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* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

hormones pg 760

A

-

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2
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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3
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

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4
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

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5
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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6
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

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7
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland; hypophysis

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8
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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9
Q

andr/o

A

male

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10
Q

calc/o, calci/o

A

calcium

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11
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex, outer region

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12
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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13
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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14
Q

estr/o

A

female

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15
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

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16
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

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17
Q

home/o

A

sameness

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18
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

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19
Q

kal/i

A

potassium

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20
Q

lact/o

A

milk

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21
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

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22
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

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23
Q

phys/o

A

growing

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24
Q

somat/o

A

body

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25
Q

ster/o

A

solid structure

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26
Q

toc/o

A

childbirth

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27
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

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28
Q

ur/o

A

urine

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29
Q

-agon

A

assemble; gather together

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30
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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31
Q

-in, -ine

A

substance

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32
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)

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33
Q

-uria

A

urine condition

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34
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

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35
Q

hyper-

A

excessive; above

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36
Q

hypo-

A

deficient, below, under, less than normal

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37
Q

oxy-

A

rapid, sharp, acid

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38
Q

pan-

A

all

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39
Q

poly-

A

many or increased

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40
Q

tetra-

A

four

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41
Q

tri-

A

three

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42
Q

fasting blood sugar test that measures CIRCULATING GLUCOSE level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 HOURS

A

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

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43
Q

measurement of hormones, ELECTROLYTES, GLUCOSE, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function

A

serum and urine tests

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44
Q

detects small quantities of ALBUMIN in URINE as a maker or harbinger of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

A

urinary microalbumin assay

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45
Q

measurement of T3, T4 and TSH in the bloodstream

A

thyroid function tests

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46
Q

measurement of EYEBALL PROTRUSION (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer

A

exophthalmometry

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47
Q

xray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views to assess size and infiltration by tumor

A

computed tomography (CT) scan

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48
Q

MAGNETIC waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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49
Q

scanner detects RADIOACTIVITY and visualizes the thyroid gland

A

thyroid scan

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50
Q

administration of radioactivity that is oral with radioactive IODINE

A

RAIU (radioactive iodine uptake scan)

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51
Q

SOUND WAVES show images of endocrine organs

A

ultrasound examination

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52
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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53
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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54
Q

BGM

A

blood glucose monitoring

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55
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

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56
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

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57
Q

FBG

A

fasting blood glucose

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58
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

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59
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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60
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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61
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

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62
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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63
Q

hGH

A

human growth hormone

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64
Q

IDDM

A

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

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65
Q

K+

A

potassium

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66
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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67
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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68
Q

Na+

A

sodium

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69
Q

NIDDM

A

non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

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70
Q

OT

A

oxytocin

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71
Q

P

A

phosphorus

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72
Q

PRL

A

prolactine

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73
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

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74
Q

RAI

A

radioactive iodine

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75
Q

RIA

A

radioimmunoassay

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76
Q

T3

A

tri-iodothyronine

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77
Q

T4

A

tetraiodothyronin/thyroxine

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78
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function test

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79
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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80
Q

Released into the bloodstream and target specific cells

A

hormones

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81
Q

List your endocrine glands.

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal

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82
Q

Which structures secrete hormones?

A

hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads

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83
Q

What is another term for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

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84
Q

Called the master gland; mainly in charge of growth, stimulation of other glands

A

pituitary gland

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85
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. anterior (adenohypophysis)2. posterior (neurohypophysis)
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86
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland acts as a holding tank for hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary gland or neurohypophysis

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87
Q

Secretes three hormones that affect metabolism, growth, physical/mental activity

A

thyroid gland

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88
Q

Hormone that decreases blood calcium level

A

calcitonin

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89
Q

Hormone that acts in direct opposition to calcitonin; increases blood calcium level

A

parathyroid hormone

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90
Q

Small glands embedded in the posterior thyroid

A

parathyroid glands

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91
Q

Also called the suprarenal glands; secretes cortisol

A

adrenal glands

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92
Q

Gland that regulates metabolism, water levels and reacts to stress

A

adrenal glands

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93
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

cortex

medulla

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94
Q

Hormone that raises BLOOD PRESSURE

A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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95
Q

What is another name for PANCREAS?

A

islets of Langerhans

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96
Q

Gland that regulates blood SUGAR

A

pancreas

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97
Q

The pancreas secretes which two hormones?

