Female Reproductive System Flashcards
amni/o
amnion
bartholin/o
bartholin gland
cervic/o
cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
colp/o
vagina
culd/o
cul-de-sac
episi/o
vulva
galact/o
milk
gynec/o
woman, female
hyster/o
uterus, womb
lact/o
milk
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
my/o, myom/o
muscle, muscle tumor
nat/i
birth
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
o/o, ov/o, ovul/o
egg
oophor/o, ovari/o,
ovary
perine/o
perineum
phor/o
to bear
salping/o
fallopian tubes
uter/o
uterus
vagin/o
vagina
vulv/o
vulva
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
pregnant
-parous
bearing, bringing forth
-rrhea
discharge
-salpinx
fallopian (uterine) tube
-tocia
labor, birth
-version
act of turning
dys-
painful
endo-
within
in-
in
intra-
within
multi-
many
nulli-
no, not, none
pre-
before
primi-
first
retro-
backward
Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix
Pap test (Pap smear)
Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG
pregnancy test
X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
X-ray imaging of the breast
mammography
Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue
breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
pelvic ultrasonography
Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
aspiration
Destruction of tisse by burning
cauterization
LEEP
loop electrocautery excision procedure
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
colposcopy
Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix
conization
Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
cryosurgery or cryocauterization
Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac
culdocentesis
Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
dilation (dilatation) and curettage
Removal of internal organs within a cavity
exenteration
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope
laparoscopy
Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring
tubal ligation
Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
amniocentesis
Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own
abortion (AB)
Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
cesarean section
Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor
fetal monitoring
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization
in vitro fertilization
Direct injection of sperm into harvested ova
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
pelvimetry
TAH-BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
T or F. Ova develop during fetal life.
True
Menstrual cycle is typically __ days.
28
T or F. The vagina is muscular.
True
What are 4 main female reproductive structures?
- Ovaries2. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes3. Uterus4. Vagina
What are the 2 hormones secreted by the ovaries?
- Estrogen2. Progesterone
What is the purpose of the uterus?
Fertilization of egg and nourishment of fetus
What are other female reproductive structures?
- vulva (external genitalia)2. perineum3. mammary glands (breasts)
episiotomy
incision of the perineum
gyn/o, gynec/o
woman
men/o, mens
month, menstruation
oo
ovum, egg cell
ov/o, ovul/o
ovum, egg cell
ovari/o
ovary
oophor/o
ovary
salping/o
oviduct, tube
uter/o
uterus
metr/o, metr/i
uterus
hyster/o
uterus
BSO
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
cervic/o
cervix
vagin/o
vagina
colp/o
vagina
vulv/o
vulva
episi/o
vulva
perine/o
perineum
clitor/o, clitorid/o
clitoris
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
amnio
amnion, amniotic sac
embry/o
embryo
fet/o
fetus
toc/o
labor
nat/i
birth
lact/o
milk
galact/o
milk
gravida
pregnant woman
para
woman who has given birth (500 g or more or over 20 weeks gestation) regardless of whether infant is alive at birth or whether the birth is single or multiple
bradytocia
condition of slow labor
The menstrual cycle has __ stages, usually lasting __ days.
3 stages, 28 days
How many days does the menstrual phase last?
5 days
What happens in the menstrual phase?
Endometrial lining is shed
How many days does the proliferative phase?
10 days
The ______ causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop
The follicle-stimulating hormone causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop
The follicle starts secreting estrogens which leads to the ____ of the endometrium
thickening
In the proliferative phase, the luteinizing hormone increases and induces ______.
ovulation
During the proliferative phase, the cervical mucus becomes ____ which allows sperm through.
thin
Ovulation occurs between the ____ and ____ phases.
proliferative and secretory phases
During the secretory phase, the ______ ruptures, the _____ is released and starts traveling to the uterus via _____.
mature follicle, ovum, fallopian tube
During the secretory phase, the luteinizing hormone causes the ruptured follicle to change into the _____.
corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes ____ and ____.
estrogen and progesterone
T or F. The corpus luteum is maintained only if fertilization occurs.
True.
DJB
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
Breast cancer metastasizes easily through the ____ system.
Lymph system
What are the 3 types of mastectomy?
radical, modified radical, segmental (lumpectomy)
Mastectomy during which the breast, muscles and axillary lymph nodes are removed.
