Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bartholin/o

A

bartholin gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix, neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chori/o, chorion/o

A

chorion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

culd/o

A

cul-de-sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

episi/o

A

vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

galact/o

A

milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gynec/o

A

woman, female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus, womb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lact/o

A

milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mast/o

A

breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

metr/o, metri/o

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

my/o, myom/o

A

muscle, muscle tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nat/i

A

birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

obstetr/o

A

pregnancy and childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

o/o, ov/o, ovul/o

A

egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

oophor/o, ovari/o,

A

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

phor/o

A

to bear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

salping/o

A

fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

uter/o

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vulv/o

A

vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

-arche

A

beginning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

-cyesis

A

pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-parous

A

bearing, bringing forth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

-salpinx

A

fallopian (uterine) tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

-tocia

A

labor, birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

-version

A

act of turning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

dys-

A

painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

endo-

A

within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

in-

A

in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

intra-

A

within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

multi-

A

many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nulli-

A

no, not, none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pre-

A

before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

primi-

A

first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

retro-

A

backward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix

A

Pap test (Pap smear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG

A

pregnancy test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material

A

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

X-ray imaging of the breast

A

mammography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue

A

breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region

A

pelvic ultrasonography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction

A

aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Destruction of tisse by burning

A

cauterization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

LEEP

A

loop electrocautery excision procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope

A

colposcopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix

A

conization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue

A

cryosurgery or cryocauterization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac

A

culdocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus

A

dilation (dilatation) and curettage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Removal of internal organs within a cavity

A

exenteration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope

A

laparoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring

A

tubal ligation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis

A

amniocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own

A

abortion (AB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus

A

cesarean section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor

A

fetal monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization

A

in vitro fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Direct injection of sperm into harvested ova

A

intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis

A

pelvimetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

TAH-BSO

A

total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

T or F. Ova develop during fetal life.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Menstrual cycle is typically __ days.

A

28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

T or F. The vagina is muscular.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are 4 main female reproductive structures?

A
  1. Ovaries2. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes3. Uterus4. Vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the ovaries?

A
  1. Estrogen2. Progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the purpose of the uterus?

A

Fertilization of egg and nourishment of fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are other female reproductive structures?

A
  1. vulva (external genitalia)2. perineum3. mammary glands (breasts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

episiotomy

A

incision of the perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

gyn/o, gynec/o

A

woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

men/o, mens

A

month, menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

oo

A

ovum, egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

ov/o, ovul/o

A

ovum, egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

ovari/o

A

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

salping/o

A

oviduct, tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

uter/o

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

metr/o, metr/i

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

BSO

A

bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

vulv/o

A

vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

episi/o

A

vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

clitor/o, clitorid/o

A

clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

mast/o

A

breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

amnio

A

amnion, amniotic sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

embry/o

A

embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

fet/o

A

fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

toc/o

A

labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

nat/i

A

birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

lact/o

A

milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

galact/o

A

milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

gravida

A

pregnant woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

para

A

woman who has given birth (500 g or more or over 20 weeks gestation) regardless of whether infant is alive at birth or whether the birth is single or multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

bradytocia

A

condition of slow labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

The menstrual cycle has __ stages, usually lasting __ days.

A

3 stages, 28 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

How many days does the menstrual phase last?

A

5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase?

A

Endometrial lining is shed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

How many days does the proliferative phase?

A

10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

The ______ causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop

A

The follicle-stimulating hormone causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

The follicle starts secreting estrogens which leads to the ____ of the endometrium

A

thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

In the proliferative phase, the luteinizing hormone increases and induces ______.

A

ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

During the proliferative phase, the cervical mucus becomes ____ which allows sperm through.

A

thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Ovulation occurs between the ____ and ____ phases.

A

proliferative and secretory phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

During the secretory phase, the ______ ruptures, the _____ is released and starts traveling to the uterus via _____.

A

mature follicle, ovum, fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

During the secretory phase, the luteinizing hormone causes the ruptured follicle to change into the _____.

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

The corpus luteum secretes ____ and ____.

A

estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

T or F. The corpus luteum is maintained only if fertilization occurs.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

DJB

A

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Breast cancer metastasizes easily through the ____ system.

