Endocrinology Flashcards
hormones pg 760
-
aden/o
gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
andr/o
male
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
crin/o
secrete
dips/o
thirst
estr/o
female
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
home/o
sameness
hormon/o
hormone
kal/i
potassium
lact/o
milk
myx/o
mucus
natr/o
sodium
phys/o
growing
somat/o
body
ster/o
solid structure
toc/o
childbirth
toxic/o
poison
ur/o
urine
-agon
assemble; gather together
-emia
blood condition
-in, -ine
substance
-tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)
-uria
urine condition
eu-
good, normal
hyper-
excessive; above
hypo-
deficient, below, under, less than normal
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
pan-
all
poly-
many or increased
tetra-
four
tri-
three
fasting blood sugar test that measures CIRCULATING GLUCOSE level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 HOURS
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
measurement of hormones, ELECTROLYTES, GLUCOSE, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function
serum and urine tests
detects small quantities of ALBUMIN in URINE as a maker or harbinger of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
urinary microalbumin assay
measurement of T3, T4 and TSH in the bloodstream
thyroid function tests
measurement of EYEBALL PROTRUSION (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer
exophthalmometry
xray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views to assess size and infiltration by tumor
computed tomography (CT) scan
MAGNETIC waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scanner detects RADIOACTIVITY and visualizes the thyroid gland
thyroid scan
administration of radioactivity that is oral with radioactive IODINE
RAIU (radioactive iodine uptake scan)
SOUND WAVES show images of endocrine organs
ultrasound examination
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
BGM
blood glucose monitoring
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBG
fasting blood glucose
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
hGH
human growth hormone
IDDM
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
K+
potassium
LH
luteinizing hormone
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
Na+
sodium
NIDDM
non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
OT
oxytocin
P
phosphorus
PRL
prolactine
PTH
parathyroid hormone
RAI
radioactive iodine
RIA
radioimmunoassay
T3
tri-iodothyronine
T4
tetraiodothyronin/thyroxine
TFT
thyroid function test
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
Released into the bloodstream and target specific cells
hormones
List your endocrine glands.
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal
Which structures secrete hormones?
hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads
What is another term for the pituitary gland?
hypophysis
Called the master gland; mainly in charge of growth, stimulation of other glands
pituitary gland
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
- anterior (adenohypophysis)2. posterior (neurohypophysis)
Which part of the pituitary gland acts as a holding tank for hormones produced by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland or neurohypophysis
Secretes three hormones that affect metabolism, growth, physical/mental activity
thyroid gland
Hormone that decreases blood calcium level
calcitonin
Hormone that acts in direct opposition to calcitonin; increases blood calcium level
parathyroid hormone
Small glands embedded in the posterior thyroid
parathyroid glands
Also called the suprarenal glands; secretes cortisol
adrenal glands
Gland that regulates metabolism, water levels and reacts to stress
adrenal glands
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
cortex
medulla
Hormone that raises BLOOD PRESSURE
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
What is another name for PANCREAS?
islets of Langerhans
Gland that regulates blood SUGAR
pancreas
The pancreas secretes which two hormones?
- insulin 2. glucagon
Hormone that LOWERS blood glucose by causing body cells to USE glucose
insulin
Hormone that INCREASES blood glucose by stimulating the LIVER to release GLUCOSE into the bloodstream
glucagon
Gland that secretes MELATONIN
pineal gland
Hormone that regulates MOOD and other BIORRHYTHMS
melatonin
Hormone that regulates the development and function of the IMMUNE SYSTEM
thymosin
endocrin/o
endocrine glands or system
pituitar/o
pituitary gland, hypophysis
hypophys-
pituitary gland, hypophysis
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
parathyr/o, parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal gland, epinephrine
adrenocortic/o
adrenal cortex
insul/o
pancreatic islets
Consists of a widely distributed group of glands that secretes regulatory substances called hormones
the endocrine system
Because hormones are released directly into the blood, the endocrine glands are known as the _____ glands
ductless
T or F. Despite the fact that hormones in the blood reach all parts of the body, only certain tissues respond
True
The tissue that is influenced by a specific hormone is called the _____
target tissue
The cells that make up this tissue have specific _____ on their membranes to which the hormone attaches, enabling it to act on the cells.
receptors
Produced in extremely small amounts and are highly potent
hormones
What do hormones affect by means of their actions on various target tissues?
Behavior
Growth
Metabolism
Reproductive Activity
Chemically, hormones fall into which two categories?
