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Anatomy > Anatomical Terminology & Concepts > Flashcards

Anatomical Terminology & Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

coronal (frontal) plane

A

vertical plane that divides the specimen into anterior

(front) and posterior (back) portions.

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2
Q

what is coronal plane paired with?

A

anteroposterior (AP) axis

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3
Q

transverse (horizontal plane)

A

horizontal plane that divides a specimen into

superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

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4
Q

what is transverse plane paired with?

A

longitudinal axis

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5
Q

median/midsagittal plane

A

divides the specimen into equal right and

left halves

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6
Q

what is midsagittal plane paired with?

A

transverse axis

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7
Q

sagittal plane (parasagittal)

A

vertical plane that is parallel to the medial

plane and divides a specimen into unequal right and left portions

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8
Q

what is sagittal plane paired with?

A

transverse axis

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9
Q

oblique plane

A

divide a body or structure at an angle

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10
Q

superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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11
Q

deep

A

farther from the surface

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12
Q

medial

A

Closer to the median plane

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13
Q

lateral

A

farther from the median plane

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14
Q

superior (cranial)

A

closer to head

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15
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

closer to feet/tail

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16
Q

anterior

A

closer to front of body

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17
Q

posterior

A

closer to back of body

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18
Q

proximal

A

closer to point of origin/trunk

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19
Q

distal

A

farther from point of origin/trunk

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20
Q

central

A

close to center

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21
Q

peripheral

A

away from center

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22
Q

bilateral

A

on both sides of body

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23
Q

unilateral

A

on only one side of body

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24
Q

ipsilateral

A

on same side

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25
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides of body

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26
Q

what is most movement result from?

A

muscles acting across joints

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27
Q

how are movements described?

A

relative to axes around which that part of body moves and the plane in which movement takes place

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28
Q

flexion

A

Decreasing the
angle b/t body parts
(bending)

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29
Q

extension

A

Increasing the
angle b/t body parts
(straightening)

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30
Q

flexion & extension axis and plane of movement

A

Occur around a transverse

axis in a sagittal plane

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31
Q

abduction

A

moving away from medial plane

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32
Q

adduction

A

moving toward medial plane

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33
Q

ab/adduction axis and plane of movement

A

Occur around an AP axis in a

coronal plane

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34
Q

rotation

A

Turning or revolving a body part about its long axis

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35
Q

medial (internal) rotation

A

Brings the anterior surface of
a limb closer to the median
plane

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36
Q

lateral (external) rotation

A

Brings the anterior surface of
the limb away from the
median plane

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37
Q

medial & external rotation axis and plane of movement

A

Occur around a longitudinal

axis in a transverse plane

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38
Q

circumduction

A

A circular movement that combines flexion,

extension, abduction, and adduction

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39
Q

circumduction axis and plane of movement

A

Multiple axes and planes are

involved

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40
Q

pronation

A

Rotation of the
hand and forearm so that the
palm faces posteriorly

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41
Q

supination

A

Rotation of the
hand and forearm so that the
palm faces anteriorly

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42
Q

pro/supination axis

A

Occur around a longitudinal

axis

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43
Q

inversion

A

Moves the sole of
the foot toward the median
plane

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44
Q

eversion

A

Moves the sole of
the foot away from the
median plane

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45
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement of a structure

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46
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement of structure

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47
Q

elevation

A

raises or moves a part superiorly

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48
Q

depression

A

lowers or moves part inferiorly

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49
Q

features shared between all vertebrates

A

Tube-within-a-tube organization, bilateral symmetry, spinal cord from dorsal hollow neural tube associated with vertebral column, segmentation, pharyngeal apparatus

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50
Q

tube within a tube organization

A

gut tube internal to an outer body wall

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51
Q

parietal and somatic refer to what relationship?

A

closer to body wall than organs

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52
Q

visceral and splanchnic refer to what relationship?

A

closer to organs than body wall (gut tube)

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53
Q

segmentation

A

Serial repetition of structures or body segments

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54
Q

pharyngeal apparatus

A

transient apparatus that gives rise to the pharynx and other cranial and cervical structures

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55
Q

skeletal (striated) muscle functions

A

phasic and tonic contractions, generate heat during contraction, contractions propel venous blood toward heart

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56
Q

phasic contractions

A

occurs in phases, of skeletal muscle fibers attached to bones via tendons produces movement of the skeleton.

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57
Q

tonic contraction

A

continuous, maintains posture and supports organs

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58
Q

what does muscle consist of?

A

muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

sheaths surrounding the muscle fibers and connecting the muscle to bone

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59
Q

fascicles

A

muscle fiber bundles

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60
Q

epimysium

A

outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle

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61
Q

muscles heads/bellies

A

contractile, fleshy portions

62
Q

how do muscles attach to bone, cartilage, skin, or fascia?

A

directly via non-contractile

tendons or via aponeuroses

63
Q

aponeuroses

A

flat CT sheets

64
Q

what does muscle fiber shape and orientation affect?

A

range of motion, direction of pull, and degree and direction of force it exerts.

65
Q

origin

A

fixed end of muscle

66
Q

insertion

A

mobile end of muscle

67
Q

T/F muscles can have multiple insertions

A

F, muscles have multiple origin but not insertion

68
Q

what do origin and insertion correspond with?

A

proximal and distal attachment

69
Q

T/F skeletal muscles cannot push 2 structures farther than resting state

A

T

70
Q

bone function

A

provide rigid, supporting body framework, protection, movement via muscle/ligaments, Ca & P storage, r/w cell production

71
Q

main parts of skeleton

A

axial and appendicular

72
Q

axial skeleton

A

consists of midline bones, including the skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

73
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limb bones, plus the limb girdles (shoulder and hip complexes).

74
Q

long bones

A

length is greater than the width, have a body (shaft or

diaphysis) with a marrow cavity and two ends.

75
Q

short bones

A

cuboid-shaped; only in the wrist and ankle

76
Q

flat/squamous bones

A

two plates of compact

(cortical) bone with spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone and marrow inbetween.

77
Q

where are squamous bones found?

A

Flat bones are found in the skull, and include the ribs, sternum, and scapula

78
Q

irregular bones and where are they found

A

various other shapes; they include all other skull bones that are not flat bones; i.e., vertebrae and hipbones

79
Q

sesamoid bones

A

develop in tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of
long bones in the limbs (e.g. patella)

80
Q

sesamoid bone function

A

protect the tendons from excessive wear, change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments.

81
Q

where do bony markings appear?

A

where tendons, ligaments, and fascia attach to bone,

joints, or where vessels lie adjacent to/enter bones

82
Q

elevations and prominences in bones

A

crest/line/ridge, process/trochanter/tuberosity, protuberance/spine/tubercle, or spinous process

83
Q

crest, line, ridge

A

linear elevations

84
Q

process, trochanter, tuberiosity

A

larger elevations

85
Q

protuberance, spine, tubercle

A

smaller elevations

86
Q

spinous process

A

spine-like projection

87
Q

depressed areas in bone

A

cavity/fossa, grooves/sulci, and notch

88
Q

cavity, fossa

A

large-area depressions

89
Q

grooves, sulci

A

elongated depressions

90
Q

notch

A

small indentation

91
Q

foramen

A

hole in bone or notch bridged by a ligament

92
Q

articular surfaces in bone

A

facet/demifacet/hemifacet, condyle

93
Q

facet, hemifacet, demifacet

A

small, flat surfaces

94
Q

condyle

A

rounded projection

95
Q

openings and holes in bones

A

foramen, canal, meatus

96
Q

canal

A

passage through a bone with an exit

97
Q

meatus

A

passage into a bone with no exit (dead-end)

98
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, ad fibro

99
Q

hyaline cartilage and what does it form

A

smooth cartilage that covers articular (joint) surfaces; also forms cartilaginous precursor to most bones (endochondral ossification)

100
Q

elastic cartilage and what does it form

A

flexible cartilage; forms the ear lobe and external nose

101
Q

fibrocartilage and what does it form

A

tough yet flexible; forms intervertebral discs and menisci of knee

102
Q

fibrous joints

A

bones are connected by fibrous CT

103
Q

sutures

A

fibrous joint in skull where Articulating bones of the face and cranial vault are
joined together by Sharpey’s fibers

104
Q

how do sutures form?

A

wavy and

overlapping lines and become rigid (fuse) by adulthood

105
Q

how much movement in suture?

A

little to none

106
Q

sharpey’s fibers

A

collagen fibers that form sutures

107
Q

fontanelles

A

wide areas of fibrous tissue located between bones in fetal and newborn skulls (“soft spots”).

108
Q

synchondroses

A

cartilaginous joints where Articulating bones are united by hyaline or fibrous cartilage

109
Q

how much movement in synchondroses?

A

limited

110
Q

how do synchondroses form and examples?

A

between bones that have cartilaginous origins; i.e.,

epiphyseal growth plates of long bones and the bones of the basicranium

111
Q

synovial joints

A

most common type, permits greatest degree of movement

112
Q

articular capsule

A

encloses synovial joint forming an internal joint cavity, has outer portion strengthened by intrinsic/extrinsic ligaments

113
Q

inner surface of articular capsule

A

all non-articular surfaces are lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

114
Q

what are articular surfaces in synovial joint covered with?

A

articular hyaline cartilage

115
Q

where does articular hyaline cartilage get nutrients?

A

synovial fluid

116
Q

articular discs

A

synovial joint feature where fibrocartilage structures unite articulating bones
and/or facilitate movement

117
Q

fibrocartilaginous rings

A

synovial joint feature where fibrocartilage structures that deepen the articular
surfaces and increase stability located between the articular surfaces

118
Q

example of articular disc

A

articular disc of temporomandibular joint

119
Q

example of fibrocartilaginous rings

A

glenohumeral labrum

120
Q

bursae

A

synovial fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between synovial joint capsules and overlying muscle tendons.

121
Q

plane joint

A

Flat articular surfaces with tight joint capsules; limited gliding movements

122
Q

plane joint example

A

Zygapophyseal joint

123
Q

hinge joint

A

Uniaxial; flexion and extension; strong

collateral ligaments limit lateral deviation

124
Q

hinge joint example

A

elbow joint

125
Q

pivot joint example

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

126
Q

pivot joint

A

bony process rotates within

an osseotendinous ring

127
Q

saddle joint

A

Biaxial; reciprocal saddle-shapedsurfaces with high mobility in two planes Flexion/extension, ab/adduction

128
Q

saddle joint example

A

Carpometacarpal joint

129
Q

condyloid joint

A

Biaxial; flexion/extension, but limited ab/adduction; reinforced with strong collateral ligaments

130
Q

condyloid joint example

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

131
Q

ball and socket joint

A

Multiaxial; spherical head rotates freely about all axes

132
Q

ball and socket example

A

Glenohumeral & hip joints

133
Q

types of fascia

A

superficial and deep

134
Q

superficial fascia also called ___

A

subcutaneous tissue

135
Q

superficial fascia

A

Loose CT located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia

136
Q

what does superficial fascia contain?

A

Loose CT between the dermis and underlying deep fascia

137
Q

deep fascia

A

deep CT that covers most of the body deep to superficial fascia

138
Q

investing fascia

A

Extensions of deep fascia that
invest/envelop deeper structures (individual
muscles & neurovascular bundles)

139
Q

neurovascular bundles

A

nerves, arteries, and
veins supplying the same
structure and are enclosed in a fascial sheath

140
Q

fascial compartments

A

investing fascia binds together groups of muscles w/ similar functions, blood & nerve supplies

141
Q

retinacula

A

deep fascia thickenings that holds tendons in place near some joints

142
Q

syndesmosis

A

expanse of fibrous tissue forming fibrous joints between 2 bones (bones side by side in leg)

143
Q

Types of muscles

A 
pennate
fusiform
parallel
convergent
circular
digastric
144
Q

multi-pennate muscle and example

A

feather-like fascicle arrangement with uni/bi/multi movement (deltoid)

145
Q

fusiform muscle and example

A

spindle-shaped w/ thick bellies and tapered ends (biceps)

146
Q

parallel muscle and example

A

fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle, can have aponeuroses (sartorius)

147
Q

convergent muscle and example

A

broad then fascicles converge to 1 tendon (pec major)

148
Q

circular muscle and example

A

surround orifice (orbicularis around mouth)

149
Q

digastric

A

2 bellies share tendon that goes between them `

150
Q

bipennate muscle and example

A

feather-like fascicles angled toward each other(rectus femoris)

151
Q

what is fascicle wrapped by?

A

perimysium

152
Q

endomysium

A

between muscle fibers within fascicle

Anatomy (49 decks)

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