Radical
Mastectomy during which the breast and axillary lymph nodes are removed.
Modified radical
Mastectomy during which just the tumor is removed
Segmental (lumpectomy)
What type of biopsy is done to access the spread of breast cancer>
sentinal node biopsy
Fertilization normally occurs in the _______.
fallopian tubes
A _____ is formed from an egg and sperm.
zygote
Where does the zygote implant?
endometrium
The zygote becomes an ___ and after two months becomes a _____.
embryo, fetus
Placenta is formed from the ___ and the ____.
chorion, endometrium
The outermost layer of the embryo
chorion
What is the purpose of the placenta?
nourishment of the fetus
The __ links the fetus to the placenta.
umbilical cord
T or F. Childbirth is also called parturition.
True.
What are the 3 stages of childbirth?
- onset of contractions and cervical dilation2. expulsion of fetus3. delivery of placenta
The simple assessment to determine the general health of a baby after childbirth.
Apgar scores
A woman who has been pregnant; Indicates the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether these pregnancies were carried to term.
gravida
A woman who has given birth to one or more infants.
para
Para can be divided into what 4 sections?
term deliveries, preterm, abortions and living children (TPAL)
What are the five factors assessed for Apgar scores?
- appearance2. pulse3. grimace response4. activity5. respiration
T or F. Ovaries are held by ligaments in the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus
T
The eggs, or female gametes, develop within the _____
ovaries
The cluster of cells within which ova ripen
graafian follicle
T or F. At the time of ovulation, all ova is released from the ovary.
False. At the time of ovulation, usually only one ovum is released from the ovary and the remainder of the ripeningova degenerate.
The follicle remains behind and continues to function for ___ if there is no fertilization of the ovum and __ if the ovum is fertilized
2 weeks, 2 months
After ovulaton, the ovum travels into an ___
oviduct, also called the uterine or fallopian tube
One of the two tubes attached to the upper lateral portions of the uterus
oviduct
These tubes arch above the ovaries and have ___ that sweep the released ovum into the oviduct
fimbriae
Finger-like projections
fimbriae
Fertilization usually occurs in the _____
oviduct
The organ that nourishes the developing offspring
uterus
What makes up the uterus?
- upper rounded fundus2. triangular cavity3. lower narrow cervix that projects into the vaginaFUN TRI CAV CERV
What shape is the uterus?
pear-shaped
The innermost layer ofthe uterine wall that receives the fertilized ovum and becomes part of the placenta during pregnancy
endometrium
T or F. The endometrium is rich in blood sipply
True
Shed during the menstrual period if no fertilization occurs
endometrium
The muscle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
Muscular tube that receives the penis during intercourse, functions as a birth canal, andtransports the menstrual flow out of the body
vagina
All of the external female genital organs including the labia majora and labia minora
vulva
The large outer labia; the two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva
labia majora
The small inner labia; the two small folds of skin within the labia majora
labia minora
Enclose the openings of the vagina and the urethra
labia
Anterior to the urethral opening; similar in origin to the penis and responds to sexual stimulation
clitoris
The region between the thighs from the external genital organs to the anus
perineum
Incision made during childbirth between the vagina and the anus to facilitate birth and prevent the tearing of tissue
episiotomy
Should technically be a perineotomy in terms of medical terminology, but is an exception to the rule
episiotomy; episi/o is the root for vulva
Composed mainly of glandular tissue and fat amd provide nourishment for the newborn
mammary glands or breasts
Milk secreted by the glands is carried in ducts to the ____
nipple
The first menstrual period
menarche
Reproductive activity in the female normally begins during puberty with this event
menarche
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones from the _____ gland
anterior pituitary gland
____ hormone begins the cycle
FSH
The FSH begins the menstrual cycle by causing the ___ to ripen in the graafian follicle
ovum
The follicle secretes ___, a hormone that starts development of the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized egg
estrogen
This hormone then triggers ovulation and conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum
LH
Structure left behind in the ovary that secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
Progesterone and estrogen further the ___ of the endometrium
growth
What happens if no fertilization occurs?
