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* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 > Kidneys | Nephrology and Genitourinary > Flashcards

Kidneys | Nephrology and Genitourinary Flashcards

1
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx

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2
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

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3
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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4
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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5
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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6
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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7
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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8
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone (region of the bladder)

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9
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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10
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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11
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

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12
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin

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13
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen

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14
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria

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15
Q

dips/o

A

thirsty

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16
Q

kal/o

A

potassium

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17
Q

ket/o, keton/o

A

ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

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18
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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19
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

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20
Q

noct/o

A

night

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21
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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22
Q

-poietin

A

substance that forms

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23
Q

py/o

A

pus

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24
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

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25
Q

ur/o

A

urine (urea)

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26
Q

urin/o

A

urine

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27
Q

-uria

A

urination; urine condition

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28
Q

Involuntary discharge of urine

A

enuresis

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29
Q

Frequent urination at night

A

nocturia

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30
Q

Examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions

A

urinalysis

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31
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resisntance of the kidney to ADH

A

diabetes insipidus (DI)

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32
Q

Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

A

diabetes mellitus (DM)

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33
Q

Measurement of urea levels in blood

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

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34
Q

Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

A

creatinine clearance

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35
Q

X-ray images obtained using CT show multiple cross sectional and other views of the kidney

A

CT urography

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36
Q

X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters and bladder

A

kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB)

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37
Q

X-ray examination with contrast of the blood vessels of the kidney

A

renal angiography

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38
Q

X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder

A

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

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39
Q

X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

A

voiding cystouretrhogram (VCUG)

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40
Q

Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

A

ultrasonography

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41
Q

Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream

A

radioisotope scan

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42
Q

Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

A

MRI urography

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43
Q

Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)

A

cystoscopy

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44
Q

Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood

A

dialysis

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45
Q

Uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient’s bloodstream and returns dialyzed blood to the patient’s body

A

hemodialysis (HD)

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46
Q

Uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal cavity

A

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

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47
Q

Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

A

renal angioplasty

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48
Q

Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

A

renal biopsy

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49
Q

Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

A

renal transplantation

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50
Q

Passage of a flexible, tubular intrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder

A

urinary catheterization

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51
Q

urinary tract stones are crushed

A

lithotripsy

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52
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

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53
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. removes waste from the bloodstream and excretes through urine2. regulates pH of body fluids3. regulates fluid and electrolyte balance4. stimulates the production of RBCs5. Controls blood pressure
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54
Q

Name the organs of the urinary system.

A

bladderkidneysurethraureters

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55
Q

Kidneys are protected by the ___, ___, and ___

A

abdomen, back muscles, and fat

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56
Q

Kidneys are surrounded by what 3 layers of tissue?

A
  1. fibrous capsule (inner layer)2. perirenal fat capsule (middle layer)3. renal fascia (outer layer)
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57
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidneys?

A
  1. renal pelvis (inner region)2. renal medulla (middle region)- renal pyramids (triangular sections3. renal cortex
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58
Q

What does the following process describe: urine drains from the tip of renal pyramids > down to minor calices > major calices > renal pelvis > ureter

A

Pathway of urine

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59
Q

There are about _____ nephrons in each kidney

A

1 million

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60
Q

Name the parts of a nephron.

A
  1. glomerular (Bowman) capsure2. renal tubule
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61
Q

Name the three sections of a renal tubule.

A
  1. proximal (convoluted) tubule2. loop of Henle3. distal (convoluted) tubule
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62
Q

What processes are involved in urine formation?

A
  1. glomerular filtration2. tubular reabsorption
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63
Q

Urination can also be called ____ or ____

A

micturition or voiding

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64
Q

There are ____ receptors in the bladder wall that triggers the reflex for urinating

A

stretch receptors

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65
Q

The ____ sphincter in the bladder works involuntarily while the ____ sphincter works voluntarily (how we hold urine in)

A

internal and external

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66
Q

What other systems work with the urinary system?

A

circulatory system and endocrine system (see Google drive notes)

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67
Q

The urinary system consists of which 6 organs?

A

two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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68
Q

The urinary system ____ and ____ urine, which contains metabolic waste products.

A

forms and eliminates

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69
Q

What are the organs of excretion?

A

Kidneys

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70
Q

What are the other functions of kidneys?

A
  1. regulates body fluida. compositionb. volumec. pH2. maintains the state of internal balance known as homeostasis
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71
Q

Which two substances does the kidney produce?

