Kidneys | Nephrology and Genitourinary Flashcards
1
Q
cali/o, calic/o
A
calyx
2
Q
cyst/o
A
urinary bladder
3
Q
glomerul/o
A
glomerulus
4
Q
meat/o
A
meatus
5
Q
nephr/o
A
kidney
6
Q
pyel/o
A
renal pelvis
7
Q
ren/o
A
kidney
8
Q
trigon/o
A
trigone (region of the bladder)
9
Q
ureter/o
A
ureter
10
Q
urethr/o
A
urethra
11
Q
vesic/o
A
urinary bladder
12
Q
albumin/o
A
albumin
13
Q
azot/o
A
nitrogen
14
Q
bacteri/o
A
bacteria
15
Q
dips/o
A
thirsty
16
Q
kal/o
A
potassium
17
Q
ket/o, keton/o
A
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
18
Q
lith/o
A
stone
19
Q
natr/o
A
sodium
20
Q
noct/o
A
night
21
Q
olig/o
A
scanty
22
Q
-poietin
A
substance that forms
23
Q
py/o
A
pus
24
Q
-tripsy
A
crushing
25
ur/o
urine (urea)
26
urin/o
urine
27
-uria
urination; urine condition
28
Involuntary discharge of urine
enuresis
29
Frequent urination at night
nocturia
30
Examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions
urinalysis
31
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resisntance of the kidney to ADH
diabetes insipidus (DI)
32
Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
diabetes mellitus (DM)
33
Measurement of urea levels in blood
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
34
Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
creatinine clearance
35
X-ray images obtained using CT show multiple cross sectional and other views of the kidney
CT urography
36
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters and bladder
kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB)
37
X-ray examination with contrast of the blood vessels of the kidney
renal angiography
38
X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
39
X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
voiding cystouretrhogram (VCUG)
40
Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
ultrasonography
41
Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream
radioisotope scan
42
Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
MRI urography
43
Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
cystoscopy
44
Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood
dialysis
45
Uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient's bloodstream and returns dialyzed blood to the patient's body
hemodialysis (HD)
46
Uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal cavity
peritoneal dialysis (PD)
47
Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
renal angioplasty
48
Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
renal biopsy
49
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
renal transplantation
50
Passage of a flexible, tubular intrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder
urinary catheterization
51
urinary tract stones are crushed
lithotripsy
52
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
53
What are the functions of the urinary system?
1. removes waste from the bloodstream and excretes through urine2. regulates pH of body fluids3. regulates fluid and electrolyte balance4. stimulates the production of RBCs5. Controls blood pressure
54
Name the organs of the urinary system.
bladderkidneysurethraureters
55
Kidneys are protected by the ___, ___, and ___
abdomen, back muscles, and fat
56
Kidneys are surrounded by what 3 layers of tissue?
1. fibrous capsule (inner layer)2. perirenal fat capsule (middle layer)3. renal fascia (outer layer)
57
What are the 3 regions of the kidneys?
1. renal pelvis (inner region)2. renal medulla (middle region)- renal pyramids (triangular sections3. renal cortex
58
What does the following process describe: urine drains from the tip of renal pyramids > down to minor calices > major calices > renal pelvis > ureter
Pathway of urine
59
There are about _____ nephrons in each kidney
1 million
60
Name the parts of a nephron.
1. glomerular (Bowman) capsure2. renal tubule
61
Name the three sections of a renal tubule.
1. proximal (convoluted) tubule2. loop of Henle3. distal (convoluted) tubule
62
What processes are involved in urine formation?
1. glomerular filtration2. tubular reabsorption
63
Urination can also be called ____ or ____
micturition or voiding
64
There are ____ receptors in the bladder wall that triggers the reflex for urinating
stretch receptors
65
The ____ sphincter in the bladder works involuntarily while the ____ sphincter works voluntarily (how we hold urine in)
internal and external
66
What other systems work with the urinary system?
circulatory system and endocrine system (see Google drive notes)
67
The urinary system consists of which 6 organs?
two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
68
The urinary system ____ and ____ urine, which contains metabolic waste products.
forms and eliminates
69
What are the organs of excretion?
