Building Blocks Of The Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy and physiology def
Fields of study that identify body structures and how they’re organized to work together in systems
Anatomy def
Study of the organs and systems of the body
Physiology def
Study of normal organ function and body systems
Gross anatomy def
Study of body structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Histology/microscopic anatomy def
The study of how tissues are structures and how they work; its a look at structures too small to be seen except through a microscope
Pathology def
The science of the causes and effects of diseases
Cells def
The basic units of living matter; composed of a protoplasm (a colorless gel-like substance containing water, salt,and nutrients)
Structures of a cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chromosomes
Nucleus description
Control center of cell activities
Connected to cell reproduction and metabolism
Contains DNA for human body’s genetic coding
DNA consists of how many chromosomes and carry what
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Carry genetic info to determine things from eye color to predisposition for certain diseases
Cytoplasm description
Production part of cell; most of cell activities take place here
Organelles store food for growth, as well as repair and restore the cell
Cell membrane description
Outer surface of cell
Double-layer, semi-permeable membrane
Maintains the shape of the cell
Mitochondria description
Organelles in the cytoplasm that take in nutrients, break them down and create energy molecules for the cell
ATP def
Adenosine triphosphate; energy molecules; role is to power all cellular activities
Ribosomes def
Found in the cytoplasm, they’re the protein builders of the cell
Chromosomes def
Thread-like structures inside the nucleus
Mitosis description
Cells grow and divide
Two new cells are produced that are identical
The process of cell growth and division is called
The cell cycle
Cell structures that move toward opposite ends of the cell during mitosis to help the cell split are called
Centrioles
Meiosis description
Cell division that doesn’t create cells identical to parent
One cell divides twice, creating four “daughter” cells with half the genetic information as the original
Produces male and female gametes - sperm and ovum
Metabolism def
Chemical process in which cells receives nutrients for growth and reproduction
Two phases of metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism def
Process of building up larger molecules form smaller ones
Body stores water, food, and oxygen for cell growth and repair
Catabolism def
Process of breaking down larger molecules or substances into smaller ones
Cells release energy necessary for body functions
4 primary types of tissues
Epithelial
Nerve
Connective
Muscle
Epithelial tissue def and example
Covers and protects body surface and organs
Skin, glands, heart lines, mucous membrane, respiratory, and digestive organs
Nerve tissue def and examples
Coordinates body functions
Carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
Neurons (cells) that make up nerves, brain, and spinal cord
connective tissue def and examples
Supports, protects, and holds the body together; gives contour to the body; allows for flexibility; collagen, elastin fibers, blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid are found
Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, adipose (fat) tissue, and fascia (tissue that separates muscles)
Muscle tissue def and examples
Contracts when stimulated to produce motion
Skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle
Primary organs + descriptions (11)
Skin - forms the external protective layer of the body
Bones - contain marrow + create red blood cells
Cardiac muscle - allows the heart to pump blood throughout the body
Veins and arteries - carry blood throughout the body
Spleen - filters old/non-functional red blood cells from the body
Brain - controls body functions and synthesizes information
Stomach and intestines - digest food and removes waste
Large intestine - forms waste and toxins into stool
Lungs - exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen to feel cells
Pancreas - helps regulate blood sugar
Ovaries - produce ova/eggs
Integumentary system function
Provides protection; regulates temperature, controls the sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Skeletal system function
Provides framework and shapes the body
Muscular system function
Allows for voluntary and involuntary movement of the body
Circulatory system function
Circulates blood, oxygen, hormones, toxins, and transports lymph thought out the body
Lymphatic system function
Collects waste products, including toxin, and transports lymph for excretion
Nervous system function
Sends and recieves body messages
Digestive system function
Converts nutrients to energy for the body
Excretory system function
Eliminates waste/toxins form the body
Respiratory system function
Provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to feed cells and tissues
Endocrine system function
Controls release of hormones that directly affect hair growth, skin conditions, and energy levels
Reproductive system function
Determines sex-specific characteristics and allows for procreation
