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Anatomy > Musculoskeletal System Development > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Development Flashcards

1
Q

Skele muscle fibers arise from ___

A

Specific myoblasts lines in paraxial mesoderm

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2
Q

In the head, most skeletal muscles derive from ___

A

Myoblasts from somitomeres

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3
Q

Skeletal muscles of body wall and limbs derive from ____

A

Myoblasts of myotomes

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4
Q

Innervation of somites

A

. Single spinal n. Innervates each somites

. Tissue arising from that somite pulls spinal innervation with it when it migrates

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5
Q

Each myotome splits into ___ components

A

. Dorsal (epimere)

Ventrolateral (hypomere)

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6
Q

Dorsal myotome cells

A

. Remain in midline to form intrinsic back mm.

. Innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nn.

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7
Q

Ventrolateral myotome cell path

A

. Migrate into somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
. Give rise to musculature of the ventrolateral body wall (intercostal and abdominal mm.) and limbs
. Innervated by ventral rami of spinal nn.

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8
Q

Somitomeres

A

. In head
. Forms mm. Of mastication, facial expression, palate, pharynx, and larynx
. Extra-ocular eye mm.

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9
Q

Occipital myotomes

A

Form tongue mm.

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10
Q

Paraxial mesoderm components for skeleton development

A

. Somitomeres: post. Half of skull from chondroblasts and osteoblasts here
. Sclerotome: vertebrae, ribs, discs, bones of post. Skull from chondroblasts and osteoblasts from here

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11
Q

Somatic later of lat. plate mesoderm components for skeleton development

A

. Gives rise to chondroblasts that form precursors of bone of shoulder and pelvic girdles, appendicular skeleton, and sternum

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12
Q

Neural crest mesenchyme contribution to skeletal development

A

. Gives rise to chondroblasts and osteoblasts that form bones of ant. Skull, face, and middle ear cavity

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13
Q

Formation of vertebral column occurs by ____

A

Resegmentation of the sclerotome

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14
Q

Development of vertebral column

A

. Week 4: sclerotome cells surround neural tube and notochord
. Caudal half each sclerotome grows into cranial half of subadjacent one
. Each vertebra from cranial half of one sclerotome and caudal half of another
. R/L vertebral arch cartilages surround neural tube and fuse to form vertebral canal and spinous processes
. Mesenchymal tissue btw caudal and cranial portions of each sclerotome forms intervertebral disc
. Portions of notochord persist as primary nucleus pulposus

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15
Q

What occurs with limb buds in week 4 of development?

A

. Develop as outgrowths of ventrolat. Body wall
. Regulated by biomolecular signaling btw surface ectoderm and underlying mesoderm
. Somatic lat. plate mesoderm proliferates and causes ectoderm to bulge out
. Upper limbs develop 1-2 days earlier than lower limbs

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16
Q

Signaling molecule in upper limb development

A

Tbx-5

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17
Q

Signaling molecules in lower limb development

A

Thx-4

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18
Q

Hemivertebrae

A

. Wedge-shaped vertebrae

. Can produce abnormal curvature of the spine

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19
Q

Block vertebrae

A

. Occur from improper re-segmentation
. Parts of or entire vertebrae fuse together
. Can lead to blocking or stretching of n. Root exiting from that segment and neurological problems
. Sacrum is normal blocked vertebrae

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20
Q

Holt-oram syndrome

A

. Mutation in tbx-5 gene

. Heart abnormalities and upper limb deformities (finger-like or absent thumbs)

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21
Q

Proximal-distal axis of limb development

A

. Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) interacts w/ progress zone (limb bud mesoderm) that promotes outgrowth of limb
. Mesoderm cells further from influence of progress zone (closer to trunk) differentiate into cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels first
. Cells closer to tip of bud remain undifferentiated longer and continue proliferating

22
Q

Apical ectodermal ridge

A

. Ridge of thickening ectoderm located along AP plane of apex of limb bud

23
Q

Preaxial-postaxial axis in limb development

A

. Cranial to caudal (digit I to V)
. Preaxial border (digit 1) of each limb faces craniallt and postaxial faces caudally prior to week 7 (AP axis)
. Patterning and growth regulated by zone of polarizing activity

