where in the body can osteomyelitis affect PWID?

Answer 38

often in unusual sites - SCJ, sternocostal joints, SIJ, pubic symphysis

Question 39

what unusual pathogens may cause osteomyelitis in PWID?

Answer 39

pseudomonas candida eikenella corrodens TB

Question 40

what is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in dialysis patients?

Answer 40

s aureus

Question 41

what organisms cause osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell?

Answer 41

staph aureus | salmonella

Question 42

what can osteomyelitis lead to in patients with sickle cell?

Answer 42

septic arthritis

Question 43

what is SAPHO?

Answer 43

synovitis acne pustulosis hyperostosis osteitis affects adults

Question 44

what is CRMO?

Answer 44

chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis affects kids

Question 45

how do SAPHO and CRMO present?

Answer 45

``` raised inflammatory markers lytic lesions on X-rays fever weight loss malaise ```

Question 46

what is spondylodiscitis?

Answer 46

disc space infection

Question 47

what things can increase risk of vertebral osteomyelitis?

Answer 47

``` epidural abscess PWID IV site infections GU infections STI post op bacteraemia ```

Question 48

how does vertebral osteomyelitis present?

Answer 48

fever insidious pain + tenderness neurological symptoms raised inflammatory markers

Question 49

how long should antibiotics be given for vertebral osteomyelitis?

Answer 49

minimum 6 weeks

Question 50

when should MRI be repeated in diagnosed vertebral osteomyelitis?

Answer 50

unexplained increase in inflammatory markers increasing pain new signs/symptoms

Question 51

what comorbidities can increase the risk of prosthetic joint infection (PJI)?

Answer 51

``` RA diabetes cancer CKD obesity lymphoedema ```

Question 52

what drugs can increase the risk of PJI?

Answer 52

corticosteroids TNF inhibitors DMARDs

Question 53

what are the three types of PJI?

Answer 53

early chronic haematogenous

Question 54

when does early PJI present?

Answer 54

1-3 months post op acquired during surgery or directly after

Question 55

name the most common cause of early PJI

Answer 55

S aureus

Question 56

what is the most common type of PJI?

Answer 56

chronic

Question 57

name some common cause of chronic PJI

Answer 57

cutibacterium corynebacterium s aureus

Question 58

how does haematogenous PJI present?

Answer 58

abrupt onset | very unwell

Question 59

name two common causes of haematogenous PJI

Answer 59

s aureus | gram negatives