Endocrinology Flashcards
1
Q
hormones pg 760
A
-
2
Q
aden/o
A
gland
3
Q
adrenal/o
A
adrenal gland
4
Q
gonad/o
A
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
5
Q
pancreat/o
A
pancreas
6
Q
parathyroid/o
A
parathyroid gland
7
Q
pituitar/o
A
pituitary gland; hypophysis
8
Q
thyr/o, thyroid/o
A
thyroid gland
9
Q
andr/o
A
male
10
Q
calc/o, calci/o
A
calcium
11
Q
cortic/o
A
cortex, outer region
12
Q
crin/o
A
secrete
13
Q
dips/o
A
thirst
14
Q
estr/o
A
female
15
Q
gluc/o
A
sugar
16
Q
glyc/o
A
sugar
17
Q
home/o
A
sameness
18
Q
hormon/o
A
hormone
19
Q
kal/i
A
potassium
20
Q
lact/o
A
milk
21
Q
myx/o
A
mucus
22
Q
natr/o
A
sodium
23
Q
phys/o
A
growing
24
Q
somat/o
A
body
25
ster/o
solid structure
26
toc/o
childbirth
27
toxic/o
poison
28
ur/o
urine
29
-agon
assemble; gather together
30
-emia
blood condition
31
-in, -ine
substance
32
-tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)
33
-uria
urine condition
34
eu-
good, normal
35
hyper-
excessive; above
36
hypo-
deficient, below, under, less than normal
37
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
38
pan-
all
39
poly-
many or increased
40
tetra-
four
41
tri-
three
42
fasting blood sugar test that measures CIRCULATING GLUCOSE level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 HOURS
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
43
measurement of hormones, ELECTROLYTES, GLUCOSE, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function
serum and urine tests
44
detects small quantities of ALBUMIN in URINE as a maker or harbinger of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
urinary microalbumin assay
45
measurement of T3, T4 and TSH in the bloodstream
thyroid function tests
46
measurement of EYEBALL PROTRUSION (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer
exophthalmometry
47
xray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views to assess size and infiltration by tumor
computed tomography (CT) scan
48
MAGNETIC waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
49
scanner detects RADIOACTIVITY and visualizes the thyroid gland
thyroid scan
50
administration of radioactivity that is oral with radioactive IODINE
RAIU (radioactive iodine uptake scan)
51
SOUND WAVES show images of endocrine organs
ultrasound examination
52
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
53
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
54
BGM
blood glucose monitoring
55
DI
diabetes insipidus
56
DM
diabetes mellitus
57
FBG
fasting blood glucose
58
FBS
fasting blood sugar
59
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
60
GH
growth hormone
61
GTT
glucose tolerance test
62
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
63
hGH
human growth hormone
64
IDDM
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
65
K+
potassium
66
LH
luteinizing hormone
67
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
68
Na+
sodium
69
NIDDM
non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
70
OT
oxytocin
71
P
phosphorus
72
PRL
prolactine
73
PTH
parathyroid hormone
74
RAI
radioactive iodine
75
RIA
radioimmunoassay
76
T3
tri-iodothyronine
77
T4
tetraiodothyronin/thyroxine
78
TFT
thyroid function test
79
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
80
Released into the bloodstream and target specific cells
hormones
81
List your endocrine glands.
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal
82
Which structures secrete hormones?
hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads
83
What is another term for the pituitary gland?
hypophysis
84
Called the master gland; mainly in charge of growth, stimulation of other glands
pituitary gland
85
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
1. anterior (adenohypophysis)2. posterior (neurohypophysis)
86
Which part of the pituitary gland acts as a holding tank for hormones produced by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland or neurohypophysis
87
Secretes three hormones that affect metabolism, growth, physical/mental activity
thyroid gland
88
Hormone that decreases blood calcium level
calcitonin
89
Hormone that acts in direct opposition to calcitonin; increases blood calcium level
parathyroid hormone
90
Small glands embedded in the posterior thyroid
parathyroid glands
91
Also called the suprarenal glands; secretes cortisol
adrenal glands
92
Gland that regulates metabolism, water levels and reacts to stress
adrenal glands
93
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
cortex
| medulla
94
Hormone that raises BLOOD PRESSURE
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
95
What is another name for PANCREAS?
islets of Langerhans
96
Gland that regulates blood SUGAR
pancreas
97
The pancreas secretes which two hormones?
