Skin | The Integumentary System Flashcards
adip/o
fat
lip/o
fat
steat/o
fat
albin/o
white
caus/o
burn, burning
cauter/o
heat, burn
derm/o, dermat/o
skin
diaphor/o
profuse sweating
hidr/o, idr/o
sweat, perspiration
erythem/o, erythemat/o
redness
ichthy/o
dry, scaly (fish-like)
anthrac/o
black
chlor/o
green
cirrh/o
tawny yellow
cyan/o
blue
eosin/o
rosy
erythr/o
red
jaund/o
yellow
leuk/o
white
lute/o
yellow
melan/o
dark, black, melanin
poli/o
gray
xanth/o
yellow
kerat/o
hard
myc/o
fungus
onych/o
nail
ungu/o
nail
phyt/o
plant
pil/o
hair, hair follicle
trich/o
hair
py/o
pus
rhytid/o
wrinkle
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous gland
oily secretion from sebaceous glands
sebum
squam/o
scale-like
xer/o
dry
samples of skin are examined for presence of microorganisms
bacterial analysis
scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or nail clippings are sent to a laboratory for culture and microscopic examination
fungal tests
use of subfreezing temperature achieved with liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue
cryosurgery
use of a sharp dermal curette to scrape away a skin lesion
curettage
tissue destroyed by burning with an electric spark
electrodesiccation
thin layers of malignant tissue are removed, and each slice is examined under a microscope to check for adequate extent of the resection
Mohs surgery
suspected malignant skin lesions are removed and examined microscopically by a pathologist
skin biopsy
substances are injected intradermally or applied to the skin, and results are observed
skin test
abbreviation: bx
biopsy
abbreviation: Derm.
dermatology
abbreviation: DLE
discoid lupus erythematosus
SLE
systemic lupus serythematosus
SC
subcutaneous
UV
ultraviolet
3 main functions of the integumentary system
- protection
- temperature regulation
- sensory perception
what makes up the integumentary system?
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sudoriferous glands (sweat)
- sebaceous glands (oil)
2 types of sudoriferous sweat glands
- apocrine glands
2. eccrine glands
sudoriferous gland associated with hair follicles in the armpit and genital areas that become active during puberty
apocrine glands
sudoriferous glands not associated with hair follicles and functions throughout lifetime
eccrine glands
t or f. eccrine glands are found all over the body, especially the forehead, upper lip, palms and soles.
true
glands that secrete sebum and are associated with hair follicles
sebaceous glands
what are hair and nails made of?
keratin
abbreviation: BSA
body surface area
horny layer of the skin
keratin
the integumentary system protects against these 4 things
- infection
- dehydration
- ultraviolet radiation
- injury
the outermost portion of the skin that consists of 4 to 5 layers (strata) of epithelial cells
epidermis
the deepest layer produces new cells
stratum basale or basal layer
as basal layer cells gradually rise toward the surface, they die and become filled with ____, a protein that thickens and toughens the skin.
keratin
the outermost (horny) layer of the epidermis that is composed of flat, dead, protective cells that are constantly being shed and replaced
the stratum corneum
some of the cells in the epidermis produce ____, a pigment that gives color to the skin and protects against sunlight
melanin
beneath the epidermis and composed of connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
dermis
T or F. the dermis supplies support and nourishment for the skin
t
T or F. the dermis supplies support and nourishment for the skin
t
beneath the dermis and is composed mainly of connective tissue and fat
subcutaneous tissue
sudoriferous (sweat) glands act mainly in ______ by releasing a watery fluid that evaporates to ___ the body
temperature regulation; cool
the sebaceous glands release an oily fluid, sebum, that _____ the hair and skin and prevents drying.
lubricates
hair develops within a sheath or _____ and grows from
its base within the deep layers of the skin
hair follicle
each nail develops from a growing region at its proximal end
proximal end
accessory organs in the integumentary system
hair, nails, glands, skin layers, dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous layer
common skin condition symptoms?
- cutaneous lesions/eruptions
- pruritis (itching)
- pain
- edema (swelling)
- erythema (redness)
- inflammation
flat, discolored spot that may be hypopigmented, hyperpigmented or red (erythematous and purpuric)
macule
plateau-like elevated lesion greater than 1/2 cm in diameter
plaque
a nodule filled with either liquid or semisolid material under the skin; deep
cyst
vesicle containing purulent or cloudy fluid; raised on skin
pustule
thickened areas of skin that is dry and whitish colored
scale
tunnel or streak caused by a burrowing organism
burrow
most common organism that burrows
scabies
small elevated lesion less than 1/2 cm in depth and diameter
papule
blisters containing clear fluid less than 0.5 cm in diameter
vesicles
blisters containing clear fluid greater than 0.5 cm in diameter
bulla(e)
marblelike lesion greater than 0.5 cm in depth and diameter
nodule
Liquid debris dried on the skin’s surface, resulting from ruptured vesicles, pustules, or bullae
crust
a thin tear
fissure
a lesion of acne
comedo
tear that involves the epidermis and dermis
ulcer
a wide but shallow fissure
erosion
inflammatory condition of the sebacious (oil) glands
seborrheic dermatitis
seborrheic dermatitis is called ____ in infants
cradle cap
cause of seborrheic dermatitis
idiopathic though heredity and emotional stress may be precipitating factors
seborrheic dermatitis treatment
low strength cortisone/hydrocortisone cream
acute inflammation response of the skin triggered by an exogenous chemical or substance
contact dermatitis
cause of contact dermatitis
many possible causes (poison plants, dyes, latex, preservatives, detergents, etc.)
