Anatomical Terminology & Concepts Flashcards
coronal (frontal) plane
vertical plane that divides the specimen into anterior
(front) and posterior (back) portions.
what is coronal plane paired with?
anteroposterior (AP) axis
transverse (horizontal plane)
horizontal plane that divides a specimen into
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
what is transverse plane paired with?
longitudinal axis
median/midsagittal plane
divides the specimen into equal right and
left halves
what is midsagittal plane paired with?
transverse axis
sagittal plane (parasagittal)
vertical plane that is parallel to the medial
plane and divides a specimen into unequal right and left portions
what is sagittal plane paired with?
transverse axis
oblique plane
divide a body or structure at an angle
superficial
Closer to the surface
deep
farther from the surface
medial
Closer to the median plane
lateral
farther from the median plane
superior (cranial)
closer to head
inferior (caudal)
closer to feet/tail
anterior
closer to front of body
posterior
closer to back of body
proximal
closer to point of origin/trunk
distal
farther from point of origin/trunk
central
close to center
peripheral
away from center
bilateral
on both sides of body
unilateral
on only one side of body
ipsilateral
on same side
contralateral
on opposite sides of body
what is most movement result from?
muscles acting across joints
how are movements described?
relative to axes around which that part of body moves and the plane in which movement takes place
flexion
Decreasing the
angle b/t body parts
(bending)
extension
Increasing the
angle b/t body parts
(straightening)
flexion & extension axis and plane of movement
Occur around a transverse
axis in a sagittal plane
abduction
moving away from medial plane
adduction
moving toward medial plane
ab/adduction axis and plane of movement
Occur around an AP axis in a
coronal plane
rotation
Turning or revolving a body part about its long axis
medial (internal) rotation
Brings the anterior surface of
a limb closer to the median
plane
lateral (external) rotation
Brings the anterior surface of
the limb away from the
median plane
medial & external rotation axis and plane of movement
Occur around a longitudinal
axis in a transverse plane
circumduction
A circular movement that combines flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction
circumduction axis and plane of movement
Multiple axes and planes are
involved
pronation
Rotation of the
hand and forearm so that the
palm faces posteriorly
supination
Rotation of the
hand and forearm so that the
palm faces anteriorly
pro/supination axis
Occur around a longitudinal
axis
inversion
Moves the sole of
the foot toward the median
plane
eversion
Moves the sole of
the foot away from the
median plane
protraction
anterior movement of a structure
retraction
posterior movement of structure
elevation
raises or moves a part superiorly
depression
lowers or moves part inferiorly
features shared between all vertebrates
Tube-within-a-tube organization, bilateral symmetry, spinal cord from dorsal hollow neural tube associated with vertebral column, segmentation, pharyngeal apparatus
tube within a tube organization
gut tube internal to an outer body wall
parietal and somatic refer to what relationship?
closer to body wall than organs
visceral and splanchnic refer to what relationship?
closer to organs than body wall (gut tube)
segmentation
Serial repetition of structures or body segments
pharyngeal apparatus
transient apparatus that gives rise to the pharynx and other cranial and cervical structures
skeletal (striated) muscle functions
phasic and tonic contractions, generate heat during contraction, contractions propel venous blood toward heart
phasic contractions
occurs in phases, of skeletal muscle fibers attached to bones via tendons produces movement of the skeleton.
tonic contraction
continuous, maintains posture and supports organs
what does muscle consist of?
muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
sheaths surrounding the muscle fibers and connecting the muscle to bone
fascicles
muscle fiber bundles
epimysium
outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
muscles heads/bellies
contractile, fleshy portions
how do muscles attach to bone, cartilage, skin, or fascia?
directly via non-contractile
tendons or via aponeuroses
aponeuroses
flat CT sheets
what does muscle fiber shape and orientation affect?
range of motion, direction of pull, and degree and direction of force it exerts.
origin
fixed end of muscle
insertion
mobile end of muscle
T/F muscles can have multiple insertions
F, muscles have multiple origin but not insertion
what do origin and insertion correspond with?
proximal and distal attachment
T/F skeletal muscles cannot push 2 structures farther than resting state
T
bone function
provide rigid, supporting body framework, protection, movement via muscle/ligaments, Ca & P storage, r/w cell production
main parts of skeleton
axial and appendicular
axial skeleton
consists of midline bones, including the skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limb bones, plus the limb girdles (shoulder and hip complexes).
long bones
length is greater than the width, have a body (shaft or
diaphysis) with a marrow cavity and two ends.
short bones
cuboid-shaped; only in the wrist and ankle
flat/squamous bones
two plates of compact
(cortical) bone with spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone and marrow inbetween.
where are squamous bones found?
Flat bones are found in the skull, and include the ribs, sternum, and scapula
irregular bones and where are they found
various other shapes; they include all other skull bones that are not flat bones; i.e., vertebrae and hipbones
sesamoid bones
develop in tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of
long bones in the limbs (e.g. patella)
sesamoid bone function
protect the tendons from excessive wear, change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments.
where do bony markings appear?
where tendons, ligaments, and fascia attach to bone,
joints, or where vessels lie adjacent to/enter bones
elevations and prominences in bones
crest/line/ridge, process/trochanter/tuberosity, protuberance/spine/tubercle, or spinous process
crest, line, ridge
linear elevations
process, trochanter, tuberiosity
larger elevations
protuberance, spine, tubercle
smaller elevations
spinous process
spine-like projection
depressed areas in bone
cavity/fossa, grooves/sulci, and notch
cavity, fossa
large-area depressions
grooves, sulci
elongated depressions
notch
small indentation
foramen
hole in bone or notch bridged by a ligament
articular surfaces in bone
facet/demifacet/hemifacet, condyle
facet, hemifacet, demifacet
small, flat surfaces
condyle
rounded projection
openings and holes in bones
foramen, canal, meatus
canal
passage through a bone with an exit
meatus
passage into a bone with no exit (dead-end)
types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, ad fibro
hyaline cartilage and what does it form
smooth cartilage that covers articular (joint) surfaces; also forms cartilaginous precursor to most bones (endochondral ossification)
elastic cartilage and what does it form
flexible cartilage; forms the ear lobe and external nose
fibrocartilage and what does it form
tough yet flexible; forms intervertebral discs and menisci of knee
fibrous joints
bones are connected by fibrous CT
sutures
fibrous joint in skull where Articulating bones of the face and cranial vault are
joined together by Sharpey’s fibers
how do sutures form?
wavy and
overlapping lines and become rigid (fuse) by adulthood
how much movement in suture?
little to none
sharpey’s fibers
collagen fibers that form sutures
fontanelles
wide areas of fibrous tissue located between bones in fetal and newborn skulls (“soft spots”).
synchondroses
cartilaginous joints where Articulating bones are united by hyaline or fibrous cartilage
how much movement in synchondroses?
limited
how do synchondroses form and examples?
between bones that have cartilaginous origins; i.e.,
epiphyseal growth plates of long bones and the bones of the basicranium
synovial joints
most common type, permits greatest degree of movement
articular capsule
encloses synovial joint forming an internal joint cavity, has outer portion strengthened by intrinsic/extrinsic ligaments
inner surface of articular capsule
all non-articular surfaces are lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
what are articular surfaces in synovial joint covered with?
articular hyaline cartilage
where does articular hyaline cartilage get nutrients?
synovial fluid
articular discs
synovial joint feature where fibrocartilage structures unite articulating bones
and/or facilitate movement
fibrocartilaginous rings
synovial joint feature where fibrocartilage structures that deepen the articular
surfaces and increase stability located between the articular surfaces
example of articular disc
articular disc of temporomandibular joint
example of fibrocartilaginous rings
glenohumeral labrum
bursae
synovial fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between synovial joint capsules and overlying muscle tendons.
plane joint
Flat articular surfaces with tight joint capsules; limited gliding movements
plane joint example
Zygapophyseal joint
hinge joint
Uniaxial; flexion and extension; strong
collateral ligaments limit lateral deviation
hinge joint example
elbow joint
pivot joint example
Proximal radioulnar joint
pivot joint
bony process rotates within
an osseotendinous ring
saddle joint
Biaxial; reciprocal saddle-shapedsurfaces with high mobility in two planes Flexion/extension, ab/adduction
saddle joint example
Carpometacarpal joint
condyloid joint
Biaxial; flexion/extension, but limited ab/adduction; reinforced with strong collateral ligaments
condyloid joint example
Metacarpophalangeal joints
ball and socket joint
Multiaxial; spherical head rotates freely about all axes
ball and socket example
Glenohumeral & hip joints
types of fascia
superficial and deep
superficial fascia also called ___
subcutaneous tissue
superficial fascia
Loose CT located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia
what does superficial fascia contain?
Loose CT between the dermis and underlying deep fascia
deep fascia
deep CT that covers most of the body deep to superficial fascia
investing fascia
Extensions of deep fascia that
invest/envelop deeper structures (individual
muscles & neurovascular bundles)
neurovascular bundles
nerves, arteries, and
veins supplying the same
structure and are enclosed in a fascial sheath
fascial compartments
investing fascia binds together groups of muscles w/ similar functions, blood & nerve supplies
retinacula
deep fascia thickenings that holds tendons in place near some joints
syndesmosis
expanse of fibrous tissue forming fibrous joints between 2 bones (bones side by side in leg)
Types of muscles
pennate fusiform parallel convergent circular digastric
multi-pennate muscle and example
feather-like fascicle arrangement with uni/bi/multi movement (deltoid)
fusiform muscle and example
spindle-shaped w/ thick bellies and tapered ends (biceps)
parallel muscle and example
fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle, can have aponeuroses (sartorius)
convergent muscle and example
broad then fascicles converge to 1 tendon (pec major)
circular muscle and example
surround orifice (orbicularis around mouth)
digastric
2 bellies share tendon that goes between them `
bipennate muscle and example
feather-like fascicles angled toward each other(rectus femoris)
what is fascicle wrapped by?
perimysium
endomysium
between muscle fibers within fascicle