- hormone levels decline2. endometrium sloughs off in the menstruation process
Steps in the menstrual cycle
FSH: ovum ripes in graafian follicle > graafian follicle secretes estrogen > endometrium starts developing > LH: ovulation > graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum > corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen > endometrium continues growing > no fertilzation > hormone levels decline > endometrium sheds > menstuation
First day of menstruation is considered day _ while ovulation occurring on about day _
day 1 and day 14
Throughout the menstrual cycle, ___ and ___ feed back to the pituitary to regulate the production of FSH and LH
estrogen and progesterone
Birth control act by supplying estrogen and progesterone. This inhibits the ___ and prevents ___.
pituitary, ovulation
T or F. Birth control interferes with menstruation.
False
Cessation of monthly menstrual cycles
menopause
When does menopause generally occur?
between the ages of 45 and 55 years
Levels of reprroductive hormones decline, and egg cells in the ovaries gradually degenerate
menopause
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
The use of artificial methods to prevent fertilization of the ovum or its implantation in theuterus
contraception
List the different methods of contraception
- block sperm penetration of the uterus - condoms2. prevent implantation - IUDs3. prevent ovulation - birth control pill
Surgical sterilization for females
tubal ligation
When an ovulated egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell
fertilization
The nuclei of the sperm and egg cells fuse, restoring the ___ number and forming a ___
chromosome, zygote
Steps in fertilization
egg cell penetrated by sperm cell > fertilization > nuclei fuse > chromosome number restored > zygote formed > travels through oviduct > divides rapidly > 6 to 7 days > fertilized egg reaches uterus > implants into the endometrium > embryo develops
All of the major body systems are established within the first __ weeks of growth.
8
Embryonic tissue produces ____, a hormone that keeps the corpus luteum functional in the ovary to maintain the endometrium
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
T or F. The presence of HCG in urine is the basis for the most commonly used pregnancy tests
T
After 2 months, ____ hormones take over endometrium maintenance and the corpus luteum degenerates
placental hormones
When the corpus luteum degenerates, the embryo becomes a ____
fetus
During development, the fetus is nourished by the ____
placenta
An organ formed from the chorion and the endometrium
placenta
The outermost layer of the embryo
chorion
Exchanges take place between the bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus through ___
fetal capillaries
Contains the blood vessels that link the fetus to the placenta
umbilical cord
Fetal blood is carried tothe placenta in two _____o
umbilical arteries
While traveling through the placenta, the blood picks up ___ and ___ and gives up ___ and ___
nutrients and oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
Restored blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus in a single _____
umbilical vein
T or F. The bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus don’t mix
True
Fetal proteins an enter the mother’s blood and cause ____
immunologic reactions
The period of development
gestation
The fetus is cushioned and protected by fluid contained in the amniotic sac
gestation
The membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; sac rupturs at birth
amniotic sac (amnion)
T or F. Lungs aren’t needed to oxygenate the blood in a fetus
T
A small hole in the septum between the atria
foramen ovale
Steps in fetal circulation
blood from placenta enters right atrium > foramen ovale allows blood to go into left atrium > bypasses the pulmonary artery > blood pumped out of the right ventricle > directly into the aorta through ductus arteriosus
Short vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta
ductus arteriosus
The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus ___ at birth when the pulmonary circuit is established
close
Failure to close hampers the work of the heart and requires ___
medical attention
What is the length of pregnancy from fertilization of the ovum to birth?
38 weeks or 266 days
LMP
last menstrual period
In practice, pregnancy is calculated as __ days or __ weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period
280 days or 40 weeks
Pregnancy is divided into 3-month periods called _____ during which defined changes can be observed in the fetus
trimesters
Childbirth is also known as _____
parturition
The hormone ____ from the posterior pituitary gland and ___ are involved in starting labor
oxytocin and prostaglandins
The secretion of milk from the breasts
lactation
What hormones start lactation?
prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland and hormones from the placenta
The release of milk is stimulated by ____
suckling
For the first few days after delivery, only ____ is produced, which has a slightly different compositionthan milk, but like the milk, it has protective antibodies
colostrum
The small yellow structure that develops from the graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
A group of hormones that produces female characteristics and preparesthe uterus for the fertilized egg.
estrogen
What is the most active of estrogens?