1. insulin 2. glucagon
98
Hormone that LOWERS blood glucose by causing body cells to USE glucose
insulin
99
Hormone that INCREASES blood glucose by stimulating the LIVER to release GLUCOSE into the bloodstream
glucagon
100
Gland that secretes MELATONIN
pineal gland
101
Hormone that regulates MOOD and other BIORRHYTHMS
melatonin
102
Hormone that regulates the development and function of the IMMUNE SYSTEM
thymosin
103
endocrin/o
endocrine glands or system
104
pituitar/o
pituitary gland, hypophysis
105
hypophys-
pituitary gland, hypophysis
106
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
107
parathyr/o, parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
108
adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal gland, epinephrine
109
adrenocortic/o
adrenal cortex
110
insul/o
pancreatic islets
111
Consists of a widely distributed group of glands that secretes regulatory substances called hormones
the endocrine system
112
Because hormones are released directly into the blood, the endocrine glands are known as the _____ glands
ductless
113
T or F. Despite the fact that hormones in the blood reach all parts of the body, only certain tissues respond
True
114
The tissue that is influenced by a specific hormone is called the _____
target tissue
115
The cells that make up this tissue have specific _____ on their membranes to which the hormone attaches, enabling it to act on the cells.
receptors
116
Produced in extremely small amounts and are highly potent
hormones
117
What do hormones affect by means of their actions on various target tissues?
Behavior
Growth
Metabolism
Reproductive Activity
118
Chemically, hormones fall into which two categories?
1. steroid hormones 2. amino acid hormones
119
Hormones made from lipids
steroid hormones
120
Hormones made from amino acids include ___ and ___
proteins and proteinlike compounds
121
Steroids are produced by the ___ glands and the ___ region of the adrenal glands
sex glands (gonads) and the cortex region
122
The production of hormones is controlled mainly by _____
negative feedback
123
the hormone itself, or some product of hormone activity, acts as a control over further manufacture of the hormone—a self-regulating system
negative feedback
124
The hypophysis is a small gland beneath the brain. What is the common name for it?
pituitary gland
125
The anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are connected to and controlled by the ____
hypothalamus
126
The anterior pituitary releases _ hormones
6.
127
The posterior pituitary releases _ hormones.
2.
128
anterior pituitary hormones are released in response to substances that are sent to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus and can be identified by the ending ____
-tropin, -tropic
129
The posterior pituitary hormones are actually ____ in the hypothalamus
produced
130
The posterior pituitary hormones are ___ there until nervous signals arrive from the hypothalamus to trigger their release
stored
131
Consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx and upper trachea
thyroid gland
132
List the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland.
1. growth hormone (somatotropin)2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)4. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)5. luteinizing hormone (LH)6. prolacting (PRL)
133
List the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.
1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)2. oxytocin
134
List the 3 main hormones released by the thyroid gland.
1. thyroxine (T4)2. triiodothyronine (T3)3. calcitonin
135
T or F. Thyroid hormones contain iodine.
True
136
Iodine levels can be measured and the activity of the thyroid gland can be studied byfollowing the ____ of iodine
uptake
137
Most thyroid hormone in the blood is bound to protein, mainly _____
thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
138
Located atop each kidney, are divided into two distinct regions
adrenal glands
139
How are the adrenal glands divided?
1. an outer cortex2. an inner medulla
140
The hormones produced by the adrenal gland are involved in the body’s response to ____
stress
141
The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones
3
142
The adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones
2
143
The endocrine portions of the pancreas are the ___, small clusters of cells within the pancreatic tissue
pancreatic islet
144
The islet cells produce _ hormones
2
145
What are the 4 main endocrine glands?
1. pituitary2. thyroid/parathyroid3. adrenals4. pancreas
146
List other endocrine tissues and organs.
1. thymus2. gonads3. stomach/kidney/heart/small intestine
147
Anterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes GROWTH of all body TISSUES; stimulates the growth of BONES and acts on other tissues too
GH: growth hormone or somatotropin
148
Anterior pituitary hormone 2: stimulates thyroid gland to produce THYROID hormones
TSH: thyroid- stimulating hormone
149
Anterior pituitary hormone 3: stimulates ADRENAL CORTEX to produce cortical hormones; aids in protecting body in STRESS situations
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
150
What organs do anterior pituitary hormones act on?
```
bones
reproduction
adrenal cortex
thyroid
lactation
```
151
Anterior pituitary hormone 4: stimulates growth and hormone activity of OVARIAN FOLLICLES; stimulates growth of TESTES; promotes development of SPERM cells
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
152
Anterior pituitary hormone 5: causes development of CORPUS LUTEUM at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates secretion of TESTOSTERONE in male
LH: luteinizing hormone or ICSH in males: interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
153
Anterior pituitary hormone 6: stimulates secretion of MILK by MAMMARY GLANDS
PRL: prolactin
154
Posterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes REABSORPTION of water in kidney tubules; stimulates smooth muscle tissue of BLOOD VESSELS to CONSTRICT
ADH: antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin
155
Posterior pituitary hormone 2: causes CONTRACTION of uterus; causes EJECTION of milk from mammary glands
oxytocin
156
Thyroid hormone 1: increases METABOLIC RATE and production of body HEAT, influencing both physical and mental activities
thyroxine T4
157
Thyroid hormone 2: required for normal GROWTH
triiodothyronine T3
158
Thyroid hormone 3: DECREASES CALCIUM level in blood
calcitonin
159
Parathyroid hormone 1: regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bones; INCREASES calcium level in blood
parathyroid hormone
160
Adrenal medulla hormone 1 and 2: active in response to stress; increases respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate; work with the nervous system to help the body meet challenges
1. epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
161
Adrenal cortex hormone 1: mobilizes reserves of fats and carbs to increase the levels of nutrients in the blood; aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress; reduces inflammation
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
162
Adrenal cortex hormone 2: acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium and water while eliminating potassium; aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance
aldosterone
163
Adrenal cortex hormone 3: may influence secondary sexual characteristics; produces mainly testosterone
sex hormones
164
Pancreatic islets hormone 1: aids transport of glucose into cells; required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glucose; decreases blood sugar levels; increases cellular use of glucose
insulin
165
Pancreatic islets hormone 2: stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels
glucagon
166
Ovarian hormone 1: stimulate growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics
estrogens
167
Ovarian hormone 2: stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands; prepares uterine lining for IMPLANTATION of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy
progesterone
168
Thymus hormone 1: important in development of T cells needed for IMMUNITY and in early development of lymphoid tissue
thymosin
169
Posterior pituitary hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve water and also promotes constriction of blood vessels, both of which serve to increase blood pressure
ADH
170
Four to six of these exist on the posterior surface of the thyroid and affect calcium metabolism
parathyroid glands
171
Parathyroid hormone works with the thyroid hormone ___ which lowers blood calcium to regulate calcium balance
thyrocalcitonin
172
Group of hormones produced by many cells. They have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions, promotion of the inflammatory response, and vasomotor activities
prostaglandins
173
Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes directly into the blood
endocrine
174
A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the bloodand has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands.
hormone
175
A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis
hypothalamus
176
Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism; also called islets of Langerhans or islet cells
pancreatic islets
177
The ____ lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the ____ lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus
anterior; posterior
178
A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation
prostaglandins
179
A site on the cell membrane to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches
receptor
180
A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex
steroid hormone
181
hypersecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder
hypoglycemia
182
hyposecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder
diabetes melitus
183
Endocrine diseases usually result from the _____ or ____ of hormones
overproduction (hypersecretion); underproduction (hyposecretion)
184
Endocrine diseases may also result from secretion at the wrong time or from failure of the ______ to respond.
target tissue
185
Bulging of the eyeballs caused by swelling of the tissues behind the eyes
exophthalmos
186
Overactivity of the ____ can aid in the development of kidney stones from high levels of circulating calcium
parathyroid gland
187
What is the most common endocrine disorder?
diabetes mellitus
188
Failure of the body cells to use glucose effectivey
diabetes mellitus
189
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1); juvenile onset
190
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
191
NIDDM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2); adult onset
192
Type 2 diabetes accounts for __ of diabetes cases
90%
193
A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations in salt andwater balance
addison disease
194
Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excess GH in an adult
acromegaly
195
A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means “tasteless,” referring to thedilution of the urine.
diabetes insipidus
196
A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for honey, referring to the sugar content of the urine
diabetes mellitus
197
A condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia
insulin shock
198
A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome
metabolic syndrome
199
Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors
tetany
200
Underactivity of the entire pituitary gland
panhypopituitarism
201
small gland in brain that seems to regulate behavior and sexual development in response to environmental light
pineal gland
202
A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland
sella turcica
203
A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland
spenoid bone
204
MEN
multiple endocrine neoplasia
205
FTI, T7
free thyroxine index
206
Calculation based on the amount of T4 present and T3 uptake that is used to diagnose thyroid dysfunction
FTI, T7
207
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
208
RIA
radioimmunoassay
209
BS
blood sugar
210
FPG
fasting plasma glucose
211
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
212
HbA1c
Hemoglobin A1c
213
131I
iodine 131
214
IFG
impaired fasting blood glucose
215
IGT
impaired glucose intolerance
216
NPH
neutral protamine hagedorn (insulin)
217
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)
218
Another word for thyroxine
tetraiodothyronine
219
Abnormal growth and stature
gigantism
220
*5 pituitary gland diseases also
1. gigantism 2. acromegaly3. hypopituitarism4. dwarfism5. diabetes insipidus
221
Gigantism is caused by the excessive production and secretion of ____ hormones
pituitary
222
*Gigantism occurs when there is a hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma before ____
growth hormone; before puberty
223
Child with gigantism experience abnormal growth because the ____ has not begun
epiphyseal closure
224
Gigantism is treated by reducing the amount of ___ secreted
growth hormone
225
How is surgery reducing the amount of growth hormone performed?
transsphenoidal approach
226
Chronic metabolic condition of adults with overgrowth of soft tissue and the bones of face, hands and feet
acromegaly
227
Which 3 bones are commonly affected by acromegaly?
bones of face, hands and feet
228
*Acromegaly is caused by the hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma after ___
growth hormone; after puberty
229
Acromegaly is treated by reducing the amount of ___, ___ approach, and reverse or preventing ____ effects
growth hormone; transsphenoidal approach; tumor mass
230
Condition caused by deficiency or absence of any pituitary hormones
hypopituitarism
231
In hypopituitarism there is a deficiency or absence of hormones especially produced by the ____
anterior pituitary
232
Hypopituitarism produces ____ in children
growth retardation
233
Hypopituitarism can be congenital or acquired and may be caused by ___ tumor or tumor of the ___
pituitary; hypothalamus
234
Hypopituitarism is also caused by damage to the pituitary gland caused by ____, ischemia of ____, tumor, or ____ fracture
radiation; gland; basilar skull
235
*Destruction of entire anterior lobe and none of anterior pituitary hormones are secreted; occurs mostly in women
panhypopituitarism
236
What 3 factors determine the treatment of hypopituitarism?
1. age2. severity3. underlying cause
237
Hypopituitarism is also treated with hormone replacement therapy with these 4 hormones
1. thyroxine2. cortisone3. sex hormones4. somatropin (hGH)
238
Abnormal underdevelopment occuring in children
dwarfism
239
Dwarfism is ____ occurring in children
hypopituitarism
240
Dwarfism can be congenital or can result from ____ after the birth process
cranial hemorrhage
241
Dwarfism is treated by administering ____ until child reaches height of ____ feet
somatotropin (hGH); 5 feet
242
Patients with dwarfism may need replacement of ___, ___, or ___ hormones
thyroid; adrenal; sex
243
* Disturbance of water metabolism resulting in polyuria and polydipsia
diabetes insipidus
244
Excessive amount of colorless and dilute urine
polyuria
245
Excessive thirst; deficiency in the release of vasopressin
polydipsia
246
Diabetes resulting from renal tubular resistance to action of vasopressin; more common in men
nephrogenic diabetes
247
Diabetes insipidus occurs when the ____ pituitary releases reduced amounts of ____
posterior; vasopressin
248
Diabetes inspidus may be hereditary, a result of insult to the ____ or ____ gland, head trauma, cerebral edema, or intracranial lesion
hypothalamus; pituitary
249
Diabetes insipidus is managed with ____ injections, ____ spray or ____ (DDAVP)
vasopressin; nasal; oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)
250
Nephrogenic diabetes is managed with ____
thiazide diuretics
251
Thiazide diuretics block the ability of kidneys to excrete ___ and increases excretion of ___ and ____
water; sodium chloride; water
252
2 types of hyperpituitarism
1. gigantism2. acromegaly
253
*5 thyroid gland diseases
1. simple goiter2. Hashimoto's thyroiditis3. Hyperthyroidism4. Cretinism5. Myxedema
254
Enlargement or hyperplasia of thyroid gland usually with swelling in the neck area; asymptomatic in early stages
simple goiter
255
Simple goiter is also called ____
non-toxic goiter
256
Simple goiter can produce ___ or difficulty breathing
dyspnea
257
Simple goiter is caused by a shortage of ___ in diet
iodine
258
Simple goiter is treated with one drop per week of saturated solution of _____
potassium iodide
259
Unresponsive simple goiter is excised using what surgical procedure
subtotal thyroidectomy
260
Chronic disease of immune system that attacks the thyroid gland
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
261
Hashimoto's is also called ___
chronic thyroiditis
262
Hashimoto's is accompanied by gradual and painless lumpy enlargement of the ____ causing pressure in neck and difficulty swallowing
thyroid gland
263
Hashimoto's occurs in women __ times more than in men and is most common between ages 45-65
8 times
264
Hashimoto's has a hereditary pattern and may also be caused by ____
autoimmune disorders
265
Hashimoto's is treated with a lifelong replacement of _____ hormones; this treatment prevents further growth of goiter
thyroid hormones
266
Condition where entire thyroid gland hypertrophies
Hyperthyroidism
267
Hyperthyroidism is also known as ____
Graves' disease
268
When the thyroid gland hypertrophies in hyperthyroidism, this results in ____ goiter and overproduction of ____ hormones
diffuse; thyroid
269
Sudden exacerbation of hyperthyroidism, also called ___ or ___, can be life-threatening
thyrotoxicosis; thyroid storm
270
Hyperthyroidism is believed to be an ______ response
autoimmune
271
The goal of treating hyperthyroidism is to reduce formation and secretion of ____ hormones
thyroid
272
Hyperthyroidism is treated with ____ drugs, ____ therapy or ____-ectomy
anti-thyroid drugs; radioactive iodine therapy; thyroidectomy
273
____ are given to treat tachycardia and hypertension associated with hyperthyroidism
B-Blockers
274
2 types of hypothyroidism
1. cretinism2. myxedema
275
*Congenital hypothyroidism developing in infancy or early childhood where the thyroid gland is absent or thyroid hormone is not synthesized by thyroid gland
cretinism
276
Cretinism is caused by ____ in fetal development
error
277
Cretinism is caused by the congenital absence of ___ required for ___ and ___ synthesis
enzymes; T3; T4
278
Cretinism may also be caused by ____ deficient diets, ___ thyroid deficiency, or taking ____ drugs during pregnancy
iodine; maternal; anti-thyroid
279
Early treatment with thyroid hormone promotes normal physical growth for patients with cretinism, but this may not prevent _____
mental retardation
280
_____ therapy is required throughout the life of a patient with cretinism
hormone replacement therapy
281
*Severe acquired hypothyroidism with reduced levels of T4 developing in older child or adult
myxedema
282
Myxedema usually occurs in females, who experience ____
menorrhagia
283
Myxedema is caused by the impairment of the thyroid gland's ability to synthesize ___
T4
284
Myxedema may also be due to reduced amounts of _____, ____ of thyroid gland, surgical removal of gland without ____ surgery, or a tumor
thyrotropin; radiation destruction; T4 replacement surgery
285
Common cause for hypothyroidism in children is _____