A

Lymph system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What are the 3 types of mastectomy?

A

radical, modified radical, segmental (lumpectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Mastectomy during which the breast, muscles and axillary lymph nodes are removed.

A

Radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Mastectomy during which the breast and axillary lymph nodes are removed.

A

Modified radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Mastectomy during which just the tumor is removed

A

Segmental (lumpectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

What type of biopsy is done to access the spread of breast cancer>

A

sentinal node biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Fertilization normally occurs in the _______.

A

fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

A _____ is formed from an egg and sperm.

A

zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Where does the zygote implant?

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

The zygote becomes an ___ and after two months becomes a _____.

A

embryo, fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Placenta is formed from the ___ and the ____.

A

chorion, endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

The outermost layer of the embryo

A

chorion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What is the purpose of the placenta?

A

nourishment of the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

The __ links the fetus to the placenta.

A

umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

T or F. Childbirth is also called parturition.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

What are the 3 stages of childbirth?

A
  1. onset of contractions and cervical dilation2. expulsion of fetus3. delivery of placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

The simple assessment to determine the general health of a baby after childbirth.

A

Apgar scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

A woman who has been pregnant; Indicates the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether these pregnancies were carried to term.

A

gravida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

A woman who has given birth to one or more infants.

A

para

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Para can be divided into what 4 sections?

A

term deliveries, preterm, abortions and living children (TPAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

What are the five factors assessed for Apgar scores?

A
  1. appearance2. pulse3. grimace response4. activity5. respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

T or F. Ovaries are held by ligaments in the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

The eggs, or female gametes, develop within the _____

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

The cluster of cells within which ova ripen

A

graafian follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

T or F. At the time of ovulation, all ova is released from the ovary.

A

False. At the time of ovulation, usually only one ovum is released from the ovary and the remainder of the ripeningova degenerate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

The follicle remains behind and continues to function for ___ if there is no fertilization of the ovum and __ if the ovum is fertilized

A

2 weeks, 2 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

After ovulaton, the ovum travels into an ___

A

oviduct, also called the uterine or fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

One of the two tubes attached to the upper lateral portions of the uterus

A

oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

These tubes arch above the ovaries and have ___ that sweep the released ovum into the oviduct

A

fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

Finger-like projections

A

fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in the _____

A

oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

The organ that nourishes the developing offspring

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

What makes up the uterus?

A
  1. upper rounded fundus2. triangular cavity3. lower narrow cervix that projects into the vaginaFUN TRI CAV CERV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

What shape is the uterus?

A

pear-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

The innermost layer ofthe uterine wall that receives the fertilized ovum and becomes part of the placenta during pregnancy

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

T or F. The endometrium is rich in blood sipply

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

Shed during the menstrual period if no fertilization occurs

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

The muscle layer of the uterine wall

A

myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Muscular tube that receives the penis during intercourse, functions as a birth canal, andtransports the menstrual flow out of the body

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

All of the external female genital organs including the labia majora and labia minora

A

vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

The large outer labia; the two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva

A

labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

The small inner labia; the two small folds of skin within the labia majora

A

labia minora

164
Q

Enclose the openings of the vagina and the urethra

A

labia

165
Q

Anterior to the urethral opening; similar in origin to the penis and responds to sexual stimulation

A

clitoris

166
Q

The region between the thighs from the external genital organs to the anus

A

perineum

167
Q

Incision made during childbirth between the vagina and the anus to facilitate birth and prevent the tearing of tissue

A

episiotomy

168
Q

Should technically be a perineotomy in terms of medical terminology, but is an exception to the rule

A

episiotomy; episi/o is the root for vulva

169
Q

Composed mainly of glandular tissue and fat amd provide nourishment for the newborn

A

mammary glands or breasts

170
Q

Milk secreted by the glands is carried in ducts to the ____

A

nipple

171
Q

The first menstrual period

A

menarche

172
Q

Reproductive activity in the female normally begins during puberty with this event

A

menarche

173
Q

The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones from the _____ gland

A

anterior pituitary gland

174
Q

____ hormone begins the cycle

A

FSH

175
Q

The FSH begins the menstrual cycle by causing the ___ to ripen in the graafian follicle

A

ovum

176
Q

The follicle secretes ___, a hormone that starts development of the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized egg

A

estrogen

177
Q

This hormone then triggers ovulation and conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum

A

LH

178
Q

Structure left behind in the ovary that secretes progesterone and estrogen

A

corpus luteum

179
Q

Progesterone and estrogen further the ___ of the endometrium

A

growth

180
Q

What happens if no fertilization occurs?