Kidneys
70
What are the other functions of kidneys?
1. regulates body fluida. compositionb. volumec. pH2. maintains the state of internal balance known as homeostasis
71
Which two substances does the kidney produce?
erythropoietin (EPO) and renin
72
What system do erythropoietin and renin act on?
circulatory system
73
Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
erythropoietin (EPO)
74
Enzyme that functionsto raise blood pressure and activates angiotensin in the blood
renin
75
Renin activates a blood component called ____ which causes constriction of the blood vessels.
angiotensin
76
ACE inhibitors
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
77
Lower blood pressure by interfering with the production of angiotensin
ACE inhibitors
78
The kidneys are located behind the ____ in the ____ region.
peritoneum in the lumbar region
79
An ____ rests on top of each kidney.
adrenal gland
80
Each kidney is encased in a capsule of _____ overlaid with fat.
fibrous connective tissue
81
An outermost layer of ____ tissue supports the kidney and anchors it to the body wall
connective
82
The outer region of the kidney
renal cortex
83
The inner region of the kidney; contains portions of thenephrons and tubules that transport urine toward the renalpelvis
renal medulla
84
The medulla is divided into triangular sections each called a _____
pyramid
85
The pyramids have a lined appearance because they're made up of the loops and collecting tubules of the ___
nephrons
86
The functional units of the kidney
nephrons
87
Each collecting tubule empties into a urine-collecting area called a _____
calyx
88
Smaller minor calyces merge to form a _____
major calyx
89
The major calyces unite to form the _____
renal pelvis
90
The upper funnel shaped portion of the ureter that receives urine fromthe kidney
renal pelvis
91
Microscopic structures; a single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes
nephrons
92
Cup-shaped capsule at the beginning of the nephron's tubule
Bowman (glomerular) capsule
93
Part of the blood-filtering device of the nephron
Bowman (glomerular) capsule
94
After the bowman capsule, the tubule folds into the ___
proximal convoluted tubule
95
The proximal convoluted tubule straightens out to form the ____
loop of Henle
96
The loop of Henle coils again into the _____
distal convoluted tubule
97
The distal convoluted tubule finally straightens out to form a _____
collecting tubule
98
Blood enters the kidney through a ____
renal artery
99
A short branch of the abdominal aorta
renal artery
100
The renal artery subdivides into smaller vessels as it branches throughout the kidney tissue until blood is brought into the ____
Bowman's capsule (glomerular)
101
A cluster of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule
glomerulus
102
Blood leaves the kidney by a series of vessels that finally merge to form the _____
renal vein
103
The renal vein empties into the ______
inferior vena cava
104
____ forces materials through the glomerular wall and through the wall of the glomerular capsule
blood pressure
105
The fluid that enters the nephron
glomerular filtrate
106
Glomerular filtrate consists of ____, _____, _____, ____, and ____
water, electrolytes, soluble waste, nutrients and toxins
107
The main waste material
urea
108
Urea is the _____-containing byproduct of ______
nitrogen, protein metabolism
109
The filtrate shouldn't contain any cells or proteins such as ____.
albumin
110
T or F. Waste material and toxins must be eliminated, but most of the water, electrolytes and nutrients must be returned to the blood or we would rapidly starve/dehydrate
True
111
The return process that occurs through the peritubular capillaries surrounding the nephron
tubular reabsorption
112
The concentration of the filtrate is adjusted under the effects of the pituitary hormone _______
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
113
The filtrate is now called ____ when it flows into the collecting tubules to be eliminated
urine
114
Urine is drained from the ____ and carried by the ____ to the _____
renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder
115
Urine is stored in the bladder until fullness stimulates a ____ contraction of the ____ muscle
reflex, bladder
116
Urine is expulsed through this
urethra
117
T or F. Female urethra is shorter than than males'
True
118
The female urethra carries only urine while the male urethra carries both ____ and ____
urine and semen
119
The voiding of urine is regulated by two sphincters made up of ____ muscles that surround the urethra
circular
120
What are the two sphincters involved in regulating micturition?