A

erythropoietin (EPO) and renin

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72
Q

What system do erythropoietin and renin act on?

A

circulatory system

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73
Q

Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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74
Q

Enzyme that functionsto raise blood pressure and activates angiotensin in the blood

A

renin

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75
Q

Renin activates a blood component called ____ which causes constriction of the blood vessels.

A

angiotensin

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76
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

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77
Q

Lower blood pressure by interfering with the production of angiotensin

A

ACE inhibitors

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78
Q

The kidneys are located behind the ____ in the ____ region.

A

peritoneum in the lumbar region

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79
Q

An ____ rests on top of each kidney.

A

adrenal gland

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80
Q

Each kidney is encased in a capsule of _____ overlaid with fat.

A

fibrous connective tissue

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81
Q

An outermost layer of ____ tissue supports the kidney and anchors it to the body wall

A

connective

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82
Q

The outer region of the kidney

A

renal cortex

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83
Q

The inner region of the kidney; contains portions of thenephrons and tubules that transport urine toward the renalpelvis

A

renal medulla

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84
Q

The medulla is divided into triangular sections each called a _____

A

pyramid

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85
Q

The pyramids have a lined appearance because they’re made up of the loops and collecting tubules of the ___

A

nephrons

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86
Q

The functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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87
Q

Each collecting tubule empties into a urine-collecting area called a _____

A

calyx

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88
Q

Smaller minor calyces merge to form a _____

A

major calyx

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89
Q

The major calyces unite to form the _____

A

renal pelvis

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90
Q

The upper funnel shaped portion of the ureter that receives urine fromthe kidney

A

renal pelvis

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91
Q

Microscopic structures; a single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes

A

nephrons

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92
Q

Cup-shaped capsule at the beginning of the nephron’s tubule

A

Bowman (glomerular) capsule

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93
Q

Part of the blood-filtering device of the nephron

A

Bowman (glomerular) capsule

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94
Q

After the bowman capsule, the tubule folds into the ___

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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95
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule straightens out to form the ____

A

loop of Henle

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96
Q

The loop of Henle coils again into the _____

A

distal convoluted tubule

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97
Q

The distal convoluted tubule finally straightens out to form a _____

A

collecting tubule

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98
Q

Blood enters the kidney through a ____

A

renal artery

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99
Q

A short branch of the abdominal aorta

A

renal artery

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100
Q

The renal artery subdivides into smaller vessels as it branches throughout the kidney tissue until blood is brought into the ____

A

Bowman’s capsule (glomerular)

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101
Q

A cluster of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule

A

glomerulus

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102
Q

Blood leaves the kidney by a series of vessels that finally merge to form the _____

A

renal vein

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103
Q

The renal vein empties into the ______

A

inferior vena cava

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104
Q

____ forces materials through the glomerular wall and through the wall of the glomerular capsule

A

blood pressure

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105
Q

The fluid that enters the nephron

A

glomerular filtrate

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106
Q

Glomerular filtrate consists of ____, _____, _____, ____, and ____

A

water, electrolytes, soluble waste, nutrients and toxins

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107
Q

The main waste material

A

urea

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108
Q

Urea is the _____-containing byproduct of ______

A

nitrogen, protein metabolism

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109
Q

The filtrate shouldn’t contain any cells or proteins such as ____.

A

albumin

110
Q

T or F. Waste material and toxins must be eliminated, but most of the water, electrolytes and nutrients must be returned to the blood or we would rapidly starve/dehydrate

A

True

111
Q

The return process that occurs through the peritubular capillaries surrounding the nephron

A

tubular reabsorption

112
Q

The concentration of the filtrate is adjusted under the effects of the pituitary hormone _______

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

113
Q

The filtrate is now called ____ when it flows into the collecting tubules to be eliminated

A

urine

114
Q

Urine is drained from the ____ and carried by the ____ to the _____

A

renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder

115
Q

Urine is stored in the bladder until fullness stimulates a ____ contraction of the ____ muscle

A

reflex, bladder

116
Q

Urine is expulsed through this

A

urethra

117
Q

T or F. Female urethra is shorter than than males’

A

True

118
Q

The female urethra carries only urine while the male urethra carries both ____ and ____

A

urine and semen

119
Q

The voiding of urine is regulated by two sphincters made up of ____ muscles that surround the urethra

A

circular

120
Q

What are the two sphincters involved in regulating micturition?