A
  1. hormone levels decline2. endometrium sloughs off in the menstruation process
181
Q

Steps in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH: ovum ripes in graafian follicle > graafian follicle secretes estrogen > endometrium starts developing > LH: ovulation > graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum > corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen > endometrium continues growing > no fertilzation > hormone levels decline > endometrium sheds > menstuation

182
Q

First day of menstruation is considered day _ while ovulation occurring on about day _

A

day 1 and day 14

183
Q

Throughout the menstrual cycle, ___ and ___ feed back to the pituitary to regulate the production of FSH and LH

A

estrogen and progesterone

184
Q

Birth control act by supplying estrogen and progesterone. This inhibits the ___ and prevents ___.

A

pituitary, ovulation

185
Q

T or F. Birth control interferes with menstruation.

A

False

186
Q

Cessation of monthly menstrual cycles

A

menopause

187
Q

When does menopause generally occur?

A

between the ages of 45 and 55 years

188
Q

Levels of reprroductive hormones decline, and egg cells in the ovaries gradually degenerate

A

menopause

189
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

190
Q

The use of artificial methods to prevent fertilization of the ovum or its implantation in theuterus

A

contraception

191
Q

List the different methods of contraception

A
  1. block sperm penetration of the uterus - condoms2. prevent implantation - IUDs3. prevent ovulation - birth control pill
192
Q

Surgical sterilization for females

A

tubal ligation

193
Q

When an ovulated egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell

A

fertilization

194
Q

The nuclei of the sperm and egg cells fuse, restoring the ___ number and forming a ___

A

chromosome, zygote

195
Q

Steps in fertilization

A

egg cell penetrated by sperm cell > fertilization > nuclei fuse > chromosome number restored > zygote formed > travels through oviduct > divides rapidly > 6 to 7 days > fertilized egg reaches uterus > implants into the endometrium > embryo develops

196
Q

All of the major body systems are established within the first __ weeks of growth.

A

8

197
Q

Embryonic tissue produces ____, a hormone that keeps the corpus luteum functional in the ovary to maintain the endometrium

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

198
Q

HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

199
Q

T or F. The presence of HCG in urine is the basis for the most commonly used pregnancy tests

A

T

200
Q

After 2 months, ____ hormones take over endometrium maintenance and the corpus luteum degenerates

A

placental hormones

201
Q

When the corpus luteum degenerates, the embryo becomes a ____

A

fetus

202
Q

During development, the fetus is nourished by the ____

A

placenta

203
Q

An organ formed from the chorion and the endometrium

A

placenta

204
Q

The outermost layer of the embryo

A

chorion

205
Q

Exchanges take place between the bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus through ___

A

fetal capillaries

206
Q

Contains the blood vessels that link the fetus to the placenta

A

umbilical cord

207
Q

Fetal blood is carried tothe placenta in two _____o

A

umbilical arteries

208
Q

While traveling through the placenta, the blood picks up ___ and ___ and gives up ___ and ___

A

nutrients and oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic waste

209
Q

Restored blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus in a single _____

A

umbilical vein

210
Q

T or F. The bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus don’t mix

A

True

211
Q

Fetal proteins an enter the mother’s blood and cause ____

A

immunologic reactions

212
Q

The period of development

A

gestation

213
Q

The fetus is cushioned and protected by fluid contained in the amniotic sac

A

gestation

214
Q

The membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; sac rupturs at birth

A

amniotic sac (amnion)

215
Q

T or F. Lungs aren’t needed to oxygenate the blood in a fetus

A

T

216
Q

A small hole in the septum between the atria

A

foramen ovale

217
Q

Steps in fetal circulation

A

blood from placenta enters right atrium > foramen ovale allows blood to go into left atrium > bypasses the pulmonary artery > blood pumped out of the right ventricle > directly into the aorta through ductus arteriosus

218
Q

Short vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

219
Q

The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus ___ at birth when the pulmonary circuit is established

A

close

220
Q

Failure to close hampers the work of the heart and requires ___

A

medical attention

221
Q

What is the length of pregnancy from fertilization of the ovum to birth?

