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anatomy > Superficial Back > Flashcards

Superficial Back Flashcards

1
Q

To produce an action at a joint a muscle must ___

A

Cross the joint

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2
Q

How do m uncle contractions produce movement

A

Pulling the movable attachment (insertion) toward the fixed attachment (origin)

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3
Q

The force a muscle exerts is proportional to _____

A

It’s physiological cross-section area

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4
Q

The muscle’s range of contraction is proportional to ____

A

The resting length of its fiber

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5
Q

How are muscle contractions classified?

A

Their effect on muscle fiber length and role in producing particular actions

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6
Q

Concentric contraction

A

. Active muscle’s fibers decrease in length

. Typical of agonist

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7
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle that functions to produce a desired action

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8
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

. Active muscle’s fibers increase in length
. Typical of antagonist
.Allow smooth, controlled movement and provide a brake during rapid or forceful movements

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9
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that produces the movement opposite to the agonist

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10
Q

Isometric contraction

A

. Active muscle’s fibers maintain length

. Typical of a fixator

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11
Q

Fixator

A

. Muscle that stabilizes or supports an element (usually fixed attachment) against the pull of the agonist

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12
Q

Synergistic contraction

A

. Muscle contraction tends to produce motion around all possible axes
. Neutralizers contraction prevents an undesired action
. Synergists contract in coordination to produce desired motions while neutralizing undesired motions

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13
Q

Nerve lesion

A

. Injury that innervates some, but not all of the muscles that produce a particular action that action is weakened
. If lesion enervates all muscles that produce action that action is lost

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14
Q

Neutral position

A

. Point of balance from which all motions characteristic of a joint may occur
. Involves minimal ligamentous tension and requires the least muscular effort to maintain

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15
Q

What contractions balance forces acting around a joint to maintain it in the desired neutral position?

A

Isometric (tonic) contractions of antagonistic muscle groups

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16
Q

Muscle imbalance

A

Some, but not all, muscles acting across a joint are weakened or paralyzed

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17
Q

Unopposed contraction of normal muscles produces _______

A

Stereotypical limb postures associated w/ different neuromuscular syndromes

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18
Q

Muscle contracture

A

Permanent deformity that happens when Unopposed muscles shorten

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19
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Functional unit formed by the clavicle and scapula

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20
Q

What does the pectoral girdle articulate with?

A

. Axial skeleton at sternoclavicular (SC) joint

. only bony articulation between upper extremity and the axial skeleton

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21
Q

Elevation of pectoral girdle

A

. Moving pectoral girdle superiority (shrugging shoulders)

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22
Q

Elevation/depression plane and axis of movement in pectoral girdle

A

Coronal plane around the AP axis of the SC joint

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23
Q

Depression in pectoral girdle

A

Returning to neutral position (unshrugging)

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24
Q

Protraction/retraction plane and axis in pectoral girdle

A

Transverse plane around the vertical axis of SC joint

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25
Q

Retraction in pectoral girdle

A

Drawing girdle posteriorly so medial scapular border approximates vertebral column

26
Q

Protraction in pectoral girdle

A

Drawing girdle anteriorly as when rounding shoulders

27
Q

Superior/ inferior rotation of scapula movement type and plane

A

Gliding movements of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint allow the scapula to rotate in a coronal plane

28
Q

Superior rotation lateral rotation, abduction) of scapula

A

Glenoid fossa points superiority and the inf. Scapular angle rotates laterally

29
Q

Inferior rotation (medial rotation, adduction) of scapula

A

Glenoid fossa points inferiorly and the inf. Angle rotates medially toward the vertebral column

30
Q

DO pectoral glide movements occur in isolation?

A

NO

31
Q

Glenohumoral joint

A

. Glenoid fossa of scapula and humeral head

. Highly mobile (add/abduction, flex/extension, and med./lateral rotation)

32
Q

Scapulohumeral rhythm

A

Coordinated movements of pectoral girdle and glenohumoral joint required for full range of motion of the shoulder

33
Q

What movements in the pectoral girdle are paired with the glenohumoral joint?

A

. Flexion of arm above the shoulder requires protraction and fixation of scapula
. Abduction of arm over 180 degrees requires sup. Rotation and fixation of scapula

34
Q

How are back muscles divided into groups?

A

based on embryonic origin, innervation, and function

35
Q

Intrinsic (deep) back muscles Are derived from ____

A

Embryonic dorsal muscle mass

36
Q

What are intrinsic back muscles innervated by?