estradiol
In the female, it stimulates ripening of the eggs in the ovary
FSH
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
LH
The cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the nonpregnant uterus
menstruation
The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon
fertilization
A pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus. It alsostimulates release (“letdown”) of milk from the breasts.
oxytocin
A group of hormones with varied effects, including the stimulation ofuterine contractions
prostaglandins
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Menstrual abnormalities collectively
DUB
PIH
pregancy induced hypertension, also known as pre-eclampsia or toxemia
Development of a fertilized egg outside of its normal position in the uterine cavity
ectopic pregnancy
loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy or before a weight of 500 g
abortion
Most common cause of spontaneous abortions
fetal abnormalities
D&E
dilatation and evacuation
Common method for inducing an abortion in which the cervix is dilated and the fetal tissue is removed by suction
D&E
The placenta attaches near or over the cervix instead of in the upper portion of the uterus
placenta previa
Premature separation of the placenta from its point of attachment
placental abruption
What are the two categories of congenital disorders?
- development disorders 2. hereditary disorders
Disorders that occur during growth of the fetus
developmental
Disorders that can be passed from parents to children through the germ cells
hereditary
an individual who has a genetic defect that does not appear but that canbe passed to offspring
carrier
factors that cause malformation of the developing fetus such as herpes simplex, alcohol, drugs, chemicals, etc
teratogens
The fetusis most susceptible to teratogenic effects during the first __ months of pregnancy
3
both the spinal cord and membranes herniate through the defect
myelomeningocele
congenital absence of a brain
anencephaly
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening
atresia
Convulsions and coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension
eclampsia
Procedure in which the cervix is dilated (widened) and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette
D&C dilation and curettage
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
Appendages, such as the adnexa uteri—the ovaries, oviducts, anduterine ligaments
adnexa
A blind pouch, such as the recess between the rectum and the uterus;the rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas
cul de sac
An archlike space, such as the space between the uppermost wall of the vagina and the cervix
fornix
A small mucus-secreting gland on the side of the vestibule near the vaginal opening; also called Bartholin gland
greater vestibular gland
The rounded, fleshy elevation in front of the pubic joint that is covered with hair after puberty
mons pubis
An immature ovum
oocyte
The period immediately before and after menopause
perimenopause
The space between the labia minora that contains the openings of theurethra, vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands
vestibule
The placenta and membranes delivered after birth of a child
afterbirth
A membrane-covered space between cranial bones in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot.
fontanel
The first feces of the newborn
meconium
Occurring before the 37th week of gestation; describing an infantborn before the 37th week of gestation
preterm
The period of 42 days after childbirth, during which the mother’sreproductive organs usually return to normal
puerperium
The cheeselike deposit that covers and protects the fetus
vernix caseosa
Benign tumor of smooth muscle. In the uterus, may cause bleedingand pressure on the bladder or rectum.
leiomyoma
A deficiency of amniotic fluid
oligohydramnios
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
The first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor. Biopsy of these nodes is used to determine spread of cancer in planning treatment.
sentinel nodese
A fetal protein that may be at an elevated level in amniotic fluid andmaternal serum in cases of certain fetal disorders
alpha feto-protein (AFP)
Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis
culdocentesis
IVF
in vitro fertilization
Term describing the part of the fetus that can be felt by vaginal or rectal examination.
presentation
In ___ presentation, head presents first. In ___ presentation, the buttocks present first.