A

38 weeks or 266 days

222
Q

LMP

A

last menstrual period

223
Q

In practice, pregnancy is calculated as __ days or __ weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period

A

280 days or 40 weeks

224
Q

Pregnancy is divided into 3-month periods called _____ during which defined changes can be observed in the fetus

A

trimesters

225
Q

Childbirth is also known as _____

A

parturition

226
Q

The hormone ____ from the posterior pituitary gland and ___ are involved in starting labor

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

227
Q

The secretion of milk from the breasts

A

lactation

228
Q

What hormones start lactation?

A

prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland and hormones from the placenta

229
Q

The release of milk is stimulated by ____

A

suckling

230
Q

For the first few days after delivery, only ____ is produced, which has a slightly different compositionthan milk, but like the milk, it has protective antibodies

A

colostrum

231
Q

The small yellow structure that develops from the graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen

A

corpus luteum

232
Q

A group of hormones that produces female characteristics and preparesthe uterus for the fertilized egg.

A

estrogen

233
Q

What is the most active of estrogens?

A

estradiol

234
Q

In the female, it stimulates ripening of the eggs in the ovary

A

FSH

235
Q

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

A

LH

236
Q

The cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the nonpregnant uterus

A

menstruation

237
Q

The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon

A

fertilization

238
Q

A pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus. It alsostimulates release (“letdown”) of milk from the breasts.

A

oxytocin

239
Q

A group of hormones with varied effects, including the stimulation ofuterine contractions

A

prostaglandins

240
Q

DUB

A

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

241
Q

Menstrual abnormalities collectively

A

DUB

242
Q

PIH

A

pregancy induced hypertension, also known as pre-eclampsia or toxemia

243
Q

Development of a fertilized egg outside of its normal position in the uterine cavity

A

ectopic pregnancy

244
Q

loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy or before a weight of 500 g

A

abortion

245
Q

Most common cause of spontaneous abortions

A

fetal abnormalities

246
Q

D&E

A

dilatation and evacuation

247
Q

Common method for inducing an abortion in which the cervix is dilated and the fetal tissue is removed by suction

A

D&E

248
Q

The placenta attaches near or over the cervix instead of in the upper portion of the uterus

A

placenta previa

249
Q

Premature separation of the placenta from its point of attachment

A

placental abruption

250
Q

What are the two categories of congenital disorders?

A
  1. development disorders 2. hereditary disorders
251
Q

Disorders that occur during growth of the fetus

A

developmental

252
Q

Disorders that can be passed from parents to children through the germ cells

A

hereditary

253
Q

an individual who has a genetic defect that does not appear but that canbe passed to offspring

A

carrier

254
Q

factors that cause malformation of the developing fetus such as herpes simplex, alcohol, drugs, chemicals, etc

A

teratogens

255
Q

The fetusis most susceptible to teratogenic effects during the first __ months of pregnancy

A

3

256
Q

both the spinal cord and membranes herniate through the defect

A

myelomeningocele

257
Q

congenital absence of a brain

A

anencephaly

258
Q

Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening

A

atresia

259
Q

Convulsions and coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension

A

eclampsia

260
Q

Procedure in which the cervix is dilated (widened) and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette

A

D&C dilation and curettage

261
Q

CVS

A

chorionic villus sampling

262
Q

Appendages, such as the adnexa uteri—the ovaries, oviducts, anduterine ligaments

A

adnexa

263
Q

A blind pouch, such as the recess between the rectum and the uterus;the rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas

A

cul de sac

264
Q

An archlike space, such as the space between the uppermost wall of the vagina and the cervix

A

fornix

265
Q

A small mucus-secreting gland on the side of the vestibule near the vaginal opening; also called Bartholin gland

A

greater vestibular gland

266
Q

The rounded, fleshy elevation in front of the pubic joint that is covered with hair after puberty

A

mons pubis

267
Q

An immature ovum

A

oocyte

268
Q

The period immediately before and after menopause

A

perimenopause

269
Q

The space between the labia minora that contains the openings of theurethra, vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands

A

vestibule

270
Q

The placenta and membranes delivered after birth of a child

A

afterbirth

271
Q

A membrane-covered space between cranial bones in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot.