A

the upper and lower sphincter

121
Q

The ___ sphincter just below the bladder functions involuntarily

A

upper

122
Q

The ___ sphincter is under conscious control

A

lower

123
Q

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes reabsorptionof water in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

124
Q

A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys

A

angiotensin

125
Q

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

A

EPO

126
Q

The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out ofthe blood

A

glomerular capsule

127
Q

The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron at the Bowman capsule

A

glomerular filtrate

128
Q

The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule

A

glomerulus

129
Q

Filter the blood and form urine, which contains the waste products ofmetabolism and other substances as needed to regulate the waterand electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids

A

kidney

130
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

131
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

132
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

133
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

134
Q

cali-, calic-

A

calyx

135
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

136
Q

urin/o

A

urine

137
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

138
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

139
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

140
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

141
Q

Organisms that infect the urinary tract generally enter through the ___ and ascend toward the bladder

A

urethra

142
Q

ARF

A

acute renal failure

143
Q

ATN

A

acute tubular necrosis

144
Q

The movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane

A

dialysis

145
Q

dialysis where blood is cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid that draws out unwanted substances

A

hemodialysis

146
Q

dialysis where fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity which is withdrawn along with waste products

A

peritoneal dialysis

147
Q

CAPD

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

148
Q

CCPD

A

continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis

149
Q

Most urinary stones are formed from ____

A

calcium salts

150
Q

hydronephrosis

A

collection of urine in the renal pelvis

151
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

152
Q

instrument for examining the inside of the urinary bladder

A

cystocope

153
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelography

154
Q

IVU

A

intravenous urography

155
Q

Weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water

A

specific gravity

156
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

A

aldosterone

157
Q

Creatinine is the _____-containing byproduct of ______

A

nitrogen, muscle

158
Q

diuresis

A

increased excretion of urine

159
Q

GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

160
Q

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys

A

GFR

161
Q

The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transportedacross the renal tubule; tubular maximum

A

maximal transport capacity

162
Q

Tm

A

maximal transport capacity

163
Q

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney

A

renal corpuscle

164
Q

A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of thetwo ureters and the urethra

A

trigone

165
Q

anuresis vs anuria

A

anuresis = lack of urination, anuria = lack of urine formation

166
Q

A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormoneresulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extremethirst

A

diabetes insipidus

167
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary urination

168
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

169
Q

Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea

A

BUN

170
Q

A substance that increases the excretion of urine

A

diuretic

171
Q

instrument for crushing a bladder stone

A

lithotrite

172
Q

CMG

A

cystometrography

173
Q

CRF

A

chronic renal failure

174
Q

ESRD

A

end stage renal disease

175
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

176
Q

GU

A

genitourinary

177
Q

KUB

A

kidney-ureter-bladder

178
Q

PEP

A

protein electrophoresis

179
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

180
Q

Steps in the removal urine

A

urine drained from the renal pelvis > ureter > into urinary bladder > fullness > reflex contraction of the bladder muscle > expulsion through urethra

181
Q

Steps in urine formation

A

blood pressure pushes materials through the glomerular wall > wall of glomerular capsule > glomerular filtrate and urea > nephrons > peritubular capillaries > filtrate adjusted > urine

182
Q

Steps in blood supply in and out of kidney

A

blood enters kidney through renal artery > vessel subdivides into smaller vessels within kidney tissue > glomerular capsule > glomerulus > vessels that merge to form the renal vein > inferior vena cava

183
Q

t or f. acute glomerulonephritis is both a primary or secondary disorder

A

t

184
Q

most common form of acute glomerulonephritis

A

secondary

185
Q

acute glomerulonephritis usually follows this type of infection

A

group B streptococcal infection

186
Q

result of chronic glomerulonephritis is the progressive destruction of the glomeruli and eventually ____

A

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

187
Q

crystals of urea on the skin that result from the body trying to excrete urea through the sweat glands

A

uremic frost

188
Q

arteriovenous fistula access

A

*

189
Q

types of peritoneal dialysis

A

*

190
Q

uses gravity to aid dialysate solution in filtering process, thereby draining waste into a bag worn around waist

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

191
Q

uses a machine that continuously cycles the dialysate and extracts the waste

A

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)

