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Face And Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

Bony framework of the face

A

. Frontal bone
. Viscerocranium (vomer, lacrimals, nasals, maxillae, inf. Nasal conchae, zygomatics, palatines)
. Mandible

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2
Q

Forehead

A

. Extends from the hair margin to the eyebrows

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3
Q

Glabella

A

. Area btw the eyebrows

. Characterized by vertical creases

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4
Q

Orbital region

A

. Bounded by the bony rim of the orbit
. Supraorbital region: upper edge, contains notches/foramina for transmission of supraorbital and supratrochlear nn. And vessels
. Eyelids: sup. And inf. Palpebrae that protect eyeball
. Sup. Lid larger and more mobile
. Palpebral fissur: slit btw eyelids
. Med. and lat. canthi: med. and lat. angles of the eyelids

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5
Q

Cheek

A

Anterolat. Aspect of face inf. To orbits and zygomatic arches

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6
Q

External nose

A

. Dorsum of nose: runs btw root and apex
. External nares: openings to nasal cavities, separated by septum
. Alae: flared nostril margins
. Composed of nasal bones and nasal cartilages (septal, lat. and alar)

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7
Q

Oral region

A

. Vermillion: red zone surrounding mouth
. Philtrum: shallow vertical groove running form nasal septum to upper lip
. Lips: competent if lightly closed at rest

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8
Q

Temporal region

A

. Lat. aspect of face
. Posterolateral to orbits and sup. To zygomatic arch
. Superficial temporal vessels may be visible under skin

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9
Q

Innervation of muscles of fascial expression

A

. Parotid plexus branches of facial n. Proper (CN VII)

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10
Q

Insertion of facial expression mm.

A

Skin

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11
Q

Orbicularis oculi orbital part OA

A

O: orbital margin and med. palpebral ligament
A: forceful closure of eyes

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12
Q

Orbicularis oculi palpebral part OA

A

O: med. palpebral ligament through both lids to insert on lat. palpebral raphe
A: gentle closure of eyelids (winking, blinking)

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13
Q

Orbicularis oculi lacrimal part OA

A

O: post. To med. palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac
A: draws eyelids and lacrimal sac med. to aid in tear collection

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14
Q

Levator labii superioris OIA

A

O: maxilla near inf. Margin of orbit, deep to orbicularis oculi
I: courses inf. To insert on the lat. half of upper lip
A: elevates upper lip

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15
Q

Zygomaticus minor OIA

A

O: zygomatic bone med. and ant. To zygomaticus major
I: courses obliquely to insert onto lat. part of the upper lip
A: elevates upper lip

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16
Q

Zygomaticus major OIA

A

O: zygomatic bone
I: courses obliquely to insert on the corner of mouth
A: pulls the mouth upwards and outwards (smiling and laughing)

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17
Q

Levator anguli oris OIA

A

O: maxilla deep to levator labii superioris
I: corner of mouth
A: elevates the corner of mouth

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18
Q

Risorius OIA

A

O: parotid fascia and buccal skin
I: corner of mouth
A: widens mouth

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19
Q

Depressor anguli oris OIA

A

O: ant. Mandible
I: upward to insert on angle of mouth
A: depresses corner of mouth (frowning)

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20
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

O: Ant. Mandible
I: passes med. to insert onto the lower lip, most med. fibers may cross over one another at midline
A: depresses lower lip and draws it lat.

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21
Q

Mentalis OIA

A

O: incisive fossa on the mandible
I: onto skin of chin
A: raises and protrudes Lowe lip

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22
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

. Circular muscle w/in upper and lower lips
. Formed from interlacing fibers of oral group mm. Plus buccinator m. And fibers w/in lips
. Oral sphincter
. Closes mouth and contributes to pursing and protrusion of lips

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23
Q

Buccinator OIA

A

O: pterygomandibular raphe, maxilla, and mandible
I: pass ant. To mouth, some cross cross and form substance on cheek
A: mastication by compressing cheek to keep food in molars, involved in cheek expansion (whistling)

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24
Q

Buccal fat pad

A

. Pierced by parotid duct
. Lies sup., to muscle
. Prominent in infants to aid in suckling