A

fontanel

272
Q

The first feces of the newborn

A

meconium

273
Q

Occurring before the 37th week of gestation; describing an infantborn before the 37th week of gestation

A

preterm

274
Q

The period of 42 days after childbirth, during which the mother’sreproductive organs usually return to normal

A

puerperium

275
Q

The cheeselike deposit that covers and protects the fetus

A

vernix caseosa

276
Q

Benign tumor of smooth muscle. In the uterus, may cause bleedingand pressure on the bladder or rectum.

A

leiomyoma

277
Q

A deficiency of amniotic fluid

A

oligohydramnios

278
Q

PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosus

279
Q

The first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor. Biopsy of these nodes is used to determine spread of cancer in planning treatment.

A

sentinel nodese

280
Q

A fetal protein that may be at an elevated level in amniotic fluid andmaternal serum in cases of certain fetal disorders

A

alpha feto-protein (AFP)

281
Q

Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis

A

culdocentesis

282
Q

IVF

A

in vitro fertilization

283
Q

Term describing the part of the fetus that can be felt by vaginal or rectal examination.

A

presentation

284
Q

In ___ presentation, head presents first. In ___ presentation, the buttocks present first.

A

Vertex, breech

285
Q

CIN

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

286
Q

BSO

A

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

287
Q

TAH

A

Total abdominal hysterectomy

288
Q

TSS

A

toxic shock syndrome

289
Q

AGA

A

Appropriate for gestational age

290
Q

AI

A

artificial insemination

291
Q

ECMO

A

Extracorporeal membraneoxygenation

292
Q

FHR

A

fetal heart rate

293
Q

FTND

A

full term normal delivery

294
Q

FTP

A

full term pregnancy

295
Q

LMP

A

last menstrual period

296
Q

NB

A

newborn

297
Q

SVD

A

spontaneous vaginal delivery

298
Q

UC

A

uterine contractions

299
Q

UTP

A

uterine term pregnancy

300
Q

VBAC

A

vaginal birth after cesarean section

301
Q

female infertility can occur due to ____ or other infection of the reproductive organs

A

STI

302
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ___ or failure to ovulate

A

ovulatory dysfunction

303
Q

female infertility can also occur due to blocked ____

A

fallopian tubes

304
Q

female infertility can also occur due to congenital ____ or ___ disorders

A

structural or chromosomal

305
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ____ from infection, ectopic pregnancy or surgery

A

scar tissue

306
Q

disorder that can cause female infertility

A

endometriosis

307
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ____ in vaginal secretions

A

antisperm antibodies

308
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ___ distress

A

psychological

309
Q

treatment for female infertility: ____ of menstrual cycle to establish ovulatory function

A

charting

310
Q

diagnostic procedure for female infertility: blood tests to assess ____ levels

A

hormone

311
Q

3 surgical procedures for female infertility

A
  1. hysterosalpingography2. laparoscopy3. surgery to remove blockages
312
Q

family of drugs to treat female infertility

A

fertility drugs

313
Q

2 other treatments for female infertility

A
  1. IUI2. IVF
314
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is caused by fluctuating levels of ___ and ____ and their resultant impact on ____

A

estrogen; progesterone; neurotransmitter

315
Q

in premenstrual syndrome (PMS), oral contraceptives may provide some relief if they have ___ and ___

A

estrogen; drospirenone

316
Q

diagnosis when PMS becomes severe and fits certain psychological criteria

A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

317
Q

amenorrhea where there is no menses by the age of 16

A

primary amenorrhea

318
Q

3 causes of primary amenorrhea

A
  1. late onset of puberty2. abnormality of the reproductive systems3. hormonal imbalances
319
Q

amenorrhea where there is no menses after a woman has been having menstrual cycles

A

secondary amenorrhea

320
Q

secondary amenorrhea is mainly ____ related, but must rule out other causes

A

hormone

321
Q

amenorrhea with failure to resume menses within 3 months of discontinuation of OCPs

A

“postpill” amenorrhea

322
Q

2 types of dysmenorrhea

A
  1. primary2. secondary
323
Q

onset of dysmenorrhea with the initiation of menses

A

primary dysmenorrhea

324
Q

primary dysmenorrhea is thought to be due to the underlying ____ of the uterus and how it reacts to ____ produced in the menstrual cycle