Vertex, breech
CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
BSO
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
TAH
Total abdominal hysterectomy
TSS
toxic shock syndrome
AGA
Appropriate for gestational age
AI
artificial insemination
ECMO
Extracorporeal membraneoxygenation
FHR
fetal heart rate
FTND
full term normal delivery
FTP
full term pregnancy
LMP
last menstrual period
NB
newborn
SVD
spontaneous vaginal delivery
UC
uterine contractions
UTP
uterine term pregnancy
VBAC
vaginal birth after cesarean section
female infertility can occur due to ____ or other infection of the reproductive organs
STI
female infertility can also occur due to ___ or failure to ovulate
ovulatory dysfunction
female infertility can also occur due to blocked ____
fallopian tubes
female infertility can also occur due to congenital ____ or ___ disorders
structural or chromosomal
female infertility can also occur due to ____ from infection, ectopic pregnancy or surgery
scar tissue
disorder that can cause female infertility
endometriosis
female infertility can also occur due to ____ in vaginal secretions
antisperm antibodies
female infertility can also occur due to ___ distress
psychological
treatment for female infertility: ____ of menstrual cycle to establish ovulatory function
charting
diagnostic procedure for female infertility: blood tests to assess ____ levels
hormone
3 surgical procedures for female infertility
- hysterosalpingography2. laparoscopy3. surgery to remove blockages
family of drugs to treat female infertility
fertility drugs
2 other treatments for female infertility
- IUI2. IVF
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is caused by fluctuating levels of ___ and ____ and their resultant impact on ____
estrogen; progesterone; neurotransmitter
in premenstrual syndrome (PMS), oral contraceptives may provide some relief if they have ___ and ___
estrogen; drospirenone
diagnosis when PMS becomes severe and fits certain psychological criteria
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
amenorrhea where there is no menses by the age of 16
primary amenorrhea
3 causes of primary amenorrhea
- late onset of puberty2. abnormality of the reproductive systems3. hormonal imbalances
amenorrhea where there is no menses after a woman has been having menstrual cycles
secondary amenorrhea
secondary amenorrhea is mainly ____ related, but must rule out other causes
hormone
amenorrhea with failure to resume menses within 3 months of discontinuation of OCPs
“postpill” amenorrhea
2 types of dysmenorrhea
- primary2. secondary
onset of dysmenorrhea with the initiation of menses
primary dysmenorrhea
primary dysmenorrhea is thought to be due to the underlying ____ of the uterus and how it reacts to ____ produced in the menstrual cycle
muscular structure; chemicals
dysmenorrhea that occurs after years of normal, non-painful menses
secondary dysmenorrhea
2 causes of secondary dysmenorrhea
- underlying disorder2. disease condition
3 disease conditions that may cause secondary dysmenorrhea
- fibroids2. PID3. endometriosis
2 main types of ovarian cysts
- physiologic cysts2. neoplastic cysts
2 causes of physiologic cysts
- ovarian follicle growth2. more common: corpus luteum that persists too long
ovarian cysts that are benign or malignant neoplasms
neoplastic cysts
2 surgical treatment options for ovarian cysts
- laparoscopic drainage or removal2. more extensive surgery for malignant cysts
extrauterine endometrial tissue; most commonly in the pelvis
endometriosis
the most likely cause of endometriosis
retrograde menstruation
initial infection in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually a ____ and then becomes multibacterial
STI
can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if early treatment is not done
adhesion formation
2 end results in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if adhesions form in and around the fallopian tubes
- infertility2. increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
are uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) malignant or benign
benign
t or f. the cause of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) is unknown
t
treatment options for uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)
- myomectomy (surgical removal of the tumor)2. uterine artery embolization (UAE)3. endometrial ablation4 hysterectomy
2 infectious causes of TSS
- staphylococcus aureus2. streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
in toxic shock syndrome (TSS), toxins produced by the bacteria actually causing the disease
streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can occur due to an increase in ____ on ____ tampons
staphylococcal colonization; super absorbent
medication given to treat toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
IV vancomycin
average age of menopause occurrence
50-51
menopause is considered premature when occurring before ___ years of age
40
condition where women who are still menstruating but have the symptoms of menopause
perimenopause
menopause following ovary removal, or that caused by chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment for certain cancers
surgical menopause
hormone treatment for menopause symptoms are considered controversial because it raises the risk of developing ____
certain cancers
hormone treatment may be considered for ____ use during the period when ____ are the worst
short-term; symptoms
most common cause of vaginitis is ____
fungal infection
protozoa that can cause vaginitis
trichomonas
atrophic vaginitis occurs due to absence of ____ in postmenopausal women
estrogen