192
Q

typically performed at night while patient sleeps

A

ccpd

193
Q

75% of kidney transplants are performed on patients with these 3 things

A
  1. diabetic renal failure2. hypertensive renal disease3. glomerulonephritis
194
Q

part of glomerulus affected by nephrotic syndrome

A

basement membrane

195
Q

nephrotic syndrome can follow these 4 hings

A
  1. glomerulonephritis2. exposure to certain toxins or drugs3. pregnancy4. kidney transplant
196
Q

3 main causes of acute renal failure

A
  1. diminished blood flow to the kidney2. intrarenal damage or disease3. mechanical obstruction of urine flow
197
Q

CRF results from the gradual and progressive loss of this kidney component

A

nephrons

198
Q

CRF is reversible

A

f

199
Q

2 dietary substances that should be restricted in patients with CRF

A
  1. protein2. sodium
200
Q

areas of kidney inflamed in pyelonephritis

A

renal pelvis and connective tissues

201
Q

normal cause of pyelonephritis

A

infection ascending from the lower urinary tract

202
Q

other 2 common causes of pyelonephritis

A
  1. pregnancy2. renal calculi
203
Q

part of the kidney dilated in hydronephrosis

A

renal pelvis

204
Q

cause of hydronephrosis: obstruction of urine flow due to these 4 factors

A
  1. renal calculi2. tumors3. inflammation4. pregnancy
205
Q

excessive amounts of 2 substances in the blood leading to the formation of renal calculi

A
  1. calcium2. uric acid
206
Q

large stone formed in the shape of the renal pelvis

A

staghorn calculus

207
Q

cystitis and urethritis are common forms of this type of infection

A

lower utis

208
Q

name for the diabetes-associated renal changes that comprise diabetic nephropathy

A

glomerulosclerosis

209
Q

diabetic nepehropathy can be expected with this type of diabetes

A

type 1

210
Q

normal renal tissue is replaced with this type of tissue in polycystic kidney disease

A

multiple grapelike cysts (causes gross enlargement of the kidney

211
Q

form appears during infancy or childhood

A

autosomal recessive

212
Q

form appears during middle age

A

autosomal dominant

213
Q

acquired form of polycystic kidney disease is

A

long term kidney disease or dialysis

214
Q

cause of neurogenic bladder

A

insult to brain, spinal cord, or nerves supplying the lower urinary tract

215
Q

uncontrollable leakage of urine from the bladder during activities

A

stress incontinence

216
Q

types of activities that can cause stress incontinence

A

physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscle (laughing, sneezing, coughing, lifting, stretching, running)

217
Q

causes of stress incontinence

A

weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral stricture from childbirth, pregnancy and menopause, obesity and certain medicatons

218
Q

Inflammation and swelling of the glomeruli of the kidneys

A

acute glomerulonephritis

219
Q

t or f. acute glomerulonephritis can be primary or secondary to a systemic disease

A

t

220
Q

acute glomerulonephritis usually follows a ____ of throat or skin

A

streptococcal bacterial infection

221
Q

acute glomerulonephritis is marked by these 3 things

A
  1. proteinuria2. edema4. decreased urine volume
222
Q

acute glomerulonephritis is caused by group A and B ____

A

hemolytic streptococcus.

223
Q

acute glomerulonephritis can also result from an immune reaction that causes circulating ____ to be trapped within the ____

A

antigen-antibody complexes; capillaries and glomerulus

224
Q

3 tests for acute glomerulonephritis that reveal bilateral enlargement of the kidneys

A
  1. high blood urea nitrogen levels2. elevated ESR3. kidney ureter bladder (KUB)
225
Q

Slowly progressive noninfectious disease that can lead to irreversible renal damage and renal failure.