A

muscular structure; chemicals

325
Q

dysmenorrhea that occurs after years of normal, non-painful menses

A

secondary dysmenorrhea

326
Q

2 causes of secondary dysmenorrhea

A
  1. underlying disorder2. disease condition
327
Q

3 disease conditions that may cause secondary dysmenorrhea

A
  1. fibroids2. PID3. endometriosis
328
Q

2 main types of ovarian cysts

A
  1. physiologic cysts2. neoplastic cysts
329
Q

2 causes of physiologic cysts

A
  1. ovarian follicle growth2. more common: corpus luteum that persists too long
330
Q

ovarian cysts that are benign or malignant neoplasms

A

neoplastic cysts

331
Q

2 surgical treatment options for ovarian cysts

A
  1. laparoscopic drainage or removal2. more extensive surgery for malignant cysts
332
Q

extrauterine endometrial tissue; most commonly in the pelvis

A

endometriosis

333
Q

the most likely cause of endometriosis

A

retrograde menstruation

334
Q

initial infection in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually a ____ and then becomes multibacterial

A

STI

335
Q

can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if early treatment is not done

A

adhesion formation

336
Q

2 end results in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if adhesions form in and around the fallopian tubes

A
  1. infertility2. increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
337
Q

are uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) malignant or benign

A

benign

338
Q

t or f. the cause of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) is unknown

A

t

339
Q

treatment options for uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)

A
  1. myomectomy (surgical removal of the tumor)2. uterine artery embolization (UAE)3. endometrial ablation4 hysterectomy
340
Q

2 infectious causes of TSS

A
  1. staphylococcus aureus2. streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
341
Q

in toxic shock syndrome (TSS), toxins produced by the bacteria actually causing the disease

A

streptococcal toxic-like syndrome

342
Q

toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can occur due to an increase in ____ on ____ tampons

A

staphylococcal colonization; super absorbent

343
Q

medication given to treat toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

A

IV vancomycin

344
Q

average age of menopause occurrence

A

50-51

345
Q

menopause is considered premature when occurring before ___ years of age

A

40

346
Q

condition where women who are still menstruating but have the symptoms of menopause

A

perimenopause

347
Q

menopause following ovary removal, or that caused by chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment for certain cancers

A

surgical menopause

348
Q

hormone treatment for menopause symptoms are considered controversial because it raises the risk of developing ____

A

certain cancers

349
Q

hormone treatment may be considered for ____ use during the period when ____ are the worst

A

short-term; symptoms

350
Q

most common cause of vaginitis is ____

A

fungal infection

351
Q

protozoa that can cause vaginitis

A

trichomonas

352
Q

atrophic vaginitis occurs due to absence of ____ in postmenopausal women

A

estrogen

353
Q

uterus is completely outside of the vagina

A

complete procidentia

354
Q

uterine prolapse occurs due to the ___ becoming extremely overstretched or weakened from trauma due to childbirth, aging, or genetic factors

A

normal support of the uterus

355
Q

the use of this therapeutic device that may help with symptoms of uterine prolapse

A

pessary

356
Q

the only way to permanently correct uterine prolapse

A

hysterectomy

357
Q

surgical treatment for young women with uterine prolapse hoping to preserve fertility

A

hysteropexy

358
Q

displacement and protrusion of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall

A

cystocele

359
Q

protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina

A

rectocele

360
Q

2 main symptoms of cervical cancer

A
  1. vaginal discharge2. bleeding
361
Q

vaginal discharge present in cervical cancer can be these 3 things

A
  1. watery2. bloody3. purulent
362
Q

bleeding present in cervical cancer can occur during these 3 periods

A
  1. between periods2. after intercourse3. after menopause
363
Q

most common sign of cervical cancer

A

abnormal Pap smear result

364
Q

most significant risk factor for cervical cancer

A

oncogenic types of HPV

365
Q

premalignant lesions to cervical cancer

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

366
Q

4 treatment options for cervical cancer

A
  1. LEEP2. laser therapy3. cryoabolation4. radical hysterectomy and chemotherapy
367
Q

4 risk factors for ovarian cancer

A
  1. patient Hx of breast cancer2. family Hx of breast and ovarian cancers3. BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 mutations4. HNPCC
368
Q