A

Dorsal primary rami

37
Q

Blood supply to intrinsic back muscles

A

Dorsal branches of segmental arteries

38
Q

Intrinsic back muscles functions

A

Movement of trunk and head and maintain posture

39
Q

Extrinsic (superficial) back muscles derived from____

A

Embryonic ventral muscle mass

40
Q

Extrinsic back muscle innervation and blood supply

A

. Blood supply branches of subclavian and axillary aa.

. Innervation from ventral primary rami

41
Q

Extrinsic back muscle functions

A

Upper extremity movement and assist in respiration

42
Q

Medial attachments of back muscles are ____, and the lateral attachment is ____

A

. Origins

. Insertions

43
Q

Trapezius m. OIA

A

O: medial 3rd of sup. Nu Hal line, external occipital tuberance, ligamentum nuchae, T1-12 spinous process
I: spine of scapula, acromion, lat. 3rd of clavicle
A: elevates and retracts pectoral girdle, superiority rotates and stabilizes scapula

44
Q

Trapezius m. Innervation (N) and blood supply (B)

A

N: motor -spinal accessory n. (CN XI)
sensory- C3-4 ventral rami via cervical plexus (pain propioception)
B: transverse cervical a.

45
Q

What occurs when trapezius is denervated?

A

. Drooping of affected shoulder and lat. winging of scapula

. Ability to abduct the arm above shoulder level may be impaired

46
Q

Latissimus Dorsi. M. OIA

A

O: T7-L5 spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, dorsal sacrum, iliac crest
I: floor of intertubular sulcus of numerous
A: extremes, adducts, and medially. Rotates humerus

47
Q

Latissimus dorsi m. N and B

A

N: thoracodrosal n.
B: thorsacodorsal a.

48
Q

How does latissimus dorsi move when an upper extremity is fixed?

A

It forcefully pulls the torso anteriorly and superiorily

49
Q

Rhomboid major OIA:

A

O: T2-5 spinous processes
I: medial scapula border
A: retracts and elevated pectoral girdle, inferiorly rotates scapula, stabilizes scapula

50
Q

Rhomboid major N B

A

N: dorsal scapular nerve
B: dorsal scapular a.

51
Q

Rhomboid minor OIA:

A

O: C7-T1 spinous processes
I: medial border of scapula sup. To rhomboid major
A: retracts and elevates pectoral girdle, inf. Rotates and stabilizes scapula

52
Q

Rhomboid minor NB

A

N: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
B: dorsal scapular a.

53
Q

levator scapulae m OIA

A

O: slips from post. Tubercles of C1-4 transverse processes
I: sup. Angle scapula
A: elevated pectoral girdle, inf. Rotates scapula, extends and laterally flexes neck

54
Q

Levator scapulae NB

A

N: dorsal scapular n. (C5)
B: dorsal scapular a.

55
Q

Intermediate back muscles

A

Serratus post. Sup. And post. Inf. Muscles

56
Q

Serratus Superior posterior m. OIA

A

O: C7-T3 spinous processes
I: sup. Borders of ribs 2-5
A: elevates ribs 2-5

57
Q

Serratus posterior superior m. NB

A

N: segmentally by ventral primary rami (intercostal nerves)
B: branches of posterior intercostal aa.

58
Q

Serratus posterior inferior m. OIA

A

O: T11-L3 spinous process
I: inf. Borders of ribs 9-12
A: depresses ribs 9-12

59
Q

Serratus posterior inferior m. NB

A

N: segmentally by ventral primary rami (intercostal nn.)
B: branches of posterior intercostal aa.

60
Q

Transverse cervical a.

A

. From thyrocervical trunk off the subclavian a.
. Courses post. In neck superficial to levator scapulae
. Passes deep to trapezius giving ascending and descending branches that course with spinal accessory n. And C3-4 ventral rami

61
Q

Dorsal scapular a.

A

. Branch of transverse cervical artery (50%) or direct branch of subclavian a. (50%)
. Courses post. In neck deep to levator scapulae
. Descends deep to rhomboid major and minor w/ dorsal scapular n.

62
Q

Thoracodorsal a.

A

. From subscapular artery (branch of axillary a.)

. Courses with thoracodorsal n. Deep to latissimus dorsi entering near its humeral attachment

anatomy (49 decks)

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