the upper and lower sphincter
121
The ___ sphincter just below the bladder functions involuntarily
upper
122
The ___ sphincter is under conscious control
lower
123
A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes reabsorptionof water in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
124
A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys
angiotensin
125
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
EPO
126
The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out ofthe blood
glomerular capsule
127
The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron at the Bowman capsule
glomerular filtrate
128
The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule
glomerulus
129
Filter the blood and form urine, which contains the waste products ofmetabolism and other substances as needed to regulate the waterand electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids
kidney
130
ren/o
kidney
131
nephr/o
kidney
132
glomerul/o
glomerulus
133
pyel/o
renal pelvis
134
cali-, calic-
calyx
135
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
136
urin/o
urine
137
ureter/o
ureter
138
cyst/o
urinary bladder
139
vesic/o
urinary bladder
140
urethr/o
urethra
141
Organisms that infect the urinary tract generally enter through the ___ and ascend toward the bladder
urethra
142
ARF
acute renal failure
143
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
144
The movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane
dialysis
145
dialysis where blood is cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid that draws out unwanted substances
hemodialysis
146
dialysis where fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity which is withdrawn along with waste products
peritoneal dialysis
147
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
148
CCPD
continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
149
Most urinary stones are formed from ____
calcium salts
150
hydronephrosis
collection of urine in the renal pelvis
151
UA
urinalysis
152
instrument for examining the inside of the urinary bladder
cystocope
153
IVP
intravenous pyelography
154
IVU
intravenous urography
155
Weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water
specific gravity
156
Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
aldosterone
157
Creatinine is the _____-containing byproduct of ______
nitrogen, muscle
158
diuresis
increased excretion of urine
159
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
160
The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys
GFR
161
The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transportedacross the renal tubule; tubular maximum
maximal transport capacity
162
Tm
maximal transport capacity
163
The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney
renal corpuscle
164
A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of thetwo ureters and the urethra
trigone
165
anuresis vs anuria
anuresis = lack of urination, anuria = lack of urine formation
166
A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormoneresulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extremethirst
diabetes insipidus
167
enuresis
involuntary urination
168
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
169
Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea
BUN
170
A substance that increases the excretion of urine
diuretic
171
instrument for crushing a bladder stone
lithotrite
172
CMG
cystometrography
173
CRF
chronic renal failure
174
ESRD
end stage renal disease
175
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
176
GU
genitourinary
177
KUB
kidney-ureter-bladder
178
PEP
protein electrophoresis
179
UTI
urinary tract infection
180
Steps in the removal urine
urine drained from the renal pelvis > ureter > into urinary bladder > fullness > reflex contraction of the bladder muscle > expulsion through urethra
181
Steps in urine formation
blood pressure pushes materials through the glomerular wall > wall of glomerular capsule > glomerular filtrate and urea > nephrons > peritubular capillaries > filtrate adjusted > urine
182
Steps in blood supply in and out of kidney
blood enters kidney through renal artery > vessel subdivides into smaller vessels within kidney tissue > glomerular capsule > glomerulus > vessels that merge to form the renal vein > inferior vena cava
183
t or f. acute glomerulonephritis is both a primary or secondary disorder