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
286
The goal of treating myxedema is to achieve normal ____ function with the lowest possible ____
thyroid; dose
287
Myxedemia is treated with life-long replacement therapy and administering _____
Levothyroxine sodium (T4)
288
2 parathyroid gland diseases
1. hyperparathyroidism2. hypoparathyroidism
289
Parathyroid hormones increase blood ____ level by stimulating bone ____ and increasing absorption of ____ in digestive tract/kidneys
calcium; demineraization; calcium
290
Overproduction of parathyroid hormones (PTH)
hyperparathyroidism
291
Increases breakdown of bone, resulting in hypercalcemia
hyperparathyroidism
292
Excessive reabsorption of calcium in blood
hypercalcemia
293
Hyperparathyroidism is twice as common in women and incidence rises sharply after age ___
40
294
Hyperparathyroidism is caused by overactivity of one or more of the four ____ glands
parathyroid
295
Overactivity of the parathyroid glands is usually a result of an excessive growth, or ____, or an ____ of the gland
adenoma; idiopathic hyperplasia
296
Hyperparathyroidism is also caused by an increased secretion of PTH induced by low level of ____ and ____
serum calcium; vitamin D
297
If hyperparathyroidism is caused by an adenoma, the tumor is removed by ____ surgery
minimally invasive
298
*If hyperparathyroidism is caused by hyperplasia, ___ of 4 glands are usually removed
3.5
299
When hyperparathyroidism is secondary, the underlying cause is treated and ____ levels reduced
blood serum calcium
300
Secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid glands is greatly reduced
hypoparathyroidism
301
In hypoparathyroidism, circulating ____ is reduced, resulting in hypocalcemia
calcium
302
In hypoparathyroidism, there are decreased deposits of ____ in tissue
calcium
303
Surgical reimplantation of ____ following ____ can help with postop hypoparathyroidism
parathyroid; thyroidectomy
304
The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is surgical destruction of _____
parathyroid glands
305
Hypoparathyroidism may also be caused by raised ____ levels which by ____ causes decreased ____
blood calcium; negative feedback; PTH output
306
Acquired hypoparathyroidism results from these 5 things
1. injury2. ischemia3. radiation4. neoplasia5. various disease process
307
Presence of ____ is a sure indication of hypocalcemia
Trousseau's phenomenon
308
blood pressure cuff is placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes. This will occlude the brachial artery. In the absence of blood flow, the patient's hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasm of the muscles of the hand and forearm
Trousseau's phenomenon
309
Hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ replacement therapy with Vitamin ___ to reduce hypocalcemia
calcium; D
310
In case of life threatening deficiency or tetany, hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ administered ___ and followed by a ____ diet
calcium gluconate; intravenously; high-calcium diet
311
2 adrenal gland diseases
1. Cushing's syndrome2. Addison's disease
312
Condition of chronic hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive circulating cortisol levels
Cushing's syndrome
313
4 key characteristics of Cushing's Syndrome
1. moon face2. buffalo hump3. gross obesity of trunk4. specific patterns of fat deposits
314
Cushing's syndrome is caused by ____ of the ____ gland
hyperplasia; adrenal
315
Cushing's is also caused by excessive secretion of ____ from pituitary
corticotropin (ACTH)
316
Cushing's can also be caused by tumor of ____, production of _____ in another organ like cancer cells in lungs, and iatrogenic conditions (such as prolonged administration of large doses of _____)
adrenal cortex; corticotropin; glucocorticoids
317
Cushing's is treated with drug therapy to suppress ____ secretion, radiation or _____ when tumor is the cause
ACTH secretion; surgical removal
318
Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function
Addison's disease
319
Addison's disease is also called ____ or ____
adrenal insufficiency; hypoadrenalism
320
The key physical characteristic of Addison's disease
bronze skin colour
321
Addison's is usually a gradual, progressive ____ of adrenal gland and reduction of important hormones
destruction
322
Destruction can result from the ____ process, tuberculosis, hemorrhage, fungal infections, neoplasms, or surgical resection of a gland
autoimmune
323
Addison's is secondary to ____
hypopituitarism
324
Addison's is treated by replacing natural hormones with ____ and ____ drugs
glucocorticoid; mineralocorticoid
325
Insuffiency or sudden decrease in adrenocortical hormone levels
Addisonian Crisis
326
Addisonian Crisis is a life-threatening emergency that can lead to ___, ___, and ___
shock, seizures, coma
327
*Chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism caused by inadequate production of insulin by pancreas or faulty use of insulin by cells
diabetes mellitus
328
How many types of diabetes mellitus?