- steroid hormones 2. amino acid hormones
Hormones made from lipids
steroid hormones
Hormones made from amino acids include ___ and ___
proteins and proteinlike compounds
Steroids are produced by the ___ glands and the ___ region of the adrenal glands
sex glands (gonads) and the cortex region
The production of hormones is controlled mainly by _____
negative feedback
the hormone itself, or some product of hormone activity, acts as a control over further manufacture of the hormone—a self-regulating system
negative feedback
The hypophysis is a small gland beneath the brain. What is the common name for it?
pituitary gland
The anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are connected to and controlled by the ____
hypothalamus
The anterior pituitary releases _ hormones
6.
The posterior pituitary releases _ hormones.
2.
anterior pituitary hormones are released in response to substances that are sent to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus and can be identified by the ending ____
-tropin, -tropic
The posterior pituitary hormones are actually ____ in the hypothalamus
produced
The posterior pituitary hormones are ___ there until nervous signals arrive from the hypothalamus to trigger their release
stored
Consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx and upper trachea
thyroid gland
List the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland.
- growth hormone (somatotropin)2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)4. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)5. luteinizing hormone (LH)6. prolacting (PRL)
List the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)2. oxytocin
List the 3 main hormones released by the thyroid gland.
- thyroxine (T4)2. triiodothyronine (T3)3. calcitonin
T or F. Thyroid hormones contain iodine.
True
Iodine levels can be measured and the activity of the thyroid gland can be studied byfollowing the ____ of iodine
uptake
Most thyroid hormone in the blood is bound to protein, mainly _____
thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
Located atop each kidney, are divided into two distinct regions
adrenal glands
How are the adrenal glands divided?
- an outer cortex2. an inner medulla
The hormones produced by the adrenal gland are involved in the body’s response to ____
stress
The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones
3
The adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones
2
The endocrine portions of the pancreas are the ___, small clusters of cells within the pancreatic tissue
pancreatic islet
The islet cells produce _ hormones
2
What are the 4 main endocrine glands?
- pituitary2. thyroid/parathyroid3. adrenals4. pancreas
List other endocrine tissues and organs.
- thymus2. gonads3. stomach/kidney/heart/small intestine
Anterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes GROWTH of all body TISSUES; stimulates the growth of BONES and acts on other tissues too
GH: growth hormone or somatotropin
Anterior pituitary hormone 2: stimulates thyroid gland to produce THYROID hormones
TSH: thyroid- stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone 3: stimulates ADRENAL CORTEX to produce cortical hormones; aids in protecting body in STRESS situations
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
What organs do anterior pituitary hormones act on?
bones reproduction adrenal cortex thyroid lactation
Anterior pituitary hormone 4: stimulates growth and hormone activity of OVARIAN FOLLICLES; stimulates growth of TESTES; promotes development of SPERM cells
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone 5: causes development of CORPUS LUTEUM at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates secretion of TESTOSTERONE in male
LH: luteinizing hormone or ICSH in males: interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone 6: stimulates secretion of MILK by MAMMARY GLANDS
PRL: prolactin
Posterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes REABSORPTION of water in kidney tubules; stimulates smooth muscle tissue of BLOOD VESSELS to CONSTRICT
ADH: antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin
Posterior pituitary hormone 2: causes CONTRACTION of uterus; causes EJECTION of milk from mammary glands
oxytocin
Thyroid hormone 1: increases METABOLIC RATE and production of body HEAT, influencing both physical and mental activities
thyroxine T4
Thyroid hormone 2: required for normal GROWTH
triiodothyronine T3
Thyroid hormone 3: DECREASES CALCIUM level in blood
calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone 1: regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bones; INCREASES calcium level in blood
parathyroid hormone
Adrenal medulla hormone 1 and 2: active in response to stress; increases respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate; work with the nervous system to help the body meet challenges
- epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Adrenal cortex hormone 1: mobilizes reserves of fats and carbs to increase the levels of nutrients in the blood; aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress; reduces inflammation
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Adrenal cortex hormone 2: acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium and water while eliminating potassium; aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance
aldosterone
Adrenal cortex hormone 3: may influence secondary sexual characteristics; produces mainly testosterone
sex hormones
Pancreatic islets hormone 1: aids transport of glucose into cells; required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glucose; decreases blood sugar levels; increases cellular use of glucose
insulin
Pancreatic islets hormone 2: stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels
glucagon
Ovarian hormone 1: stimulate growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics
estrogens
Ovarian hormone 2: stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands; prepares uterine lining for IMPLANTATION of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy
progesterone
Thymus hormone 1: important in development of T cells needed for IMMUNITY and in early development of lymphoid tissue
thymosin
Posterior pituitary hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve water and also promotes constriction of blood vessels, both of which serve to increase blood pressure
ADH
Four to six of these exist on the posterior surface of the thyroid and affect calcium metabolism
parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone works with the thyroid hormone ___ which lowers blood calcium to regulate calcium balance
thyrocalcitonin
Group of hormones produced by many cells. They have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions, promotion of the inflammatory response, and vasomotor activities
prostaglandins
Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes directly into the blood
endocrine
A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the bloodand has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands.
hormone
A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis
hypothalamus
Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism; also called islets of Langerhans or islet cells
pancreatic islets
The ____ lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the ____ lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus
anterior; posterior
A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation
prostaglandins
A site on the cell membrane to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches
receptor
A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex
steroid hormone
hypersecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder
hypoglycemia
hyposecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder
diabetes melitus
Endocrine diseases usually result from the _____ or ____ of hormones
overproduction (hypersecretion); underproduction (hyposecretion)
Endocrine diseases may also result from secretion at the wrong time or from failure of the ______ to respond.
target tissue
Bulging of the eyeballs caused by swelling of the tissues behind the eyes
exophthalmos
Overactivity of the ____ can aid in the development of kidney stones from high levels of circulating calcium
parathyroid gland
What is the most common endocrine disorder?
diabetes mellitus
Failure of the body cells to use glucose effectivey
diabetes mellitus
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1); juvenile onset
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
NIDDM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2); adult onset
Type 2 diabetes accounts for __ of diabetes cases
90%
A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations in salt andwater balance
addison disease
Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excess GH in an adult
acromegaly
A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means “tasteless,” referring to thedilution of the urine.
diabetes insipidus
A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for honey, referring to the sugar content of the urine
diabetes mellitus
A condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia
insulin shock
A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome
metabolic syndrome
Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors
tetany
Underactivity of the entire pituitary gland
panhypopituitarism
small gland in brain that seems to regulate behavior and sexual development in response to environmental light
pineal gland
A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland
sella turcica
A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland
spenoid bone
MEN
multiple endocrine neoplasia
FTI, T7
free thyroxine index
Calculation based on the amount of T4 present and T3 uptake that is used to diagnose thyroid dysfunction
FTI, T7
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
RIA
radioimmunoassay
BS
blood sugar
FPG
fasting plasma glucose
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
HbA1c
Hemoglobin A1c
131I
iodine 131
IFG
impaired fasting blood glucose
IGT
impaired glucose intolerance
NPH
neutral protamine hagedorn (insulin)
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)
Another word for thyroxine
tetraiodothyronine
Abnormal growth and stature
gigantism
*5 pituitary gland diseases also
- gigantism 2. acromegaly3. hypopituitarism4. dwarfism5. diabetes insipidus
Gigantism is caused by the excessive production and secretion of ____ hormones
pituitary
*Gigantism occurs when there is a hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma before ____
growth hormone; before puberty
Child with gigantism experience abnormal growth because the ____ has not begun
epiphyseal closure
Gigantism is treated by reducing the amount of ___ secreted
growth hormone
How is surgery reducing the amount of growth hormone performed?
transsphenoidal approach
Chronic metabolic condition of adults with overgrowth of soft tissue and the bones of face, hands and feet
acromegaly
Which 3 bones are commonly affected by acromegaly?
bones of face, hands and feet
*Acromegaly is caused by the hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma after ___
growth hormone; after puberty
Acromegaly is treated by reducing the amount of ___, ___ approach, and reverse or preventing ____ effects
growth hormone; transsphenoidal approach; tumor mass
Condition caused by deficiency or absence of any pituitary hormones
hypopituitarism
In hypopituitarism there is a deficiency or absence of hormones especially produced by the ____
anterior pituitary
Hypopituitarism produces ____ in children
growth retardation
Hypopituitarism can be congenital or acquired and may be caused by ___ tumor or tumor of the ___
pituitary; hypothalamus
Hypopituitarism is also caused by damage to the pituitary gland caused by ____, ischemia of ____, tumor, or ____ fracture
radiation; gland; basilar skull
*Destruction of entire anterior lobe and none of anterior pituitary hormones are secreted; occurs mostly in women
panhypopituitarism
What 3 factors determine the treatment of hypopituitarism?
- age2. severity3. underlying cause
Hypopituitarism is also treated with hormone replacement therapy with these 4 hormones
- thyroxine2. cortisone3. sex hormones4. somatropin (hGH)
Abnormal underdevelopment occuring in children
dwarfism
Dwarfism is ____ occurring in children
hypopituitarism
Dwarfism can be congenital or can result from ____ after the birth process
cranial hemorrhage
Dwarfism is treated by administering ____ until child reaches height of ____ feet
somatotropin (hGH); 5 feet
Patients with dwarfism may need replacement of ___, ___, or ___ hormones
thyroid; adrenal; sex
- Disturbance of water metabolism resulting in polyuria and polydipsia
diabetes insipidus
Excessive amount of colorless and dilute urine
polyuria
Excessive thirst; deficiency in the release of vasopressin
polydipsia
Diabetes resulting from renal tubular resistance to action of vasopressin; more common in men
nephrogenic diabetes
Diabetes insipidus occurs when the ____ pituitary releases reduced amounts of ____
posterior; vasopressin
Diabetes inspidus may be hereditary, a result of insult to the ____ or ____ gland, head trauma, cerebral edema, or intracranial lesion
hypothalamus; pituitary
Diabetes insipidus is managed with ____ injections, ____ spray or ____ (DDAVP)
vasopressin; nasal; oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)
Nephrogenic diabetes is managed with ____
thiazide diuretics
Thiazide diuretics block the ability of kidneys to excrete ___ and increases excretion of ___ and ____
water; sodium chloride; water
2 types of hyperpituitarism
- gigantism2. acromegaly
*5 thyroid gland diseases
- simple goiter2. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis3. Hyperthyroidism4. Cretinism5. Myxedema
Enlargement or hyperplasia of thyroid gland usually with swelling in the neck area; asymptomatic in early stages
simple goiter
Simple goiter is also called ____
non-toxic goiter
Simple goiter can produce ___ or difficulty breathing
dyspnea
Simple goiter is caused by a shortage of ___ in diet
iodine
Simple goiter is treated with one drop per week of saturated solution of _____
potassium iodide
Unresponsive simple goiter is excised using what surgical procedure
subtotal thyroidectomy
Chronic disease of immune system that attacks the thyroid gland
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s is also called ___
chronic thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s is accompanied by gradual and painless lumpy enlargement of the ____ causing pressure in neck and difficulty swallowing
thyroid gland
Hashimoto’s occurs in women __ times more than in men and is most common between ages 45-65
8 times
Hashimoto’s has a hereditary pattern and may also be caused by ____
autoimmune disorders
Hashimoto’s is treated with a lifelong replacement of _____ hormones; this treatment prevents further growth of goiter
thyroid hormones
Condition where entire thyroid gland hypertrophies
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is also known as ____
Graves’ disease
When the thyroid gland hypertrophies in hyperthyroidism, this results in ____ goiter and overproduction of ____ hormones
diffuse; thyroid
Sudden exacerbation of hyperthyroidism, also called ___ or ___, can be life-threatening
thyrotoxicosis; thyroid storm
Hyperthyroidism is believed to be an ______ response
autoimmune
The goal of treating hyperthyroidism is to reduce formation and secretion of ____ hormones
thyroid
Hyperthyroidism is treated with ____ drugs, ____ therapy or ____-ectomy
anti-thyroid drugs; radioactive iodine therapy; thyroidectomy
____ are given to treat tachycardia and hypertension associated with hyperthyroidism
B-Blockers
2 types of hypothyroidism
- cretinism2. myxedema
*Congenital hypothyroidism developing in infancy or early childhood where the thyroid gland is absent or thyroid hormone is not synthesized by thyroid gland
cretinism
Cretinism is caused by ____ in fetal development
error
Cretinism is caused by the congenital absence of ___ required for ___ and ___ synthesis
enzymes; T3; T4
Cretinism may also be caused by ____ deficient diets, ___ thyroid deficiency, or taking ____ drugs during pregnancy
iodine; maternal; anti-thyroid
Early treatment with thyroid hormone promotes normal physical growth for patients with cretinism, but this may not prevent _____
mental retardation
_____ therapy is required throughout the life of a patient with cretinism
hormone replacement therapy
*Severe acquired hypothyroidism with reduced levels of T4 developing in older child or adult
myxedema
Myxedema usually occurs in females, who experience ____
menorrhagia
Myxedema is caused by the impairment of the thyroid gland’s ability to synthesize ___
T4
Myxedema may also be due to reduced amounts of _____, ____ of thyroid gland, surgical removal of gland without ____ surgery, or a tumor
thyrotropin; radiation destruction; T4 replacement surgery
Common cause for hypothyroidism in children is _____
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
The goal of treating myxedema is to achieve normal ____ function with the lowest possible ____
thyroid; dose
Myxedemia is treated with life-long replacement therapy and administering _____
Levothyroxine sodium (T4)
2 parathyroid gland diseases
- hyperparathyroidism2. hypoparathyroidism
Parathyroid hormones increase blood ____ level by stimulating bone ____ and increasing absorption of ____ in digestive tract/kidneys
calcium; demineraization; calcium
Overproduction of parathyroid hormones (PTH)
hyperparathyroidism
Increases breakdown of bone, resulting in hypercalcemia
hyperparathyroidism
Excessive reabsorption of calcium in blood
hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism is twice as common in women and incidence rises sharply after age ___
40
Hyperparathyroidism is caused by overactivity of one or more of the four ____ glands
parathyroid
Overactivity of the parathyroid glands is usually a result of an excessive growth, or ____, or an ____ of the gland
adenoma; idiopathic hyperplasia
Hyperparathyroidism is also caused by an increased secretion of PTH induced by low level of ____ and ____
serum calcium; vitamin D
If hyperparathyroidism is caused by an adenoma, the tumor is removed by ____ surgery
minimally invasive
*If hyperparathyroidism is caused by hyperplasia, ___ of 4 glands are usually removed
3.5
When hyperparathyroidism is secondary, the underlying cause is treated and ____ levels reduced
blood serum calcium
Secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid glands is greatly reduced
hypoparathyroidism
In hypoparathyroidism, circulating ____ is reduced, resulting in hypocalcemia
calcium
In hypoparathyroidism, there are decreased deposits of ____ in tissue
calcium
Surgical reimplantation of ____ following ____ can help with postop hypoparathyroidism
parathyroid; thyroidectomy
The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is surgical destruction of _____
parathyroid glands
Hypoparathyroidism may also be caused by raised ____ levels which by ____ causes decreased ____
blood calcium; negative feedback; PTH output
Acquired hypoparathyroidism results from these 5 things
- injury2. ischemia3. radiation4. neoplasia5. various disease process
Presence of ____ is a sure indication of hypocalcemia
Trousseau’s phenomenon
blood pressure cuff is placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes. This will occlude the brachial artery. In the absence of blood flow, the patient’s hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasm of the muscles of the hand and forearm
Trousseau’s phenomenon
Hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ replacement therapy with Vitamin ___ to reduce hypocalcemia
calcium; D
In case of life threatening deficiency or tetany, hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ administered ___ and followed by a ____ diet
calcium gluconate; intravenously; high-calcium diet
2 adrenal gland diseases
- Cushing’s syndrome2. Addison’s disease
Condition of chronic hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive circulating cortisol levels
Cushing’s syndrome
4 key characteristics of Cushing’s Syndrome
- moon face2. buffalo hump3. gross obesity of trunk4. specific patterns of fat deposits
Cushing’s syndrome is caused by ____ of the ____ gland
hyperplasia; adrenal
Cushing’s is also caused by excessive secretion of ____ from pituitary
corticotropin (ACTH)
Cushing’s can also be caused by tumor of ____, production of _____ in another organ like cancer cells in lungs, and iatrogenic conditions (such as prolonged administration of large doses of _____)
adrenal cortex; corticotropin; glucocorticoids
Cushing’s is treated with drug therapy to suppress ____ secretion, radiation or _____ when tumor is the cause
ACTH secretion; surgical removal
Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function
Addison’s disease
Addison’s disease is also called ____ or ____
adrenal insufficiency; hypoadrenalism
The key physical characteristic of Addison’s disease
bronze skin colour
Addison’s is usually a gradual, progressive ____ of adrenal gland and reduction of important hormones
destruction
Destruction can result from the ____ process, tuberculosis, hemorrhage, fungal infections, neoplasms, or surgical resection of a gland
autoimmune
Addison’s is secondary to ____
hypopituitarism
Addison’s is treated by replacing natural hormones with ____ and ____ drugs
glucocorticoid; mineralocorticoid
Insuffiency or sudden decrease in adrenocortical hormone levels
Addisonian Crisis
Addisonian Crisis is a life-threatening emergency that can lead to ___, ___, and ___
shock, seizures, coma
*Chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism caused by inadequate production of insulin by pancreas or faulty use of insulin by cells
diabetes mellitus
How many types of diabetes mellitus?
2
Both forms of diabetes in most causes cause is unknown, but seems to be linked _____
genetically
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine ____ of the ____
dysfunction; pancreas
Early, abrupt onset usually before age 30 with little or no insulin being secreted
DM I
DM I is formerly known as ___ or ___
juvenile-onset diabetes; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
DM I: infection early in life may trigger _____ that produces antibodies, destroying ____ in pancreas
autoimmune process; B cells
DM I is also caused by insufficient ____ producing cells
insulin
DM I is treated with _____ replacement therapy with calculated ____ on a regular schedule
insulin; caloric intake
4 methods of insulin delivery
- injection2. insulin pump therapy3. insulin inhalers4. insulin pens
Most common form of DM; gradual onset in adults
DM II
DM II occurs in adults over __ and more often people over __
30; 55
DM II is formerly known as ___ or ___
adult-onset diabetes; non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM)
In DM II, some ____ remain, permitting control of symptoms by dietary management
pancreatic functions
DM is caused by destruction of the ____, trauma to the ___ or other ____ disorders
pancreas; pituitary gland; endocrine disorders
4 other causes of DM II
- obesity2. tumor3. drugs4. familial patterns
DM II is managed through dietary management, exercise, and ___ medications
oral hypogylcemic
In DM II, ___ may be required if other treatments don’t adequately control it
insulin
DM II doesn’t usually require ____ injections to control ____ levels
insulin; glucose
2 endocrine dysfunctions of the pancreas
- DM2. hypoglycemia
Abnormally low glucose level in blood
hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia occurs when insulin enters ____ or when ____ falls below tissue demands
bloodstream; glucose release rate
Hypoglycemia can be classified under what 2 types?
- drug-induced2. non-drug induced
What is the most common type of hypogylcemia, also known as reactive hypoglycemia?
Drug induced
Drug induced hypoglycemia is caused by ____ in a diabetic subject
insulin overdose
Drug induced hypoglycemia may also be triggered by significantly elevated ____ levels
blood alcohol
5 causes of non drug-induced hypoglycemia
- fasting2. delayed secretion of insulin by pancreas3. excessive secretion of insulin by pancreas4. gastrointestinal disorders5. hereditary or endocrine disorders
The priority of treating hypoglycemia is restoring a normal ____ level through IV infusion of ____
glucose
The hormone ___ may also be given to counteract insulin in hypoglycemia
glucagon
2 types of precocious puberty
- in boys2. in girls
Onset of puberty in boys before age ___; normal puberty begins between 13-15 years
9
Early development of secondary sex characteristics, gonadal development, spermatogenesis, growth of pubic and facial hair, and sebaceous gland activity increases
precocious puberty in boys
Precocious puberty in boys may be genetic, but can be traced to ___ dysfunctions that secrete excessive ____ hormones
pituitary; gonadotropic
Precocious puberty in boys may also be induced by ____ tumors or other ____ disorders
testicular tumors; endocrine disorders
Precocious puberty in boys may also be caused by neoplasm in ____ gland or the ____
pituitary; hypothalamus
T or F. When p. puberty in boys is idiopathic, no specific treatment is required
T
P. puberty in boys is treated with hormones to suppress _____ until appropriate time
sexual maturation
When associated with tumors, p. puberty in boys is treated _____
invasively
Onset of puberty before age ___ in girls with increased growth rate, breast enlargement, growth of pubic and underarm hair
8
Girls with p. puberty have menarche before age __
10
T or F. P. puberty in girls is mostly idiopathic without associated abnormalities
T
P. puberty in girls may be caused by meningitis, ____ tumors, ingestion of ____
intracranial; oral contraceptives
P. puberty in girls is treated with _____ and may require ____ for emotional problems
hormone therapy; emotional
Levels of circulating calcium in blood ____ in hypoparathyroidism
decreases
Treatment for life-threatening cases of hypoparathyroidism
IV calcium gluconate
Cushing’s Syndrome esults in excessive circulating levels of _____
cortisol
