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Anatomy > Face And Scalp > Flashcards

Face And Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

Bony framework of the face

A

. Frontal bone
. Viscerocranium (vomer, lacrimals, nasals, maxillae, inf. Nasal conchae, zygomatics, palatines)
. Mandible

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2
Q

Forehead

A

. Extends from the hair margin to the eyebrows

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3
Q

Glabella

A

. Area btw the eyebrows

. Characterized by vertical creases

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4
Q

Orbital region

A

. Bounded by the bony rim of the orbit
. Supraorbital region: upper edge, contains notches/foramina for transmission of supraorbital and supratrochlear nn. And vessels
. Eyelids: sup. And inf. Palpebrae that protect eyeball
. Sup. Lid larger and more mobile
. Palpebral fissur: slit btw eyelids
. Med. and lat. canthi: med. and lat. angles of the eyelids

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5
Q

Cheek

A

Anterolat. Aspect of face inf. To orbits and zygomatic arches

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6
Q

External nose

A

. Dorsum of nose: runs btw root and apex
. External nares: openings to nasal cavities, separated by septum
. Alae: flared nostril margins
. Composed of nasal bones and nasal cartilages (septal, lat. and alar)

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7
Q

Oral region

A

. Vermillion: red zone surrounding mouth
. Philtrum: shallow vertical groove running form nasal septum to upper lip
. Lips: competent if lightly closed at rest

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8
Q

Temporal region

A

. Lat. aspect of face
. Posterolateral to orbits and sup. To zygomatic arch
. Superficial temporal vessels may be visible under skin

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9
Q

Innervation of muscles of fascial expression

A

. Parotid plexus branches of facial n. Proper (CN VII)

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10
Q

Insertion of facial expression mm.

A

Skin

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11
Q

Orbicularis oculi orbital part OA

A

O: orbital margin and med. palpebral ligament
A: forceful closure of eyes

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12
Q

Orbicularis oculi palpebral part OA

A

O: med. palpebral ligament through both lids to insert on lat. palpebral raphe
A: gentle closure of eyelids (winking, blinking)

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13
Q

Orbicularis oculi lacrimal part OA

A

O: post. To med. palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac
A: draws eyelids and lacrimal sac med. to aid in tear collection

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14
Q

Levator labii superioris OIA

A

O: maxilla near inf. Margin of orbit, deep to orbicularis oculi
I: courses inf. To insert on the lat. half of upper lip
A: elevates upper lip

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15
Q

Zygomaticus minor OIA

A

O: zygomatic bone med. and ant. To zygomaticus major
I: courses obliquely to insert onto lat. part of the upper lip
A: elevates upper lip

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16
Q

Zygomaticus major OIA

A

O: zygomatic bone
I: courses obliquely to insert on the corner of mouth
A: pulls the mouth upwards and outwards (smiling and laughing)

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17
Q

Levator anguli oris OIA

A

O: maxilla deep to levator labii superioris
I: corner of mouth
A: elevates the corner of mouth

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18
Q

Risorius OIA

A

O: parotid fascia and buccal skin
I: corner of mouth
A: widens mouth

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19
Q

Depressor anguli oris OIA

A

O: ant. Mandible
I: upward to insert on angle of mouth
A: depresses corner of mouth (frowning)

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20
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

O: Ant. Mandible
I: passes med. to insert onto the lower lip, most med. fibers may cross over one another at midline
A: depresses lower lip and draws it lat.

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21
Q

Mentalis OIA

A

O: incisive fossa on the mandible
I: onto skin of chin
A: raises and protrudes Lowe lip

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22
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

. Circular muscle w/in upper and lower lips
. Formed from interlacing fibers of oral group mm. Plus buccinator m. And fibers w/in lips
. Oral sphincter
. Closes mouth and contributes to pursing and protrusion of lips

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23
Q

Buccinator OIA

A

O: pterygomandibular raphe, maxilla, and mandible
I: pass ant. To mouth, some cross cross and form substance on cheek
A: mastication by compressing cheek to keep food in molars, involved in cheek expansion (whistling)

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24
Q

Buccal fat pad

A

. Pierced by parotid duct
. Lies sup., to muscle
. Prominent in infants to aid in suckling

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25
Q

Auricular muscles

A

. Radiate around the ears

. Mostly rudimentary, moves auricles in some

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26
Q

Platysma OIA

A

O: superficial fascia of skin of thorax
I: courses upwards through neck to insert onto lower part of face
A: wrinkles skin over neck and face, may also be active in deep inspiration

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27
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Frontalis m. And occipitalis m. Bellies are united by epicranial

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28
Q

Frontalis portion of occipitofrontalis OIA

A

O: epicranial aponeurosis
I: skin of forehead
A: wrinkles skin of forehead, raises the eyebrows

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29
Q

Occipitalis portion of occipitalis OIA

A

O: occipital bone
I: epicranial aponeurosis
A: pulls scalp post., wrinkles skin over post. Aspect of cranium

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30
Q

Muscles of mastication motor innervation

A

. Branches of mandibular division of trigeminal n (CNV3)

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31
Q

Masseter OIA

A

O: zygomatic arch
I: angle and lat. surface of mandibular ramus
A: elevates mandible, superficial head also assists in protraction of mandible

32
Q

Temporalis OIA

A

O: floor temporal fossa and inf. Temporal line on lat. surface of temporal fascia
I: muscle fibers converge inf. To form tendon inserting on corn oil process of mandible
A: vertically oriented fibers elevate mandible
. Horizontally oriented fibers retract the mandible

33
Q

Medial pterygoid OIA

A

O: 2-heads arise from med. surface of lat. pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla
I: med. surface of mandibular ramus
A: acts w/ masseter to elevate mandible, aids in protrusion, alternate unilateral activity produces small grinding movements

34
Q

Lateral pterygoid OIA

A

O: 2 heads arise from infratemporal surface, crest of gr. Wing, and lat. surface of lat. pterygoid plate
I: joint capsule and articular disc ofTMJ and condylar neck of mandible
A: bilaterally protracts mandible and depresses chin, unilaterally swings jaw to opposite side, alternate unilateral contraction produce larger lat. chewing movements

35
Q

Facial n.

A

. CN VII
. Emerges from stylomastoid foramen inf. To external auditory meats, pierces the parotid gland, and emerges as 5 branches (parotid plexus of facial n.)

36
Q

Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression

A 
. Facial n. 
. Temporal 
. Zygomatic
. Buccal
. Mandibular
. Cervical
37
Q

Branches of mandibular division of trigeminal n. (CN V3)

A

. Deep temporal nn.
. Masseteric n.
. Nn. To lat. pterygoid
. N. To med. pterygoid

38
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Unilateral paralysis of mm. Of facial expression
. Sagging/drooping of lower eyelid, angle of mouth, drooling, and inability to smile, whistle, eat properly, and blink
. Causes idiopathic, may be viral infection
. Can be brought about temporarily (neck block at dentist)

39
Q

Cutaneous sensation to the face

A

. Branches of the 3 divisions of trigeminal n. (CN V)

. Arise from face along vertical line from supraorbital notch to the mental foramen

40
Q

Ophthalmic division of CN V

A

. CN V1
. Sensation to forehead, upper eyelid, and nose
. Supraorbital n. Emerges through supraorbital foramen to supply gelid, forehead, and ant. Scalp
. Supratrochlear n. Emerges from upper med. angle of eye to supply med. aspect of eye and forehead

41
Q

Maxillary division of CN V

A

. CN V2
. Provides sensation to the lower eyelid, upper cheek, ala of nose, temple, and upper lip
. Infraorbital n. Emerges through the infraorbital foramen

42
Q

Mandibular division of CN V

A

. CN V3
. Sensation to skin over mandible, lower lip, fleshy part of cheek, auricle, and temple
. Mental n. Emerges through mental foramen and supplies skin over mandible and lower lip
. Buccal n.: emerges on face external to buccinator m. But does not innervate it
. Provides sensory to the skin and mucosa of the cheek

43
Q

Auriculotemporal n.

A

Courses w/ superficial temporal vessels

. Provides sensation to the face and scalp in temporal region

44
Q

Greater occipital n.

A

C2

. Sensory post. Scalp

45
Q

Lesser occipital n.

A

. C2

. Sensory to skin post. To ear and auricle of the ear

46
Q

Greater auricular n.

A

. C2/3

. Sensory to angle of mandible, post. To parotid gland, and auricle of the ear

47
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

. Disorder of sensory root of trigeminal n. That results in excruciating facial pain
. Pain has sudden, unexplained onset
. Triggered by touching sensitive region of face
. Usually occurs unilaterally and most assoc. w/ CN V2 and V3
. Etiology unknown
. pulsations of anomalous blood vessel lying close to sensory root of CN V may be involved in certain regions of face sensitivity

48
Q

Arterial blood supply of face and scalp is primarily from branches of ____

A

. External carotid a.

. Some contribution of internal carotid a. Supplying forehead and ant. Scalp

49
Q

Facial a.

A

. Branch of ECA
. Tortuous course crossing ant. Border of mandible ant. To masseter m. Where it is covered only by skin and platysma m. So pulse is palpable
. Crosses obliquely upwards onward bridge of nose supplying branches to the lips and nose

50
Q

Occipital a.

A

. Branch of ECA

. Passes post. To auricle of ear onward post. Scalp

51
Q

Superficial temporal a.

A

. Terminal branch of ECA
. Passes sup. Toward the scalp ant. To auricle
. Divides into ant. And post. Branches in temporal region

52
Q

Infraorbital a.

A

. Branch of maxillary a.

. Runs w/in maxilla and emerges on ant. Face via infraorbital foramen

53
Q

Mental a.

A

. Terminal branch of inf. Alveolar a. (ECA)

. Emerges on ant. Face via mental foramen

54
Q

Supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.

A

. Terminal branches of ophthalmic a. (ICA)
. Merge on ant. Forehead via supraorbital foramen/notch and med. angle of orbit
. Course sup. To supply forehead and ant. Scalp

55
Q

Superficial temporal v. Joins the ____ to form retro mandibular v.

A

. Joins maxillary v.

56
Q

Retromandibular v. Drains via branches into ____

A

. Internal and external jugular vv.

57
Q

Retromandibular v. Branches

A

. Ant. Division: joins facial v. And drains into internal jugular v.
. Post. Division: joins post. Auricular v. To form external jugular v.

58
Q

Facial v.

A

. Joins ant. Branch of the retromandibular v. And drains into internal jugular v.

59
Q

Facial vv.

A

. Have connections w/ ophthalmic vv. (Both valveless)

60
Q

Ophthalmic vv. Drain into ___

A 
Cavernous sinuses (intracranial dural sinuses) 
. Infections may pass intracranial into the cavernous sinuses and put several important structures at risk
61
Q

Lymph from face drains to ___

A

. Superficial rings of lymph nodes (parotid, occipital, sumandibular, submental)
. Deep cervical lymph nodes located along internal jugular v. Receive lymph from superficial nodes
. Lymph then passes to jugular lymphatic trunk which joins thoracic duct (L side) or brachiocephalic v. (R side)

62
Q

Scalp

A

. Skin, CT, and mm. Covering neurocranium
. Extends from supraorbital margins of the frontal bone to sup. Nuchal lines of Occitan bone and laterally to zygomatic arches

63
Q

Scalp consists of 5 layers

A

. Skin
. CT: superficial fascia, thick layer dense subQ CT and fat w/ abundant aa., vv., nn
. Aponeurosis: epicranial aponeurosis (membranous tendon of occipitofrontalis m., attaches ant. To frontalis m. And post. To occipitalis m., innervated by parotid plexus of facial n. )
. Loose CT: subaponeurotic space, areolar CT permits movement of the more superficial layers, potential space for fluid accumulation continuous w/ eyelids and nose so fluid can flow into those regions
. Pericranium: loosely attached to bone except near sutures

64
Q

Why do wounds of scalp bleed profusely?

A

. Pull of occipitofrontalis m. Retracts the cut ends of vessels keeping them open

65
Q

Blood supply of scalp

A

. Branches of ECA via superficial temporal, post. Auricular, and occipital aa.
. Branches of ICA via supratrochlear and supraorbital aa.
. Aa. Anastomoses extensively
. Venous distribution follows aa.
. Blood may drain into dural venous sinuses via emissary vv. That pass through skull

66
Q

Cutaneous innervation of scalp

A

. Trigeminal n. Branches ant. To ear
. Greater occipital n. (Dorsal ramus of C2 spinal n.) and third occipital n. (Dorsal ramus Ca spinal n.)
. Lesser occipital n. (Ventral rami C2/3 spinal nn. Via cervical plexus)

67
Q

Parotid region

A

. Region of face located ant. And inf. To external eat
. Extends from angle of mandible to zygomatic arch and post. To starnocleidomastoid m.
. Contains parotid salivary gland

68
Q

Parotid gland

A

. Largest salivary gland
. Has superficial and deep parts separated by facial n. And its branches
. Superficial part of gland lies on surface of masseter m.
. Deep part lies post, and med. to the ramus of the mandible
. Drained by parotid salivary duct which pierces buccinator m. To open into oral cavity opposite the upper second molar tooth
. Encased by parotid fascia: dense fascial capsule derived from investing fascia of the neck

69
Q

Sympathetic innervation of parotid gland

A

. Preganglionic fibers from sympathetic trunk
. Synapse in sup. Cervical ganglion and the post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers travel w/ external carotid a. And its branches to the parotid gland

70
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland

A

. Secretomotor
. Preganglionic fibers that travel w/ lesser petrosal n.
. Synapse in the optic ganglion and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are course to the parotid in auriculotemporal n. (CN V3)

71
Q

Sensory innervation to parotid

A

. To gland, sheath, and overlying skin

. Auriculotemporal n. And great auricular n. (C2/3)

72
Q

Structures passing through parotid gland from superficial to deep

A

. Facial n.
. Retromandibular v.
. External carotid a. And its branches

73
Q

Facial n. In the parotid gland

A

. Exits stylomastoid foramen and divides into 5 major branches that innervate the mm. Of facial expression
. Divides gland into superficial and deep parts

74
Q

Retromandibular v. In parotid gland

A

. Located in deep part of the gland and formed by superficial temporal and maxillary vv.
. Divides inf. Into ant. And post. Divisions

75
Q

External carotid a. And its branches in parotid gland

A

. 3 sup. Directed branches that originate w/in deep part of the parotid gland
. Post. Auricular a.: from post. Side of ECA near inf. Limit of the gland and courses to scalp behind the ear
. Superficial temporal a.: terminal branch of ECA courses sup. Toward scalp ant. To ear btw TMJ and auricle
. Maxillary a.: terminal branch of ECA, courses med. deep to mandibular ramus, has many branches arising in infratemporal fossa

76
Q

Mumps

A

. Viral infection of the salivary glands
. Inflammation of parotid gland (parotitis) causes swelling that puts pressure on parotid fascia
. Causes pain
. Complications of mumps: inflammation of testis, ovaries, and/or breasts, brain, meningitis
. Permanent or temporary deafness

Anatomy (49 decks)

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