A

chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)

226
Q

advanced stage of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) results in inflammation followed by the progressive destruction of ____

A

glomeruli

227
Q

in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), ____ lodged in the ____ trigger an inflammatory response and glomerular injury

A

antigen antibody complexes; glomerular capsular membrane

228
Q

treatment for chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) aims to prevent these 2 conditions

A
  1. CHF2. uremia
229
Q

Disease of the basement membrane of the glomerulus

A

nephrotic syndrome

230
Q

another term for nephrotic syndrome

A

nephrosis

231
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is also sometimes referred to as ____

A

protein losing kidney

232
Q

nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased ____ of the glomerulus meaning renal damage

A

permeability

233
Q

3 conditions that can lead to nephrosis

A
  1. DM2. infections3. allergic reactions
234
Q

in nephrosis, dietary intake of protein is adjusted to ___

A

GFR

235
Q

sudden severe function in renal function

A

acute renal failure (ARF)

236
Q

acute renal failure (ARF) is a common clinical emergency because ____ begin to accumulate in blood causing an acute ____

A

nitrogenous waste; uremic episode

237
Q

acute renal failure (ARF) is caused by diminished ____ to the kidney and ____ to urine flow

A

blood flow; mechanical obstructions

238
Q

treatment of ARF aims to reduce _____ damage

A

permanent kidney

239
Q

gradual progressive loss of nephrons with irreversible loss of renal function and gradual onset uremia

A

chronic renal failure (CRF)

240
Q

3 conditions that cause chronic renal failure (CRF)

A
  1. glomerulonephritis2. pyelonephritis3. polycystic kidneys
241
Q

chronic renal failure (CRF) is often the end stage of chronic ____

A

renal disease; obstruction of urine flow

242
Q

condition that can occur with chronic renal failure (CRF)

A

severe anemia

243
Q

inflammation of renal pelvis and connective tissue of one or both kidneys

A

pyelonephritis

244
Q

pyelonephritis is caused by this bacteria that ascend from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys

A

e.coli

245
Q

drug to treat pyelonephritis

A

penicillin flouroquinolones

246
Q

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that can’t flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

A

hydronephrosis

247
Q

pyelonephritis is caused by a buildup of pressure in the kidneys because of an ____

A

obstruction

248
Q

surgical removal of the obstruction to treat hydronephrosis; when surgery isn’t an option, a ____ may be inserted

A

nephrostomy tube

249
Q

medical term for kidney stones

A

renal calculi

250
Q

renal calculi is caused by an excessive amount of ___ or ___

A

calcium; uric acid

251
Q

4 risk factors for renal calculi

A
  1. prolonged dehydration2. prolonged immobilization3. urinary stasis from obstruction4. crystalline inhibitors
252
Q

2 main treatments for renal calculi

A
  1. extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy2. electrohydraulic lithotripsy
253
Q

Inflammation of the urinary bladder and urethritis, inflammation of the urethra most common form of lower UTI

A

infectious cystitis and urethritis

254
Q

4 causes of infectious cystitis and urethritis

A
  1. e. coli2. klebsiella3. enterobacter4. proteus pseudomonas
255
Q

renal changes from diabetes mellitus

A

diabetic nephropathy

256
Q

term for the changes from DM

A

glomerulosclerosis

257
Q

diabetic nephropathy occurs when lesions of the glomeruli eventually cause ____ to decrease

A

filtration rate

258
Q

diabetic nephropathy may also be caused by insufficient control of ____ and ____

A

blood glucose levels; blood pressure

259
Q

grape-like cyst replaces normal renal tissue

A

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

260
Q

t or f. polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is inherited but may not manifest until adolescence/adulthood

A

t

261
Q

acquired polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a sequela of ____ and/or _____

A

long term kidney disease; long term dialysis

262
Q

recessive polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____

A

infants and children

263
Q

dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____

A

middle aged individuals

264
Q

2 treatment options for polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A
  1. dialysis2. kidney transplant
265
Q

in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), there may be surgical removal of kidneys because of these 3 factors

A
  1. pain2. stones3. persistent infection
266
Q

dysfunction of the urinary bladder that consists of difficulty in emptying the bladder or urinary incontinence

A

neurogenic bladder

267
Q

neurogenic bladder results in insult to these 3 areas

A
  1. brain2. spinal cord3. other nerves supplying the lower urinary tract
268
Q

treatment for neurogenic bladder aims to prevent ___

A

UTIs

269
Q

neurogenic bladder is also treated by providing a means of storing urine and emptying the bladder

A

catheterization

270
Q

uncontrolled leakage of urine from the urinary bladder during physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscles (laughing, sneezing, coughing, etc)

A

stress incontinence

271
Q

stress incontinence is caused by weakening of these 2 areas

A
  1. pelvic floor muscles2. urethral structure
272
Q

3 treatments for stress incontinence

A
  1. kegel exercises2. endoscopy3. voiding cystourethrogram

* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 (28 decks)

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