4 risk factors for endometrial cancer

A
  1. age: postmenopausal women2. HNPCC3. type 2 diabetes (could be a direct cause)4. HTN
369
Q

there is one type of endometrial cancer that is related to cumulative exposure to ____

A

excess estrogen

370
Q

fibrocystic breast condition is also known as ____

A

fibrocystic breast disease

371
Q

fibrocystic breast condition generally occurs between these ages

A

30-50 years old

372
Q

fibrocystic breast condition occurs due to ___

A

unknown

373
Q

mastitis that is often caused by strep or staphy infection that is almost always associated with breasfeeding

A

acute puerperal mastitis

374
Q

is fibroadenoma of the breast benign or malignant?

A

benign tumor of the breast

375
Q

cause of fibroadenoma of the breast is unknown, but tomors are ____, growing in size during menstruation or during pregnancy

A

hormonally responsive

376
Q

area of the breast where cancer usually arises

A

terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU)

377
Q

the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) is the ____ unit of breast tissue

A

functional

378
Q

5 physical signs and symptoms of breast cancer

A
  1. lump2. swelling3. tenderness of the breast4. irritation or dimpling of the skin (peau d’orange)5. pain, ulceration, or retraction of the nipple
379
Q

2 greatest risk factors for breast cancer

A
  1. increased age2. female gender
380
Q

3 other risk factors for breast cancer

A
  1. hormonal2. reproductive3. genetic factors
381
Q

the precursor lesion to breast cancer

A

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

382
Q

3 specific characteristics of breast cancer to inform prognosis and treatment needs

A
  1. estrogen receptor positive/negative2. progesterone receptor positive/negative3. HER2 positive/negative
383
Q

6 treatment options for breast cancer

A
  1. lumpectomy2. mastectomy (partial, total or radical)3. removal of some axillary lymph nodes4. hormone therapy depending on the estrogen/progesterone receptor status5. herceptin for HER2 positive tumors6. chemotherapy
384
Q

disease of the breast that is a malignant lesion in the nipple of the breast

A

paget’s disease

385
Q

constellation of physical and emotional symptoms that may appear shortly after ovulation and subside with onset of menstruation or shortly thereafter

A

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

386
Q

absence of menstrual periods, whether temporary or permanent

A

amenorrhea

387
Q

common gynecologic disorder; pain and cramping associated with menstruation affecting about 50% of post-pubertal women

A

dysmenorrhea

388
Q

fluid filled, semisolid or solid masses that originate on or within the ovary

A

ovarian cysts

389
Q

chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue

A

endometriosis

390
Q

infection of a woman’s pelvis

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

391
Q

3 areas involved in PID

A

1, tubes2. ovaries3. surrounding tissue

392
Q

noncancerous tumors of the smooth muscle within the uterus

A

uterine leiomyoma (fibroids)

393
Q

inflammation and/or infection of the vaginal tissues

A

vaginitis

394
Q

acute, systemic infection

A

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

395
Q

cessation of menstrual periods for 1 year with evidence of ovarian failure

A

menopause (climacteric)

396
Q

downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the pelvis

A

uterine prolapse

397
Q

most cervical cancers are ___ that arise in the transitional zone between the different epithelial types of the uterus corpus and vagina

A

squamous cell carcinomas

398
Q

primary ovarian tumors usually derive from epithelial cells

A

ovarian cancer

399
Q

involves lining of the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as a result of hormonal stimulation

A

endometrial cancer

400
Q

common, benign breast disorder related to normal hormonal variation

A

fibrocystic breast condition/disease

401
Q

inflammation of one or more mammary glands of the breast

A

mastitis

402
Q

in fibroadenoma, there is a mass in the breast with these 4 criteria

A
  1. firm2. round3. encapsulated4. movable
403
Q

usually arises from the TDLU which is very hormonally responsive

A

cancer of breast

404
Q

earliest sign of breast cancer

A

abnormality on a mammogram

405
Q

breast cancer in advanced stages: nodule becomes ___ and ___ develop

A

fixed to the chest wall; axillary masses and ulceration

406
Q

characteristic breast lesion that signifies presence of malignant adenocarcinoma cells

A

paget’s disease of the breast

* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions