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Esthe > Skin Theory > Flashcards

Skin Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Skin as an organ in a constant state of regeneration and protection though what

A

Cell renewal
Immune responses
Biochemical reactions

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2
Q

Skin main use

A

Acts as a barrier to protect internal organs

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3
Q

Functions of skin (6)

A

Sensations
Heat regulation
Absorption
Protections (keeps external toxins + elements form penetrating)
Excretion
Secretion

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4
Q

Sensation description

A

Sense of touch controlled by a network of nerve endings and touch receptors; send signals to the nervous system and brain (somatosensory system)

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5
Q

4 sensation receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
Proprioceptors

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6
Q

Mechanoreceptors - responsible for and includes:

A

Responsible for sensations of pressure, vibrations, movement, and texture

Includes merkel cells, meissner’s corpuscle. Ruffini’s corpuscles, and pacinian corpuscles

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7
Q

Thermoreceptors - responsible for and includes:

A

Responsible for sensing hot and cold

Includes Krause end bulbs and nerve endings

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8
Q

Pain receptors - responsible for and includes:

A

Sensing pain

Nociceptors

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9
Q

Proprioceptors - responsible for

A

Sensing different parts of the body positioned in relation to each other and the environment

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10
Q

Thermoregulation description

A

Heating and cooling w/in the body; skin helps by sweating

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11
Q

Vasodilation description

A

When the body gets warm, blood vessels dilate, or widen, to allow heat to evaporate

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction description

A

When body is cold, blood vessels constrict, or narrow, to keep the heat near essential organs

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13
Q

Causing vasodilation with ____ or vasoconstriction with _____ , helps reduce ______ or increase _______

A

Heat
Cold
Redness
Microcirculation

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14
Q

Thermogenesis description

A

Shivering; Core temp drops, body sends signals for muscles to shake to expend energy

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15
Q

Essential substances enter the skin to be

A

Used within the cells or absorbed by the body

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16
Q

Transdermal penetration def

A

Process of absorption into the skin to

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17
Q

Primary ways products are absorbed

A

Appendages
Intercellular space
Transcellular diffusion

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18
Q

Appendages absorption description

A

If molecules of products are small enough, penetration of chemicals may happen

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19
Q

Intercellular space absorption description

A

Lipid-soluble products can use between corneocytes; molecular size and delivery system is important

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20
Q

Transcellular diffusion absorption description

A

Molecules move directly though corneocytes

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21
Q

Factors affecting skin absorption

A

Condition of stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin)
Hydration level
Oiliness of skin
Size of products molecules
Temp of skin
Concentration of substance
Occlusion (blockage or closing of an opening of blood vessels)
Chemical actions

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22
Q

Skin barrier consists of 2 layers

A

Acid mantle + stratum corneum

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23
Q

Acid mantle description

A

First line of defense in skin’s barrier; essential for proper immune responses and skin strength; helps protect from UV radiation; maintains healthy microflora + provides lubrication (sebum w/ natural moisturizers)

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24
Q

Healthy pH range

A

4.5 - 5.5

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25
Q

Stratum corneum description

A

Contains squamous cells (corneocytes); Cells no longer alive; no nucleus or organelles; generates NMF (sebum w/ natural moisturizers) for pH balance in acid mantle; mediates biochemical interactions between cells

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26
Q

How many cell layers thick is the stratum corneum

A

~15-20

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27
Q

Cell renewal begins at which layer within the epidermis

A

Basal layer

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28
Q

Cell renewal within the basal layer in the epidermis includes

A

Epithelial cells
Melanocyte cells
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Desmosomes

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29
Q

Epithelial cells description

A

Most abundant cells; many dif functions

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30
Q

Melanocyte cells description

A

Pigmented cells; produce melanin

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31
Q

Langerhans cells description

A

Immune system cell in the skin

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32
Q

Merkel cells description

A

Cells right below epidermis; plays role in touch

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33
Q

Desmosomes description

A

maintains mechanical integrity of tissues

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34
Q

Keratinocyte description

A

Most abundant cell; keratin in skin = soft keratin; keratin in hair + nails = hard keratin;

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35
Q

Cells are created by ______

A

Mitosis (cell division)

36
Q

Corneocytes def

A

“Dead cell”; helps the skin’s protective barrier; as corneocyte moves upward toward the stratum corneum, its held together w/ filaments (desmosomes)

37
Q

Keritinization def

A

Chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells (cell renewal)

38
Q

Length of keratinization process

A

~4-6 weeks

39
Q

Factors that affect cell renewal

A

Age
Smoking
Sun exposure
Hygiene
Environment
Use of exfoliants
Lifestyle
Sleep
Skin conditions (including psoriasis)
Health and medications

40
Q

Desquamation def

A

Shedding, peeling, or coming off in scales of the top layer of epidermis

41
Q

Desquamation description

A

Natural, gentle shedding process; dead skin cell buildup leads to a dull, dry skin appearance

42
Q

Exfoliation def

A

Removal of dead skin

43
Q

Exfoliation stimulates and helps

A

Stimulates new cell growth by removing outer layer of epidermis cells; helps unclog pores, aids in reducing breakouts, encourages cell renewal, + promotes optimum skin fitness + health

44
Q

2 types of exfoliation

A

Mechanical (physical) and chemical

45
Q

Keloids def

A

Scarring

46
Q

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) def

A

Excess production of melanin resulting in darker patches of skin color

47
Q

Four phases of wound healing w/ times

A

Hemostasis - day 1 immediate injury
Inflammation - day 1 to hours after injury
Proliferation - day 2 to 3 weeks
Maturation (remodeling) - 3rd week to 1 year

48
Q

Hemostasis description

A

Starts upon injury or hours after initial wound; blood clotting; superficial wounds do not have this phase

49
Q

Inflammation description

A

Inflammation Cascade starts with an hours; edema and erythema present

50
Q

Proliferation description

A

Starts 2 days after wound; can last up to 3 weeks
Epithelialization (cell renewal)
Collagen synthesis
Extra cellular matrix (ECM) reorganization

51
Q

Maturation (remodeling) description

A

Weeks to months
ECM remodeling continues
Wound becomes stronger
Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) may be present

52
Q

Two primary cells in epidermis

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells

53
Q

Melanocytes are responsible for

A

Color of skin, hair, and eyes

54
Q

Melanosomes def

A

Packets of color distributed to keratinocytes

55
Q

Tyrosinase def

A

Enzyme that triggers production of melanosomes

56
Q

MSH def

A

Melanin stimulating hormone

57
Q

Where are melanocytes located

A

In basal layer of epidermis

58
Q

What do Langerhans cells do

A

Recognize “invaders”; surround and capture them; invaders are destroyed and sent to lymphatic system

59
Q

Excretion function

A

Function = to expel waste products; help regulate temperature; detoxification

60
Q

Detoxification description

A

Removal of impurities, toxins, pollutants, and dead skin cells; involves natural process of perspiration, metabolism, and excretion by liver

61
Q

Two glands related to excretion process

A

Eccrine sweat gland
Apocrine sweat gland

62
Q

Eccrine gland description

A

Major sweat gland; secretes water and salt; helps with thermoregulation; stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

63
Q

Apocrine gland description

A

Inactive until stimulated by hormones (puberty); responsible for odor; stimulated by adrenaline; found in genitals, underarms, breasts, and eyelids

64
Q

Detoxing def

A

Deep cleanse of skin

65
Q

Topical products do or do not pull toxins out of the skin

A

Do not pull toxins out

66
Q

Secretion def

A

Substances products by the body that keeps it functioning

67
Q

Sebum def

A

Complex mixture of fatty substances secreted by sebaceous glands

68
Q

Normal skin type oil characteristics

A

Mild oil production throughout the face; well-hydrated and balanced

69
Q

Dry skin type oil characteristics

A

Minimal oil production; oil on nose or chin if at all

70
Q

Combination skin type oil characteristics

A

Oil production in center part of face

71
Q

Oily skin type oil characteristics

A

Widespread oil production throughout the face

72
Q

The body does not naturally produce which vitamin w/out sunlight exposure

A

The body does not naturally produce vitamin D without sunlight exposure

73
Q

Vitamin D production “steps”

A

UVB rays hit the skin, and a fatty acid (7-DHC) converts into D3 and enters circulation system. Then the liver enzymes process D3 into calcitriol, which is circulated by the kidneys

74
Q

Primary role of vitamin D

A

Control levels of calcium and phosphate

75
Q

Where is most 7-DHC located

A

Basal and spinosum layers of epidermis

76
Q

Over-the-counter meds like aspirin can contribute to what

A

Surface bruising if taken over a period

77
Q

Antidepressants (serotonin reuptake inhibitors - SSRIs) skin effects

A

Hives
Rashes
Itching
Bruising
Photosensitivity

78
Q

Thyroid medication skin effects

A

Improves thyroid symptoms: dry skin, sensitivity, + hair loss

79
Q

Hormone replacement therapy skin effects

A

Improves menopause: dry skin, improved discoloration, increased signs of aging

80
Q

Antibiotics skin effects

A

Photosensitivity

81
Q

Diabetes medication skin effects

A

Some types of skin itchiness + sensitivity

82
Q

High blood pressure medication skin effects

A

Rashes
Itchiness
Sensitivity

83
Q

Chemotherapy/radiation skin effects

A

Rashes
Itching
Bruising
Photosensitivity
Skin disorders

84
Q

Decongestants/ allergy medication skin effects

A

Dehydration
Increase TEWL

85
Q

NSAIDs/anti-inflammatory medication skin effects

A

Photosensitivity
Dehydration

86
Q

Narcotics/ pain medication skin effects

A

Dehydration
Sensitivity

Esthe (21 decks)

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