2
329
Both forms of diabetes in most causes cause is unknown, but seems to be linked _____
genetically
330
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine ____ of the ____
dysfunction; pancreas
331
Early, abrupt onset usually before age 30 with little or no insulin being secreted
DM I
332
DM I is formerly known as ___ or ___
juvenile-onset diabetes; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
333
DM I: infection early in life may trigger _____ that produces antibodies, destroying ____ in pancreas
autoimmune process; B cells
334
DM I is also caused by insufficient ____ producing cells
insulin
335
DM I is treated with _____ replacement therapy with calculated ____ on a regular schedule
insulin; caloric intake
336
4 methods of insulin delivery
1. injection2. insulin pump therapy3. insulin inhalers4. insulin pens
337
Most common form of DM; gradual onset in adults
DM II
338
DM II occurs in adults over __ and more often people over __
30; 55
339
DM II is formerly known as ___ or ___
adult-onset diabetes; non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM)
340
In DM II, some ____ remain, permitting control of symptoms by dietary management
pancreatic functions
341
DM is caused by destruction of the ____, trauma to the ___ or other ____ disorders
pancreas; pituitary gland; endocrine disorders
342
4 other causes of DM II
1. obesity2. tumor3. drugs4. familial patterns
343
DM II is managed through dietary management, exercise, and ___ medications
oral hypogylcemic
344
In DM II, ___ may be required if other treatments don't adequately control it
insulin
345
DM II doesn't usually require ____ injections to control ____ levels
insulin; glucose
346
2 endocrine dysfunctions of the pancreas
1. DM2. hypoglycemia
347
Abnormally low glucose level in blood
hypoglycemia
348
Hypoglycemia occurs when insulin enters ____ or when ____ falls below tissue demands
bloodstream; glucose release rate
349
Hypoglycemia can be classified under what 2 types?
1. drug-induced2. non-drug induced
350
What is the most common type of hypogylcemia, also known as reactive hypoglycemia?
Drug induced
351
Drug induced hypoglycemia is caused by ____ in a diabetic subject
insulin overdose
352
Drug induced hypoglycemia may also be triggered by significantly elevated ____ levels
blood alcohol
353
5 causes of non drug-induced hypoglycemia
1. fasting2. delayed secretion of insulin by pancreas3. excessive secretion of insulin by pancreas4. gastrointestinal disorders5. hereditary or endocrine disorders
354
The priority of treating hypoglycemia is restoring a normal ____ level through IV infusion of ____
glucose
355
The hormone ___ may also be given to counteract insulin in hypoglycemia
glucagon
356
2 types of precocious puberty
1. in boys2. in girls
357
Onset of puberty in boys before age ___; normal puberty begins between 13-15 years
9
358
Early development of secondary sex characteristics, gonadal development, spermatogenesis, growth of pubic and facial hair, and sebaceous gland activity increases
precocious puberty in boys
359
Precocious puberty in boys may be genetic, but can be traced to ___ dysfunctions that secrete excessive ____ hormones
pituitary; gonadotropic
360
Precocious puberty in boys may also be induced by ____ tumors or other ____ disorders
testicular tumors; endocrine disorders
361
Precocious puberty in boys may also be caused by neoplasm in ____ gland or the ____
pituitary; hypothalamus
362
T or F. When p. puberty in boys is idiopathic, no specific treatment is required
T
363
P. puberty in boys is treated with hormones to suppress _____ until appropriate time
sexual maturation
364
When associated with tumors, p. puberty in boys is treated _____
invasively
365
Onset of puberty before age ___ in girls with increased growth rate, breast enlargement, growth of pubic and underarm hair
8
366
Girls with p. puberty have menarche before age __
10
367
T or F. P. puberty in girls is mostly idiopathic without associated abnormalities
T
368
P. puberty in girls may be caused by meningitis, ____ tumors, ingestion of ____
intracranial; oral contraceptives
369
P. puberty in girls is treated with _____ and may require ____ for emotional problems
hormone therapy; emotional
370
Levels of circulating calcium in blood ____ in hypoparathyroidism
decreases
371
Treatment for life-threatening cases of hypoparathyroidism
IV calcium gluconate
372
Cushing's Syndrome esults in excessive circulating levels of _____
cortisol