uterus is completely outside of the vagina
complete procidentia
uterine prolapse occurs due to the ___ becoming extremely overstretched or weakened from trauma due to childbirth, aging, or genetic factors
normal support of the uterus
the use of this therapeutic device that may help with symptoms of uterine prolapse
pessary
the only way to permanently correct uterine prolapse
hysterectomy
surgical treatment for young women with uterine prolapse hoping to preserve fertility
hysteropexy
displacement and protrusion of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall
cystocele
protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina
rectocele
2 main symptoms of cervical cancer
- vaginal discharge2. bleeding
vaginal discharge present in cervical cancer can be these 3 things
- watery2. bloody3. purulent
bleeding present in cervical cancer can occur during these 3 periods
- between periods2. after intercourse3. after menopause
most common sign of cervical cancer
abnormal Pap smear result
most significant risk factor for cervical cancer
oncogenic types of HPV
premalignant lesions to cervical cancer
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
4 treatment options for cervical cancer
- LEEP2. laser therapy3. cryoabolation4. radical hysterectomy and chemotherapy
4 risk factors for ovarian cancer
- patient Hx of breast cancer2. family Hx of breast and ovarian cancers3. BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 mutations4. HNPCC
4 risk factors for endometrial cancer
- age: postmenopausal women2. HNPCC3. type 2 diabetes (could be a direct cause)4. HTN
there is one type of endometrial cancer that is related to cumulative exposure to ____
excess estrogen
fibrocystic breast condition is also known as ____
fibrocystic breast disease
fibrocystic breast condition generally occurs between these ages
30-50 years old
fibrocystic breast condition occurs due to ___
unknown
mastitis that is often caused by strep or staphy infection that is almost always associated with breasfeeding
acute puerperal mastitis
is fibroadenoma of the breast benign or malignant?
benign tumor of the breast
cause of fibroadenoma of the breast is unknown, but tomors are ____, growing in size during menstruation or during pregnancy
hormonally responsive
area of the breast where cancer usually arises
terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU)
the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) is the ____ unit of breast tissue
functional
5 physical signs and symptoms of breast cancer
- lump2. swelling3. tenderness of the breast4. irritation or dimpling of the skin (peau d’orange)5. pain, ulceration, or retraction of the nipple
2 greatest risk factors for breast cancer
- increased age2. female gender
3 other risk factors for breast cancer
- hormonal2. reproductive3. genetic factors
the precursor lesion to breast cancer
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
3 specific characteristics of breast cancer to inform prognosis and treatment needs
- estrogen receptor positive/negative2. progesterone receptor positive/negative3. HER2 positive/negative
6 treatment options for breast cancer
- lumpectomy2. mastectomy (partial, total or radical)3. removal of some axillary lymph nodes4. hormone therapy depending on the estrogen/progesterone receptor status5. herceptin for HER2 positive tumors6. chemotherapy
disease of the breast that is a malignant lesion in the nipple of the breast
paget’s disease
constellation of physical and emotional symptoms that may appear shortly after ovulation and subside with onset of menstruation or shortly thereafter
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
absence of menstrual periods, whether temporary or permanent
amenorrhea
common gynecologic disorder; pain and cramping associated with menstruation affecting about 50% of post-pubertal women
dysmenorrhea
fluid filled, semisolid or solid masses that originate on or within the ovary
ovarian cysts
chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue
endometriosis
infection of a woman’s pelvis
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
3 areas involved in PID
1, tubes2. ovaries3. surrounding tissue
noncancerous tumors of the smooth muscle within the uterus
uterine leiomyoma (fibroids)
inflammation and/or infection of the vaginal tissues
vaginitis
acute, systemic infection
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
cessation of menstrual periods for 1 year with evidence of ovarian failure
menopause (climacteric)
downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the pelvis
uterine prolapse
most cervical cancers are ___ that arise in the transitional zone between the different epithelial types of the uterus corpus and vagina
squamous cell carcinomas
primary ovarian tumors usually derive from epithelial cells
ovarian cancer
involves lining of the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as a result of hormonal stimulation
endometrial cancer
common, benign breast disorder related to normal hormonal variation
fibrocystic breast condition/disease
inflammation of one or more mammary glands of the breast
mastitis
in fibroadenoma, there is a mass in the breast with these 4 criteria
- firm2. round3. encapsulated4. movable
usually arises from the TDLU which is very hormonally responsive
cancer of breast
earliest sign of breast cancer
abnormality on a mammogram
breast cancer in advanced stages: nodule becomes ___ and ___ develop
fixed to the chest wall; axillary masses and ulceration
characteristic breast lesion that signifies presence of malignant adenocarcinoma cells
paget’s disease of the breast