t
184
most common form of acute glomerulonephritis
secondary
185
acute glomerulonephritis usually follows this type of infection
group B streptococcal infection
186
result of chronic glomerulonephritis is the progressive destruction of the glomeruli and eventually ____
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
187
crystals of urea on the skin that result from the body trying to excrete urea through the sweat glands
uremic frost
188
arteriovenous fistula access
*
189
types of peritoneal dialysis
*
190
uses gravity to aid dialysate solution in filtering process, thereby draining waste into a bag worn around waist
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
191
uses a machine that continuously cycles the dialysate and extracts the waste
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
192
typically performed at night while patient sleeps
ccpd
193
75% of kidney transplants are performed on patients with these 3 things
1. diabetic renal failure2. hypertensive renal disease3. glomerulonephritis
194
part of glomerulus affected by nephrotic syndrome
basement membrane
195
nephrotic syndrome can follow these 4 hings
1. glomerulonephritis2. exposure to certain toxins or drugs3. pregnancy4. kidney transplant
196
3 main causes of acute renal failure
1. diminished blood flow to the kidney2. intrarenal damage or disease3. mechanical obstruction of urine flow
197
CRF results from the gradual and progressive loss of this kidney component
nephrons
198
CRF is reversible
f
199
2 dietary substances that should be restricted in patients with CRF
1. protein2. sodium
200
areas of kidney inflamed in pyelonephritis
renal pelvis and connective tissues
201
normal cause of pyelonephritis
infection ascending from the lower urinary tract
202
other 2 common causes of pyelonephritis
1. pregnancy2. renal calculi
203
part of the kidney dilated in hydronephrosis
renal pelvis
204
cause of hydronephrosis: obstruction of urine flow due to these 4 factors
1. renal calculi2. tumors3. inflammation4. pregnancy
205
excessive amounts of 2 substances in the blood leading to the formation of renal calculi
1. calcium2. uric acid
206
large stone formed in the shape of the renal pelvis
staghorn calculus
207
cystitis and urethritis are common forms of this type of infection
lower utis
208
name for the diabetes-associated renal changes that comprise diabetic nephropathy
glomerulosclerosis
209
diabetic nepehropathy can be expected with this type of diabetes
type 1
210
normal renal tissue is replaced with this type of tissue in polycystic kidney disease
multiple grapelike cysts (causes gross enlargement of the kidney
211
form appears during infancy or childhood
autosomal recessive
212
form appears during middle age
autosomal dominant
213
acquired form of polycystic kidney disease is
long term kidney disease or dialysis
214
cause of neurogenic bladder
insult to brain, spinal cord, or nerves supplying the lower urinary tract
215
uncontrollable leakage of urine from the bladder during activities
stress incontinence
216
types of activities that can cause stress incontinence
physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscle (laughing, sneezing, coughing, lifting, stretching, running)
217
causes of stress incontinence
weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral stricture from childbirth, pregnancy and menopause, obesity and certain medicatons
218
Inflammation and swelling of the glomeruli of the kidneys
acute glomerulonephritis
219
t or f. acute glomerulonephritis can be primary or secondary to a systemic disease
t
220
acute glomerulonephritis usually follows a ____ of throat or skin
streptococcal bacterial infection
221
acute glomerulonephritis is marked by these 3 things
1. proteinuria2. edema4. decreased urine volume
222
acute glomerulonephritis is caused by group A and B ____
hemolytic streptococcus.
223
acute glomerulonephritis can also result from an immune reaction that causes circulating ____ to be trapped within the ____
antigen-antibody complexes; capillaries and glomerulus
224
3 tests for acute glomerulonephritis that reveal bilateral enlargement of the kidneys
1. high blood urea nitrogen levels2. elevated ESR3. kidney ureter bladder (KUB)
225
Slowly progressive noninfectious disease that can lead to irreversible renal damage and renal failure.
chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
226
advanced stage of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) results in inflammation followed by the progressive destruction of ____
glomeruli
227
in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), ____ lodged in the ____ trigger an inflammatory response and glomerular injury
antigen antibody complexes; glomerular capsular membrane
228
treatment for chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) aims to prevent these 2 conditions
1. CHF2. uremia
229
Disease of the basement membrane of the glomerulus
nephrotic syndrome
230
another term for nephrotic syndrome
nephrosis
231
Nephrotic syndrome is also sometimes referred to as ____
protein losing kidney
232
nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased ____ of the glomerulus meaning renal damage
permeability
233
3 conditions that can lead to nephrosis
1. DM2. infections3. allergic reactions
234
in nephrosis, dietary intake of protein is adjusted to ___
GFR
235
sudden severe function in renal function
acute renal failure (ARF)
236
acute renal failure (ARF) is a common clinical emergency because ____ begin to accumulate in blood causing an acute ____
nitrogenous waste; uremic episode
237
acute renal failure (ARF) is caused by diminished ____ to the kidney and ____ to urine flow
blood flow; mechanical obstructions
238
treatment of ARF aims to reduce _____ damage
permanent kidney
239
gradual progressive loss of nephrons with irreversible loss of renal function and gradual onset uremia
chronic renal failure (CRF)
240
3 conditions that cause chronic renal failure (CRF)
1. glomerulonephritis2. pyelonephritis3. polycystic kidneys
241
chronic renal failure (CRF) is often the end stage of chronic ____
renal disease; obstruction of urine flow
242
condition that can occur with chronic renal failure (CRF)
severe anemia
243
inflammation of renal pelvis and connective tissue of one or both kidneys
pyelonephritis
244
pyelonephritis is caused by this bacteria that ascend from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys
e.coli
245
drug to treat pyelonephritis
penicillin flouroquinolones
246
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that can't flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
hydronephrosis
247
pyelonephritis is caused by a buildup of pressure in the kidneys because of an ____
obstruction
248
surgical removal of the obstruction to treat hydronephrosis; when surgery isn't an option, a ____ may be inserted
nephrostomy tube
249
medical term for kidney stones
renal calculi
250
renal calculi is caused by an excessive amount of ___ or ___
calcium; uric acid
251
4 risk factors for renal calculi
1. prolonged dehydration2. prolonged immobilization3. urinary stasis from obstruction4. crystalline inhibitors
252
2 main treatments for renal calculi
1. extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy2. electrohydraulic lithotripsy
253
Inflammation of the urinary bladder and urethritis, inflammation of the urethra most common form of lower UTI
infectious cystitis and urethritis
254
4 causes of infectious cystitis and urethritis
1. e. coli2. klebsiella3. enterobacter4. proteus pseudomonas
255
renal changes from diabetes mellitus
diabetic nephropathy
256
term for the changes from DM
glomerulosclerosis
257
diabetic nephropathy occurs when lesions of the glomeruli eventually cause ____ to decrease
filtration rate
258
diabetic nephropathy may also be caused by insufficient control of ____ and ____
blood glucose levels; blood pressure
259
grape-like cyst replaces normal renal tissue
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
260
t or f. polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is inherited but may not manifest until adolescence/adulthood
t
261
acquired polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a sequela of ____ and/or _____
long term kidney disease; long term dialysis
262
recessive polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____
infants and children
263
dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____
middle aged individuals
264
2 treatment options for polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
1. dialysis2. kidney transplant
265
in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), there may be surgical removal of kidneys because of these 3 factors
1. pain2. stones3. persistent infection
266
dysfunction of the urinary bladder that consists of difficulty in emptying the bladder or urinary incontinence
neurogenic bladder
267
neurogenic bladder results in insult to these 3 areas
1. brain2. spinal cord3. other nerves supplying the lower urinary tract
268
treatment for neurogenic bladder aims to prevent ___
UTIs
269
neurogenic bladder is also treated by providing a means of storing urine and emptying the bladder
catheterization
270
uncontrolled leakage of urine from the urinary bladder during physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscles (laughing, sneezing, coughing, etc)
stress incontinence
271
stress incontinence is caused by weakening of these 2 areas
1. pelvic floor muscles2. urethral structure
272
3 treatments for stress incontinence
1. kegel exercises2. endoscopy3. voiding cystourethrogram