treatment of contact dermatitis
cleansing the skin and corticosteroid creams; some cases may require oral steroids
chronic inflammation of the skin that tends to occur in patients with a family history of allergic conditions
eczema
cause: eczema
is idiopathic but there is an inherited tendency and an allergic connection is assumed
treatment: eczema
cortisone ointments and antibiotics if a secondary infection develops from scratching
severe itching followed by the appearance of redness and an area swelling in a localized area of skin
urticaria or hives
cause: urticaria
acute hypersensitivity and the release of histamine; can sometimes be idiopathic; other factors (sunlight, heat, cold, etc)
treatment: urticaria
remove the antigenic factor (if known) and manage with antihistamines and epinephrine for severe cases
chronic skin condition/systemic disease marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, covered with characteristic white, silvery scales
psoriasis
cause: psoriasis
unknown; seems to be genetically determined; may be autoimmune
treatment: psoriasis
UV light, steroid creams, coal tar preparations, retinoid creams, chemotherapy and drug treatment when serious
chronic inflammatory disorder of the facial skin, causing redness, primarily in the areas where individuals blush or flush
rosacea
cause: rosacea
unknown; possible correlation with the frequency of one’s blushing; may be inherited
treatment: rosacea
creams and lifestyle changes to avoid triggers that cause blushing
inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
acne vulgaris
cause: acne vulgaris
unknown; linked to hormonal changes in adoloscence
t or f. Food causes acne.
false
other precipitating factors that cause acne?
hormonal changes, heredity, dirt, bacteria
treatment: acne
topical and/or systemic antibiotics and tretinoin creams, and accutane (isotretinoin) can be prescribed in severe cases (with caution)
benign growths originating in the epidermis
seborrheic keratosis
clinically appear as tan-brown, greasy papules or plaques that look to be pasted onto the skin
seborrheic keratosis
cause: seborrheic keratosis
idiopathic
treatment: seborrheic keratosis
cryosurgery and curettage
benign, asymptomatic growths that can be found anywhere on the body
dermatofibroma
cause: dermatofibroma
fibrous reactions to viral infections, insect bites, and trauma
treatment: dermatofibroma
surgical excision if symptomatic
benign epithelial growth that appears as a smooth, red, dome-shaped papule with a central crust that usually appears singly, but may occur in multiple numbers
keratoacanthoma
cause: keratoacanthoma
virus
treatment: keratoacanthoma
surgical excision, topical adrenocorticosteroids, and/or oral isotretinoin and etretinate for multiple lesions
overgrowth of skin that occurs secondary to trauma or surgery
keloids and hypertrophic scars
cause: keloids and hypertrophic scars
trauma, surgery
treatment: keloids and hypertrophic scars
corticosteroid injections and possibly excision
develops when a sebaceous gland slowly fills with a thick fluid
epidermal sebaceous cyst
cause: epidermal sebaceous cyst
blockage, sometimes with infection, of a sebaceous gland
treatment: epidermal sebaceous cyst
surgical excision
common benign skin growths or tags
acrochordon (skin tag)
cause: acrochordon (skin tag)
friction
treatment: acrochordon (skin tag)
surgical excision or chemical removal (freezing/burning)
common premalignant lesions found on sun-exposed areas of the body
actinic keratosis
cause: actinic keratosis
long-term exposure to the ultraviolet portion of sunlight
treatment: actinic keratosis
topical tretinoin, possibly in combination with fluorouracil or desiccation and curettage
2 common non-melanoma skin cancers
BCC and SCC
abbreviation: basal cell carcinoma
BCC
abbreviation: squamous cell carcinoma
SCC
BCC vs SCC
SCC has hyperkeratosis
T or F. Non-melanoma skin cancers rarely metastasize.
t
cause: non-melanoma skin cancers
sun exposure, radiation treatment, immunosuppression, chronic exposure to arsenic
Actinic keratosis or chronically inflamed skin from scar tissue and burns (SCC), smoking
treatment: non-melanoma skin cancers
conventional or MOHS surgery, cryosurgery, electrodessication and curettage, drug therapy
ABCs of malignant melanoma
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving
rare, inherited condition in which the melanocytes are unable to produce melanin
albinism
cause: albinism
-
treatment: albinism
-
pale, irregular patches of skin, often evenly located on one side of the body
vitiligo
cause: vitiligo
possibly autoimmune; often follows a stressful incident
treatment: vitiligo
cosmetics to cover the affected skin area, non-prescription de-pigmenting creams for dark areas, UV light treatment for lightened areas
patches of dark skin that develop on the face, especially over the cheeks
melasma or chloasma
cause: melasma
hormonal changes in pregnancy or with oral contraceptive use in some women
treatment: melasma
-
benign lesions of proliferating blood vessels in the dermis that produce a red, blue, or purple colour
hemangioma
cause: hemangioma
-
treatment: hemangioma
-
small dark areas of skin composed of dense collections of melanocytes
moles or nevi
cause: moles
melanocytes that grow in a cluster instead of spreading throughout the skin
treatment: moles
-
fungal infection that causes patches of flaky, light, or dark skin to develop on the trunk
pityriasis
cause: pityriasis
-
treatment: pityriasis
antifungal medications (oral and/or creams)
unspecified adverse effect resulting from a drug, medicinal, or biologic substance that was properly administered
abnormal suntan
loss or absence of hair, especially on the scalp
alopecia
male pattern baldness
androgenetic alopecia
loss of hair in oval patches
alopecia areata
cause: alopecia
-
treatment: alopecia
Rogaine (minoxidil) and Propecia (finasteride)
inflammatory reaction of the hair follicle that produces erythemic, pustular lesions
folliculitis
cause: folliculitis
staphylococcus aureus
treatment: folliculitis
topical antiseptic cleanser (Betadine) and systemic antibiotics
common, localized hyperplastic areas of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis
corns and calluses
cause: corns and calluses
-
treatment: corns and calluses
-
corns vs calluses
corns: glassy core, smaller, more painful
calluses: larger and develop on pressure points
elevated growths of the epidermis that result from hyperplasia
verrucae or warts
cause: verrucae or warts
viruses
treatment: verrucae or warts
chemical treatment (burning or freezing), surgican excision, cryotherapy, electrodessication
nails with unusual thickening, shape, or color that deviates from normal
deformed or discolored nails
cause: deformed or discolored nails
-
treatment: deformed or discolored nails
-
infection of the skin around a nail
paronychia
cause: paronychia
bacterial/fungal infection
treatment: paronychia
antibiotics or antifungals
paronychia: a blister of pus beside the nail that forms if the nail fold is affected
whitlow
acute inflammatory dermatomal eruption of extremely painful vesicles
herpes zoster, shingles
cause: shingles
herpes varicella-zoster virus (VZV) or chickenpox in childhood
shingles: VZV lies dormat in the ______ and reactivates, often by stress event
dorsal root ganglia
treatment: shingles
acyclovir (Zovirax) antivial
T or F. There is now a vaccine for shingles prevention.
t
common, contagious, superficial skin infection typically on face: pus, yellow crusty sores
impetigo
impetigo that presents as a blister
bullous
impetigo that presents as a rash
non-bullous
cause: impetigo
streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus bacteria
treatment: impetigo
systemic pills/IV that goes through the whole body, topical antibiotics, proper cleaning, and prevention of spreading
large pus containing lesion that has been infected. The pus containing abscess involves the entire hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue
furuncle (boil)
unusually large furuncle or a group of furuncles connected by drainage canals; multiple drainage points
carbuncle
cause: furuncles and carbuncles
bacterial infection, usually staphylococcus aureus
treatment: furuncles and carbuncles
hot compresses, surgical I&D in some cases, Keflex (cephalexin) or dicloxacillin antibiotic treatments
acute, diffuse, bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that causes skin to look red and swollen underneath skin – typically no rash associated
cellulitis
cause: cellulitis
streptococcus or staph bacteria entering the skin surface via small cut or lesion
key diagnostic symptom for cellulitis
pitting edema - leaves indent from fingerprint
treatment: cellulitis
systemic antibiotics; may require IV drug therapy or hospitalization if severe
chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin
dermatophytoses (tinea)
cause: tinea
several species of fungi that can invade the skin or nails
treatment: tinea
topical and/or oral antifungal medications
type of tinea that affects the foot; also called athlete’s foot
tinea pedis
type of tinea that affects the nail
tinea unguium
type of tinea that affects anywhere on the body
tinea corporis
type of tinea that affects the scalp and can cause hair loss
tinea capitis
type of tinea that affects the crotch; also called jock itch
tinea cruris
localized area of dead skin that can affect the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer and in some cases affect muscle and bones
decubitus ulcers (pressure/bed sores)
cause: decubitus ulcers
impairment or lack of blood supply to the affected area of skin; constant pressure against surface of skin
treatment: decubitus ulcers
prevention easier than treatment; body position changes every 2 hours, special pads or mattresses to alleviate pressure on bony prominences
2 most common parasitic insects to infect humans
scabies and pediculosis (lice)
cause: scabies
sarcoptes scabiei itch mite
cause: head lice
pediculus humanus capitis
cause: body lice
pediculus humanus corporis
cause: public lice or crabs
Phthirus pubis
seborrheic dermatitis may be perpetuated or intensified by the yeastlike organism ____ which is normally found on the skin in small numbers
Pityrosporum
contact dermatitis can develop in 3 ways
- irritation
- sensitization
- photoallergy
diagnostic test for contact dermatitis
patch test
t or f. hives can develop in the pharyngeal mucosa, obstructing airway and causing asphyxiation
t
when swelling involves deeper tissues in urticaria
angioedema