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25
Auricular muscles
. Radiate around the ears | . Mostly rudimentary, moves auricles in some
26
Platysma OIA
O: superficial fascia of skin of thorax I: courses upwards through neck to insert onto lower part of face A: wrinkles skin over neck and face, may also be active in deep inspiration
27
Occipitofrontalis
Frontalis m. And occipitalis m. Bellies are united by epicranial
28
Frontalis portion of occipitofrontalis OIA
O: epicranial aponeurosis I: skin of forehead A: wrinkles skin of forehead, raises the eyebrows
29
Occipitalis portion of occipitalis OIA
O: occipital bone I: epicranial aponeurosis A: pulls scalp post., wrinkles skin over post. Aspect of cranium
30
Muscles of mastication motor innervation
. Branches of mandibular division of trigeminal n (CNV3)
31
Masseter OIA
O: zygomatic arch I: angle and lat. surface of mandibular ramus A: elevates mandible, superficial head also assists in protraction of mandible
32
Temporalis OIA
O: floor temporal fossa and inf. Temporal line on lat. surface of temporal fascia I: muscle fibers converge inf. To form tendon inserting on corn oil process of mandible A: vertically oriented fibers elevate mandible . Horizontally oriented fibers retract the mandible
33
Medial pterygoid OIA
O: 2-heads arise from med. surface of lat. pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla I: med. surface of mandibular ramus A: acts w/ masseter to elevate mandible, aids in protrusion, alternate unilateral activity produces small grinding movements
34
Lateral pterygoid OIA
O: 2 heads arise from infratemporal surface, crest of gr. Wing, and lat. surface of lat. pterygoid plate I: joint capsule and articular disc ofTMJ and condylar neck of mandible A: bilaterally protracts mandible and depresses chin, unilaterally swings jaw to opposite side, alternate unilateral contraction produce larger lat. chewing movements
35
Facial n.
. CN VII . Emerges from stylomastoid foramen inf. To external auditory meats, pierces the parotid gland, and emerges as 5 branches (parotid plexus of facial n.)
36
Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression
``` . Facial n. . Temporal . Zygomatic . Buccal . Mandibular . Cervical ```
37
Branches of mandibular division of trigeminal n. (CN V3)
. Deep temporal nn. . Masseteric n. . Nn. To lat. pterygoid . N. To med. pterygoid
38
Bell’s palsy
Unilateral paralysis of mm. Of facial expression . Sagging/drooping of lower eyelid, angle of mouth, drooling, and inability to smile, whistle, eat properly, and blink . Causes idiopathic, may be viral infection . Can be brought about temporarily (neck block at dentist)
39
Cutaneous sensation to the face
. Branches of the 3 divisions of trigeminal n. (CN V) | . Arise from face along vertical line from supraorbital notch to the mental foramen
40
Ophthalmic division of CN V
. CN V1 . Sensation to forehead, upper eyelid, and nose . Supraorbital n. Emerges through supraorbital foramen to supply gelid, forehead, and ant. Scalp . Supratrochlear n. Emerges from upper med. angle of eye to supply med. aspect of eye and forehead
41
Maxillary division of CN V
. CN V2 . Provides sensation to the lower eyelid, upper cheek, ala of nose, temple, and upper lip . Infraorbital n. Emerges through the infraorbital foramen
42
Mandibular division of CN V
. CN V3 . Sensation to skin over mandible, lower lip, fleshy part of cheek, auricle, and temple . Mental n. Emerges through mental foramen and supplies skin over mandible and lower lip . Buccal n.: emerges on face external to buccinator m. But does not innervate it . Provides sensory to the skin and mucosa of the cheek
43
Auriculotemporal n.
Courses w/ superficial temporal vessels | . Provides sensation to the face and scalp in temporal region
44
Greater occipital n.
C2 | . Sensory post. Scalp
45
Lesser occipital n.
. C2 | . Sensory to skin post. To ear and auricle of the ear
46
Greater auricular n.
. C2/3 | . Sensory to angle of mandible, post. To parotid gland, and auricle of the ear
47
Trigeminal neuralgia
. Disorder of sensory root of trigeminal n. That results in excruciating facial pain . Pain has sudden, unexplained onset . Triggered by touching sensitive region of face . Usually occurs unilaterally and most assoc. w/ CN V2 and V3 . Etiology unknown . pulsations of anomalous blood vessel lying close to sensory root of CN V may be involved in certain regions of face sensitivity
48
Arterial blood supply of face and scalp is primarily from branches of ____
. External carotid a. | . Some contribution of internal carotid a. Supplying forehead and ant. Scalp
49
Facial a.
. Branch of ECA . Tortuous course crossing ant. Border of mandible ant. To masseter m. Where it is covered only by skin and platysma m. So pulse is palpable . Crosses obliquely upwards onward bridge of nose supplying branches to the lips and nose
50
Occipital a.
. Branch of ECA | . Passes post. To auricle of ear onward post. Scalp
51
Superficial temporal a.
. Terminal branch of ECA . Passes sup. Toward the scalp ant. To auricle . Divides into ant. And post. Branches in temporal region
52
Infraorbital a.
. Branch of maxillary a. | . Runs w/in maxilla and emerges on ant. Face via infraorbital foramen
53
Mental a.
. Terminal branch of inf. Alveolar a. (ECA) | . Emerges on ant. Face via mental foramen
54
Supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.
. Terminal branches of ophthalmic a. (ICA) . Merge on ant. Forehead via supraorbital foramen/notch and med. angle of orbit . Course sup. To supply forehead and ant. Scalp
55
Superficial temporal v. Joins the ____ to form retro mandibular v.
. Joins maxillary v.
56
Retromandibular v. Drains via branches into ____
. Internal and external jugular vv.
57
Retromandibular v. Branches
. Ant. Division: joins facial v. And drains into internal jugular v. . Post. Division: joins post. Auricular v. To form external jugular v.
58
Facial v.
. Joins ant. Branch of the retromandibular v. And drains into internal jugular v.
59
Facial vv.
. Have connections w/ ophthalmic vv. (Both valveless)
60
Ophthalmic vv. Drain into ___
``` Cavernous sinuses (intracranial dural sinuses) . Infections may pass intracranial into the cavernous sinuses and put several important structures at risk ```
61
Lymph from face drains to ___
. Superficial rings of lymph nodes (parotid, occipital, sumandibular, submental) . Deep cervical lymph nodes located along internal jugular v. Receive lymph from superficial nodes . Lymph then passes to jugular lymphatic trunk which joins thoracic duct (L side) or brachiocephalic v. (R side)
62
Scalp
. Skin, CT, and mm. Covering neurocranium . Extends from supraorbital margins of the frontal bone to sup. Nuchal lines of Occitan bone and laterally to zygomatic arches
63
Scalp consists of 5 layers
. Skin . CT: superficial fascia, thick layer dense subQ CT and fat w/ abundant aa., vv., nn . Aponeurosis: epicranial aponeurosis (membranous tendon of occipitofrontalis m., attaches ant. To frontalis m. And post. To occipitalis m., innervated by parotid plexus of facial n. ) . Loose CT: subaponeurotic space, areolar CT permits movement of the more superficial layers, potential space for fluid accumulation continuous w/ eyelids and nose so fluid can flow into those regions . Pericranium: loosely attached to bone except near sutures
64
Why do wounds of scalp bleed profusely?
. Pull of occipitofrontalis m. Retracts the cut ends of vessels keeping them open
65
Blood supply of scalp
. Branches of ECA via superficial temporal, post. Auricular, and occipital aa. . Branches of ICA via supratrochlear and supraorbital aa. . Aa. Anastomoses extensively . Venous distribution follows aa. . Blood may drain into dural venous sinuses via emissary vv. That pass through skull
66
Cutaneous innervation of scalp
. Trigeminal n. Branches ant. To ear . Greater occipital n. (Dorsal ramus of C2 spinal n.) and third occipital n. (Dorsal ramus Ca spinal n.) . Lesser occipital n. (Ventral rami C2/3 spinal nn. Via cervical plexus)
67
Parotid region
. Region of face located ant. And inf. To external eat . Extends from angle of mandible to zygomatic arch and post. To starnocleidomastoid m. . Contains parotid salivary gland
68
Parotid gland
. Largest salivary gland . Has superficial and deep parts separated by facial n. And its branches . Superficial part of gland lies on surface of masseter m. . Deep part lies post, and med. to the ramus of the mandible . Drained by parotid salivary duct which pierces buccinator m. To open into oral cavity opposite the upper second molar tooth . Encased by parotid fascia: dense fascial capsule derived from investing fascia of the neck
69
Sympathetic innervation of parotid gland
. Preganglionic fibers from sympathetic trunk . Synapse in sup. Cervical ganglion and the post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers travel w/ external carotid a. And its branches to the parotid gland
70
Parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland
. Secretomotor . Preganglionic fibers that travel w/ lesser petrosal n. . Synapse in the optic ganglion and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are course to the parotid in auriculotemporal n. (CN V3)
71
Sensory innervation to parotid
. To gland, sheath, and overlying skin | . Auriculotemporal n. And great auricular n. (C2/3)
72
Structures passing through parotid gland from superficial to deep
. Facial n. . Retromandibular v. . External carotid a. And its branches
73
Facial n. In the parotid gland
. Exits stylomastoid foramen and divides into 5 major branches that innervate the mm. Of facial expression . Divides gland into superficial and deep parts
74
Retromandibular v. In parotid gland
. Located in deep part of the gland and formed by superficial temporal and maxillary vv. . Divides inf. Into ant. And post. Divisions
75
External carotid a. And its branches in parotid gland
. 3 sup. Directed branches that originate w/in deep part of the parotid gland . Post. Auricular a.: from post. Side of ECA near inf. Limit of the gland and courses to scalp behind the ear . Superficial temporal a.: terminal branch of ECA courses sup. Toward scalp ant. To ear btw TMJ and auricle . Maxillary a.: terminal branch of ECA, courses med. deep to mandibular ramus, has many branches arising in infratemporal fossa
76
Mumps
. Viral infection of the salivary glands . Inflammation of parotid gland (parotitis) causes swelling that puts pressure on parotid fascia . Causes pain . Complications of mumps: inflammation of testis, ovaries, and/or breasts, brain, meningitis . Permanent or temporary deafness

Anatomy (49 decks)

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