Neonatology Flashcards
5 areas of Apgar score
- appearance: color2. pulse: heart rate3. grimace: response to stimuli4. activity: muscle tone5. respiration: respiration rate
The Apgar score is measured at ___ minute after birth and again at ___ minutes, and the total possible score is ___.
1, 5, 10
The Moro Reflex is also called the _____
startle reflex
In the Moro Reflex, a change in _____ causes extension and abduction of the extremities and fanning of the ____, followed by flexion and adduction of the extremities.
equilibrium, fingers
The Dance Reflex is also called the _____.
stepping reflex
The Sucking Reflex causes a newborn to ___ anything that touches the lips.
suck
The Rooting Reflex occurs when the cheek is touched or stroked along the side of the mouth, and the newborn turns its head toward the _____ and begin to suck.
stimulated side
The Palmar Grasp Reflex is flexion of the fingers caused by stimulation of the ______.
palm of the hand.
The Plantar Grasp Reflex is flexion of the toes when the ____ is gently stroked.
sole of the foot
The Crossed Extension Reflex is the adduction and extension of one leg when the _____ is stimulated. You
foot of the other leg
The Crawling Reflex is also called the _____.
symmetric tonic neck reflex
The Tonic Neck Reflex is also called the _____.
asymmetric tonic neck reflex
This reflex prevents the infant from rolling over until adequate ____ and ____ occurs.
neurologic and motor development
The Neck Righting Reflex occurs where turning the head to one side while the infant is in a ____ position causes rotation of the shoulders and trunk in the ____ direction.
supine, same
The Landau Reflex is that when the infant is held in a ____ position, it maintains a ____ with the head raised and the legs slightly flexed.
horizontal prone, convex arc
The Parachute Reaction is a variation of the ____, and persists for ___.
Moro reflex, life
In the Parachute Reaction, if ____ is normal, when the infant is dropped a short distance onto a soft surface, it will ____ the arms, hands and fingers on both sides of the body in a protective movement.
motor nerve development, extend
Birth before ___ weeks is considered premature
37
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) is also called _____
Hyaline Membrane Disease
Acute hypoxemia caused by infiltrates within the alveoli
IRDS
Inability of lungs to expand; there is inadequate surface area for proper gas exchange
IRDS
Tests involved in IRDS
- blood gas studies2. radiographic chest films
In IRDS, blood gas studies show reduced ____ and ineffective ____
oxygen tension; gas exchange
In IRDS, radiographic chest films show presence of ____ or ____
infiltrate or hyaline membrane
IRDS: acute ____ caused by _____ within the ____
hypoxemia, infiltrates, alveoli
IRDS: inability of ___ to expand; inadequate ____ for proper ___
lungs, surface area, gas exchange
In IRDS, lungs lack ____ needed to allow alveoli to expand
surfactant
Surfactant is normally produced in late ____
fetal life
In IRDS, treatment should begin within the first __ hours of life
48
3 options for IRDS treatment:
- carefully titrated supplemental oxygen through mechanical ventilation2. positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)3. drug therapy
In IRDS drug therapy, aerosol infusion of an exogenous surfactant such as ____ or ___ into the pulmonary tree by endotracheal tube
beractant or poractant
Serious chronic lung disease where lungs are stiff, obstructed and hard to ventilate
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
What are the two tests to diagnose BPD?
- radiographs2. arterial blood gases
In BPD, radiographs show alveolar damage with a ____ appearance
ground glass
In BPD, arterial blood gas tests show low ____ levels and high ____ levels
oxygen, carbon dioxide
In BPD, wet or crackling sounds are heard on ____ of the lungs
auscultation
BPD is caused by an insult to the neonate’s ___
lungs
BPD is often a sequela to which 4 disorders?
- IRDS2. lung infections3. pneumonia4. extreme prematurity
What is the goal of treatment for BPD?
replace damaged alveoli
In BPD, supplemental oxygen O2 saturation must be at __% or greater
90
What family of medicine is used to treat BPD
diuretics
Diuretics reduce ____ HTN, ____ heart failure, and fluid ____ in the lungs
pulmonary, right sided heart failure, fluid accumulation
Abnormal growth of the blood vessels in the retinas of infant eyes
retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
ROP usually occurs in premature infants because retinal blood vessels don’t develop until the __th week of gestation
28th week
Retinopathy of prematurity or ROP is also called ____
retrolental fibroplasia
ROP can be caused by which four things?
- incomplete vascularization in premature infants2. high supplemental oxygen concentrations3. drugs: surfactant and indomethacin4. intense artificial lighting-
T or F. Mild forms of ROP resolve without treatment
T
In serious cases, ROP is treated with laser treatment anterior to the vascular shunt, eliminating abnormal vessels before they cause _____
retinal detachment
Acute inflammatory process of the fragile intestinal tract in premature or sick newborns
necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
NEC is caused by _____ of the mucosal lining of the small and/or large intestine
ischemic necrosis
NEC is caused by breakdown in normal defense systems of the GI tract; ____ invades ____
normal flora, intestinal mucosa
Risk factors for NEC include:
- prematurity2. hypovolemia3. sepsis4. umbilical catheters5. exchange transfusions
When a neonate is diagnosed with NEC, he or she must be ordered ___ where fluids and antibiotics are administered intravenously
NPO
NEC is treated by surgical intervention with removal of ____
necrotic tissue
Two surgical procedures for NEC
- ileostomy2. colostomy
In NEC, a small tube is inserted into the stomach through the nose or mouth for ____
decompression
Condition of small stature and related incidence of interorbital distance, bulging forehead, depressed nasal bridge, malaligned teeth and short limbs
Robinow Syndrome
Bulging forehead
bossing
2 types of Robinow Syndrome
- dominant2. recessive
Robinow syndrome is an ____ syndrome
inherited generic
In dominant Robinow Syndrome, the gene is ____
not yet established
In recessive Robinow Syndrome, there is a mutation of a specific gene located in chromosome ___, which deals with ___ and ___ formation
9q22, bone and cartilage
There is no cure for Robinow Syndrome; treatment involves treating treatable conditions like ____, ____ and ____
dental abnormalities, cleft palate, and orthopedic conditions
Genetic syndrome where the individual has __ chromosomes instead of the usual __
47, 46
Mild to severe congenital mental retardation accompanied by characteristic facial features and distinctive physical abnormalities
Down Syndrome
What are the two types of tests to diagnose Down Syndrome in pregnancy?
- amniocentesis2. karyotype
There is an extra chromosome number __ in Down Syndrome
21
Down Syndrome occurs more often in infants born to women older than ___
35
The treatment plan for Down Syndrome is a _____ approach to maximize the development of motor and mental skills
multi-dimensional
Life expectancy for babies with Down Syndrome is improved through surgical correction of _____ and antibiotic therapy for _____
cardiac defects, pulmonary disease
Down Syndrome is associated with ____ defects
heart
Condition consisting of a group of disorders involving the brain and nervous system functions
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
3 types of cerebral palsy
- spastic2. athetoid3. ataxi
- Type of cerebral palsy: hyperactive reflexes, rapid muscle contractions; 70% of cases
spastic
- Type of cerebral palsy: involuntary muscle movements during stress, reduced muscle tone, difficulty with speech
athetoid
- Type of cerebral palsy: involuntary movements, poor balance, and wide gait
ataxic
CP may be congenital or acquired, bilateral or unilateral in the form of a _____ that results from damage to the CNS
non-progressive paralysis
Most common crippler of children
cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy is caused by inadequate blood or oxygen supply to brain during which 3 possible time frames?
- fetal development2. the birth process3. early childhood until 9 years of age
Cerebral palsy may also be caused by ___ or ___ during the first month of life
infection or head trauma
Cerebral palsy is more common in premature infants and male or female babies?
male babies
There is no cure for cerebral palsy, but what is the goal of treatment?
Minimize the handicap by providing therapeutic measures to help the child reach his or her potential
What are 5 other treatment options for cerebral palsy?
- physical therapy2. speech therapy3. special education4. orthopedic intervention5. anticonvulsants for children with seizures
Progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles where muscle fibres are abnormally vulnerable to injury
muscular dystrophy (MD)
MD first affects the muscles of which 4 areas?
- shoulders2. hips3. thighs4. calves
Later forms of MD involve all the muscles causing ____
immobility
MD is associated with what 4 conditions?
- mental impairment2. spinal deformities3. contractures4. serious pulmonary infections
How many types of muscular dystrophy are there?
several, but most are rare
The most common type of muscular dystrophy is ____
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
What are the 2 tests used to diagnose muscular dystrophy?
- muscle biopsy2. electromyography (EMG)
MD can certainly be a genetic defect, but is caused by the absence of ____, a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle
dystrophin
Muscular dystrophy affects only ____ and is inherited through female carriers
males
1/3 to 1/2 of muscular dystrophy cases are caused by a ____ and is not associated with family history
newly acquired mutation
T or F. There is no cure for MD
T
Corticosteroids slow ____ in MD
muscle degeneration
- 3 types of spina bifida
- spina bidifa occulta2. meningocele3. myelomeningocele
Spina bifida: posterior arches of the vertebrae (usually in the lumbosacral area) fail to fuse but there is no herniation of meninges or spinal cord
spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida: no spinal cord or spinal nerve involvement; usually asymptomatic
spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida occulta is associated with exposure to ____ during ____ life
ionizing radiation, early uterine
Spina bifida occulta may also be caused by metabolic imbalances where there are reduced levels of ___ and ___ consumed during pregnancy
Vitamin A and folic acid
What intervention is needed for spina bifida occulta?
There is no intervention needed
Treatment for spina bifida occulta depends on the degree of _____
neurologic involvement
Spina bifida: posterior portion of the neural tube fails to close in the early stages of fetal development
meningocele
Spina bifida: meninges protrude through an opening in the spinal form, forming a sac that becomes filled with cerebrospinal fluid
CSF
T or F. Nerves are involved in meningocele.
False
In meningocele, the sac formed over the defect may ___ because the skin over the area is usually fragile
rupture
Meningocele is caused by which 3 things?
- genetic factors2. environmental factors3. metabolic imbalances: lack of Vit A and folic acid consumed in pregnancy
Meningocele requires ____ to correct the defect in the first 24 to 48 hours of life
surgical intervention
Spina bifida: most severe form also called Spina Bifida Cystica
myelomeningocele
Spina bifida: protrusion of a portion of the spinal cord and the meninges through a defect in the spinal column, usually in the lumbar region
myelomeningocele
Infants with myelomeningocele may have what 3 complications?
- musculoskeletal malformation2. immobile joints3. paralysis of the lower extremities
T or F. In myelomeningocele, nerve damage is irreversible
T
4 conditions associated with myelomeningocele
- hydrocephalus2. lack of control over bowel and bladder movements3. inability to walk4. death before 2 years of age
Myelomeningocele is caused by ____ factors
genetic
Myelomeningocele is associated with exposure to ____
Agent Orange
Myelomeningocele requires surgical interventions with the first __ hours of life to prevent further deterioration of involved ____, infection and rupture of the ____
24 hours, nerves, herniation
Abnormal enlargement of the head due to increased cerebrospinal fluid or blocked circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
hydrocephalus
There is increased ____ in hydrocephalus
increased intracranial pressure
Left untreated, hydrocephalus causes _____ and eventually death
mental retardation
2 types of hydrocephalus
- obstructive2. communication
- Type of hydrocephalus: impairment of the circulation of CSF in the ventricular circulation
obstructive
- Type of hydrocephalus: impairment of the flow of CSF in the subarachnoid space
communicating
In hydrocephalus, a large amount of ___ accumulates in the skull
CSF
Obstructive hydrocephalus is due to a ___ within the system or a congenital ___
lesion, structural defect
Communicating hydrocephalus is due to the prevention of cerbrospinal fluid reaching the area where it normally would be reabsorbed by the ____
arachnoid billi
Hydrocephalus may result in these 4 conditions
- intracranial hemorrhage2. blood clots3. prematurity4. meningitis
Hydrocephalus requires surgical intervention where a shunt is placed in the ____ or ____ spaces to drain excessive cerebrospinal fluid
ventricular or subarachnoid spaces
_____ help to shunt excessive CSF away from the ____ to maintain normal pressure
one-way valves, cerebrospinal canal
The most severe form of neural tube defect that occurs early in gestation
anencephaly
In anencephaly, the fetus or neonate has no ____ and little ____
cranial vault, cerebral tissue
Most infants with anencephaly die before ____ or during the ___
birth; birth process
Newborns with anencephaly may survive a few hours or days because they have several other _____ incompatible with life
neural tube abnormalities
More ___ are affected than ___ in anencephaly
females; males
Anencephaly is caused by failure of the neural tube at the ____ to ____ completely during the 2nd or 3rd week of prenatal development
cephalic (cranial end), close
Anencephaly has a familial tendency but is also associated with the mother’s ___ and ___
diet; vitamin intake
Is there treatment for anencephaly?
No
*4 Acyanotic Heart Defects
- ventricular septal defect (VSD)2. patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)3. coarctation of the aorta 4. atrial septal defect (ASD)
*2 Cyanotic Heart Defects
- tetralogy of fallot2. transposition of the great arteries
The most common congenital cardiac disorder
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
In ventricular septal defect, there is an abnormal opening between the right and left ____
ventricles
In VSD, blood is shunted from the left side to the right side of the heart due to higher ____ in the ____
pressure in the left ventricle
VSD murmur sounds ___ and ___
harsh and holosystolic
In patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the ___ fails to functionally close
ductus
In normal fetal circulation, the patent ductus ____, shunting the circulation from the lungs and instead directs blood from the pulmonary tract to the aorta
short-circuits
In PDA, the circulation of _____ is compromised because the abnormal opening is a shunt allowing oxygenated blood to _____ through the lungs
oxygen, recirculates
PDA murmur sounds like ____ and there is a ____ upon palpitation
machinery; thrill
In coarctation of the aorta, the defect is characterized by a narrowed _____
aortic lumen
The narrowed aortic lumen in coarctation of the aorta causes partial obstruction of the flow of blood through the ____
aorta
In coarctation of the aorta, there is increased _____ pressure and workload
left ventricular
There is also decreased _____ distal to the _____ in coarctation of the aorta
blood pressure; narrowing
In coarctation of the aorta, there are signs of ____ ventricular failure with pulmonary ____
left ventricular failure; edema
In coarctation of the area, systemic blood pressure is _____ when measured in the arms, but ____ in the lower extremeties
elevated; decreased
Abnormal opening between the right and left atria
atrial septal defect (ASD)
In ASD, blood generally shunts from ___ to ____ in all atrial septal defects
left to right
In ASD, a classic _____ murmur can be heard
systolic cardiac
The most common cyanotic cardiac defect
tetralogy of fallot
In tetralogy of fallot, ____ blood enters the aorta, causing ____
deoxygenated; hypoxia
Tetralogy of fallot is a combination of these four congenital heart defects
- ventricular septal defect2. pulmonary stenosis3. dextroposition4. right ventricular hypertrophy
Fallot defect: abnormal opening in the ventricular septum
ventricular septal defect
Fallot defect: tightening of the pulmonary valve or vessel
pulmonary stenosis
Fallot defect: displacement to the right of the aorta which overrides the ventricular septal defect
dextroposition
Fallot defect: increased pressure in the ventricle
right ventricular hypertrophy
The aorta and the pulmonary artery are reversed
transposition of the great arteries
In transposition of the great arteries, the ___ originates from the right ventricle and the ____ originates from the left ventricle
aorta; pulmonary artery
In transposition of the great arteries, there are two _____ circulatory systems
closed-loop circulatory systems
In transposition of the great arteries there is one closed-loop circulatory system between the ___ and ___
heart and lungs
In transposition of the great arteries there is another closed-loop circulatory system between the ___ and ____
heart and systemic circulation
Transposition of the great arteries requires immediate ____
surgical intervention
An obvious, non-traumatic deformity of a newborn’s foot
clubfoot
In clubfoot, the ___ half of the foot is ___ and ___
anterior; adducted; inverted
What classifies a true clubfoot?
cannot be manipulated to the proper position
Clubfoot is also called _____
talipes equinovarus
Clubfoot can be caused by the ____ position
fetal
Clubfoot can be caused by genetic factors; abnormal development of the ____ during the ____ stage
germ plasma; embryonic stage
Treatment of clubfoot must start early in the ___ period
neonatal
3 treatment options for clubfoot
- cast2. splints3. surgerry if 1 and 2 are unsuccessful
An abnormal development of the hip joint
development dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
In DDH, the abnormality ranges from an unstable joint to dislocation of the ____ from the ____
femoral head; acetabulum
Developmental dysplasia of the hip was previously called ____
congenital hip dysplasia (CHD)
DDH is caused by the softening of the ____ caused by the maternal hormone ____
ligaments; relaxin
DDH may also be caused by ___ presentation at birth
breech
DDH is more common in ___ infants
female
DDH is treated by returning the ____ to the proper position in the ____
femoral head; acetabulum
3 treatment options for DDH
- legs held by a Pavlik harness2. splint 3. cast
In DDH, a shortening of the ___ is present when the knees and hips are flexed at ___ angles
femur; right
Congenital birth defect consisting of one or more clefts in the upper lip
cleft lip
Congenital birth defect in which there is a hole in the middle of the roof of the mouth
cleft palate
The main problem with cleft lip/palate is the infant’s ____ and difficulty ____
appearance; feeding
Cleft lip/palate is caused by failure in the ____ of a fetus
embryonic development
Cleft lip/palate is a ____ genetic disorder
multifactorial
3 treatment options for cleft lip/palate
- surgical repair2. special feeding devices3. speech therapy
Failure of one or both of the testicles to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
cryptorchidism
T or F. Cryptorchidism is only bilateral
F; may be uni- or bilateral
Cryptorchidism is caused by ___ and is more common in premature infants
hormones
In cryptorchidism, testes often descend spontaneously during the ___ year
1st
If spontaneous descending doesn’t happen by age __, the undescended testes are placed into the scrotum by surgical manipulation
4
The surgical manipulation used to treat cryptorchidism
orchiopexy
Cryptorchidism is also treated with ______
hormonal drug therapy
Drugs used in hormonal drug therapy (cryptorchidism)
B-HCG; testosterone
Untreated cryptorchidism may lead to ___ and an increased risk in ___ cancer
virility; testiscular cancer
- Highly malignant neoplasm (______) of the kidney affecting children younger than 10
Wilm’s tumor; adenosarcoma
Wilm’s tumor is also called ____
nephroblastoma
The most comm kidney tumor of childhood and the fourth most common childhood cancer
Wilm’s tumor
Wilm’s tumor is associated with _____ or absence of the iris
aniridia
Wilm’s tumor is also associated with ____ anomalies like cryptorchidism and ambiguous ____
genitourinary; genitalia
Most Wilm’s tumors are unilateral; __% are bilateral or multi-centric
10%
Wilm’s tumor is caused by abnormal ____ tissue left behind during early embryonic life
fetal kidney tissue
When does the abnormal tissue in Wilm’s tumor begin unrestrained cancerous growth?
after the child is born
___% of Wilm’s tumor cases are hereditary
20%
T or F. There is no method to identify gene carriers for WIlm’s tumor.
T
2 treatment options for Wilm’s tumor
- surgical removal of the tumor and accessible metastatic sites2. chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy
Stenosis of the opening of the foreskin in the male leading to an inability to retract the foreskin
phimosis
Phimosis causes difficult ____ and accumulation of ____
urination; secretions
T or F. Phimosis is always congenital
F. Phimosis may be congenital or acquired
T or F. The cause of phimosis is unknown
T
3 treatment options for phimosis
- circumcision2. gentle washing3. topical steroid cream
Gastric obstruction associated with narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
congenital pyloric stenosis
The pyloric sphincter is at the ___ of the stomach
exit
Congenital pyloric stenosis is also called ____
congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
A symptom of congenital pyloric stenosis is episodes of ____ after feedings
projectile vomiting
Congenital pyloric stenosis occurs ___ times more often in males than in female infants
4
When congenital pyloric stenosis is left untreated, the infant becomes ___ and experiences ___ imbalances
dehydrated; electrolyte
What is the surgical intervention used to treat congenital pyloric stenosis where the constricted pylorus is incised and sutured?
pyloromyotomy
Impairment of intestinal motility that causes obstruction of the distal colon
Hirschsprung’s disease
*Hirschsprung disease see pp 81 for symptoms in children of different ages
-
Hirschsprung’s disease is also called ____
congenital aganglionic megacolon
In Hirschsprung’s Disease, there is an abnormal ___ of the intrinsic musculature of the bowel wall resulting in lack of ___ in the affected portion of the colon and succeeding backup of fecal material
innervation; peristalsis
In Hirschsprung’s disease, ____ ____ ____ cells are absent in a segment of the colon, often the rectosigmoid area
parasympathetic nerve ganglion
To treat Hirschsprung disease, the affected bowel is ___ and the normal colon is joined to the ____
excised; anus
Surgical intervention for Hirschsprung disease
temporary colostomy
How long does the temporary colostomy last to treat Hirschsprung disease
6 months to 1 year
Hirschsprung disease is treated with a temporary colostomy proximal to the ___ section of the colon
aganglionic
Cystic fibrosis is a chronic dysfunction of this gene that affects multiple body systems
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
Cystic fibrosis primarily attacks the ___ and the ___ system but has many clinical manifestations
lungs; digestive system
The most common fatal genetic disease
cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder transmitted as an ____ recessive trait
autosomal
Cystic fibrosis is usually fatal but ___ may increase life expectancy
early diagnosis
Vitamins taken to manage cystic fibrosis
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Other treatments for cystic fibrosis
- diets2. chest physiotherapy3. pancreatic enzyme supplementation4. broad spectrum antibiotics5. insulin for CF-associated diabetes6. lung transplantation
Inborn error in the metabolism of amino acids causing brain damage and mental retardation when not corrected
phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Inherited autosomal recessive trait causing defective ___ in ___
enzymatic conversion; protein metabolism
In phenylketonuria, the enzyme needed to change the amino acid ____ in the body into ___ is lacking
phenylalanine; tyrosine
Phenylketonuria results in the accumulation of phenylalanine in the __ and ___ which is toxic to the brain
blood and urine
Phenylketonuria is treated with a ____ diet to allow normal brain development
phenylalanine-free diet
How long must a protein-restricted diet be kept up to manage phenylketonuria?
for the rest of their lives
To manage phenylketonuria, elimination of ___, ____, ___ and ____ products is required
meat, cheese, nuts, dairy
Klinefelter’s Syndrome is male hypogonadism in males after puberty with at least two __ chromosomes and one or more __ chromosomes
X; Y
Klinefelter’s Syndrome is also called
XXY condition
Syndrome where there is abnormal development of the testes and reduced levels of testosterone
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Klinefelter’s Syndrome is associated with ____ resulting from ____
infertility; azoospermia
What test is used to confirm Klinefelter’s Syndrome and differentiates between the mosaic and true form of Klinefelter’s
chromosomal smear analyses
In Klinefelter’s, there is presence of at least two X chromosomes, typically a ___ pattern
47,XXY
T or F. The extra X chromosome in Klinefelter’s may only be of maternal origin
F; maternal or paternal origin
Klinefelter’s is not inherited but results from a _____ during gamete formation
nondisjunction
Klinefelter’s is treated through ____ with ____ by injection during ____
long-term hormone replacement; testosterone; puberty
T or F. Ferility can be restored in Klinefelter’s with proper treatment
F.
Chromosomal disease occuring in females with a single sex chromosome
Turner’s Syndrome
Chromosomal pattern for Turner’s Syndrome instead of the normal 46,XX pattern
45,XO
Turner’s Syndrome is the most common disorder of ____ in females
gonadal dysgenesis
Examples of defects and diseases associated with Turner’s Syndrome
low-set ears, swollen hands and feet, webbing of the neck, lack of sexual maturation, amenorrhea, sterility, dwarfism, cardiac and kidney defects; delayed speech and ambulation
Turner’s Syndrome is caused by the loss of the second __ chromosome caused by ____ during gamete formation
X; nondisjunction
Symptoms of Turner’s Syndrome is reduced by ___ and ____ therapy
estrogen; growth hormone
Test for cystic fibrosis
sweat tests
Test for phenylketonuria
Guthrie
Test for diphtheria
Schick
Test for erythroblastosis fetalis
Coombs