24
Q

Zone of polarizing activity

A

. Cluster of cells located on post. Border of limb close to trunk
. Express sonic hedgehog (shh) and retinoic acid that identifies nearby cells as posterior
. Cells located farther from ZPA and shh and retinoic acid gradient identify as anterior

25
Q

Dorsal-ventral axis of limb development

A

Dorsum of hand/foot to palm/sole
. Wnt-7a expressed in dorsal ectoderm induces expression of Lmx1 in underlying mesenchyme that identifies cells as dorsal
. Ventral limb bud ectoderm produces engrailed-1 which represses Wnt-7a and lmx1
. Apical ectodermal ridge marks border btw dorsal and ventral limb bud ectoderm

26
Q

Cartilaginous precursors to long bones appear as ____

A

. Condensations of mesenchyme in central core of prox. Part of limb
. Cartilage will undergo endochondral ossification

27
Q

Differentiation of cartilaginous skeleton occurs ____

A

. Proximal to distal

. Postaxial to preaxial

28
Q

Cartilaginous rods dissolves around ____

A

Future synovial joints

. In-utero muscular activity is required to maintain integrity of joint

29
Q

What is derived from somatic lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Somatic lateral plate mesoderm

30
Q

Terminal portions of the limb bud flattens to form ____

A

Hand and foot plates

31
Q

Digital rays

A

. Mesenchyme condensations from hand and foot plates

. Precursors to digits

32
Q

What occurs in digit development in weeks 6-7?

A

. Selective apoptosis in plates to create 5 separate digits

33
Q

Absence of interdigital apoptosis results in _____

A

Syndactyly

34
Q

Pre-myoblasts from somite pairs ____ migrate into developing upper limb bud

A

9-13

35
Q

Pre-myoblasts from somite pairs ____ migrate into developing lower limb bud

A

26-32

36
Q

Ventral mass of pre-myoblasts will become ____

A

Flexor mm. Of limb

37
Q

In upper limb, flexor mm. Innervated by ____

A

. Anterior division nn. Of brachial plexus

38
Q

In lower limb, flexor mm. Are innervated by ___

A

. Anterior division of lumbosacral plexus

39
Q

Dorsal mass of pre-myoblasts will become ___

A

Extensors mm. Of limb

40
Q

In upper limb, extensor mm. Are innervated by ___

A

Posterior division of brachial plexus

41
Q

In lower limb, extensor mm. Are innervated by ___

A

Posterior division of lumbosacral plexus

42
Q

Repositioning of limb buds

A

. Initially limbs project anterolat. From body wall
. Flexor surface ventral, extensor dorsal, preaxial cranial, postaxial caudal
. Limb buds migrate med. to lie in sagittal plane
. Upper limbs rotate 90 degrees lat. along long axis so elbow faces post. And thumb is lat.
. Lower limb rotates 90 degrees med. on long axes so knees face ant. And digit 1 is med.

43
Q

Achondroplasia

A

. Mutation in fibroblasts Roth factor receptor 3
. Causes abnormal cartilage formation that effects endochondral ossification
. Results in shortened, bowed limbs and shortened skull base
. 1:15,000 births

44
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

. Mutations in gene that products type I colllagen
. Results in hypermineralization of bone
. Inc. fractures, shortening and bowing of long bones

45
Q

Amelia

A

Absence of limb due to disruption of limb bud development

46
Q

Meromelia

A

. Partial absence of limb due to disturbance in differentiation or growth of limb

47
Q

Phocomelia

A

. Absence of long bones

. Limbs characterized by ill-formed hands/feet attached to trunk

48
Q

Hemimelia

A

. Partial absence of distal part of limb

49
Q

Clubfoot

A

1 : 1,000 births
, cause unknown but may include congenital joint contracture from neurologic or soft tissue defects, bone or cartilage defects, and cramped intrauterine conditions

50
Q

Cleft hand or foot

A

. Lobster claw deformity
. Abnormal cleft btw 2nd and 4th metacarpal bones and soft tissue w/ fusion of digits I/II and IV/V due to molecular signaling errors

51
Q

Amniotic band syndrome

A

. Strands of amnion separate and wrap around digits or other parts of limbs resulting in restriction of movement or amputation of structure

52
Q

Most sensitive time period for teratogens in limb development?

A

. Days 24-36 (weeks 4-5)

. More severe effects from exposure at early end of time window

Anatomy (49 decks)

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