A
  1. insulin 2. glucagon
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98
Q

Hormone that LOWERS blood glucose by causing body cells to USE glucose

A

insulin

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99
Q

Hormone that INCREASES blood glucose by stimulating the LIVER to release GLUCOSE into the bloodstream

A

glucagon

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100
Q

Gland that secretes MELATONIN

A

pineal gland

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101
Q

Hormone that regulates MOOD and other BIORRHYTHMS

A

melatonin

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102
Q

Hormone that regulates the development and function of the IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

thymosin

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103
Q

endocrin/o

A

endocrine glands or system

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104
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland, hypophysis

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105
Q

hypophys-

A

pituitary gland, hypophysis

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106
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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107
Q

parathyr/o, parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

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108
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland, epinephrine

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109
Q

adrenocortic/o

A

adrenal cortex

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110
Q

insul/o

A

pancreatic islets

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111
Q

Consists of a widely distributed group of glands that secretes regulatory substances called hormones

A

the endocrine system

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112
Q

Because hormones are released directly into the blood, the endocrine glands are known as the _____ glands

A

ductless

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113
Q

T or F. Despite the fact that hormones in the blood reach all parts of the body, only certain tissues respond

A

True

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114
Q

The tissue that is influenced by a specific hormone is called the _____

A

target tissue

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115
Q

The cells that make up this tissue have specific _____ on their membranes to which the hormone attaches, enabling it to act on the cells.

A

receptors

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116
Q

Produced in extremely small amounts and are highly potent

A

hormones

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117
Q

What do hormones affect by means of their actions on various target tissues?

A

Behavior
Growth
Metabolism
Reproductive Activity

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118
Q

Chemically, hormones fall into which two categories?

A
  1. steroid hormones 2. amino acid hormones
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119
Q

Hormones made from lipids

A

steroid hormones

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120
Q

Hormones made from amino acids include ___ and ___

A

proteins and proteinlike compounds

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121
Q

Steroids are produced by the ___ glands and the ___ region of the adrenal glands

A

sex glands (gonads) and the cortex region

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122
Q

The production of hormones is controlled mainly by _____

A

negative feedback

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123
Q

the hormone itself, or some product of hormone activity, acts as a control over further manufacture of the hormone—a self-regulating system

A

negative feedback

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124
Q

The hypophysis is a small gland beneath the brain. What is the common name for it?

A

pituitary gland

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125
Q

The anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are connected to and controlled by the ____

A

hypothalamus

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126
Q

The anterior pituitary releases _ hormones

A

6.

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127
Q

The posterior pituitary releases _ hormones.

A

2.

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128
Q

anterior pituitary hormones are released in response to substances that are sent to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus and can be identified by the ending ____

A

-tropin, -tropic

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129
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones are actually ____ in the hypothalamus

A

produced

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130
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones are ___ there until nervous signals arrive from the hypothalamus to trigger their release

A

stored

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131
Q

Consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx and upper trachea

A

thyroid gland

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132
Q

List the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland.

A
  1. growth hormone (somatotropin)2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)4. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)5. luteinizing hormone (LH)6. prolacting (PRL)
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133
Q

List the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)2. oxytocin
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134
Q

List the 3 main hormones released by the thyroid gland.

A
  1. thyroxine (T4)2. triiodothyronine (T3)3. calcitonin
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135
Q

T or F. Thyroid hormones contain iodine.

A

True

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136
Q

Iodine levels can be measured and the activity of the thyroid gland can be studied byfollowing the ____ of iodine

A

uptake

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137
Q

Most thyroid hormone in the blood is bound to protein, mainly _____

A

thyroid binding globulin (TBG)

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138
Q

Located atop each kidney, are divided into two distinct regions

A

adrenal glands

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139
Q

How are the adrenal glands divided?

A
  1. an outer cortex2. an inner medulla
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140
Q

The hormones produced by the adrenal gland are involved in the body’s response to ____

A

stress

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141
Q

The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones

A

3

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142
Q

The adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones

A

2

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143
Q

The endocrine portions of the pancreas are the ___, small clusters of cells within the pancreatic tissue

A

pancreatic islet

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144
Q

The islet cells produce _ hormones

A

2

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145
Q

What are the 4 main endocrine glands?

A
  1. pituitary2. thyroid/parathyroid3. adrenals4. pancreas
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146
Q

List other endocrine tissues and organs.

A
  1. thymus2. gonads3. stomach/kidney/heart/small intestine
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147
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes GROWTH of all body TISSUES; stimulates the growth of BONES and acts on other tissues too

A

GH: growth hormone or somatotropin

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148
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 2: stimulates thyroid gland to produce THYROID hormones

A

TSH: thyroid- stimulating hormone

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149
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 3: stimulates ADRENAL CORTEX to produce cortical hormones; aids in protecting body in STRESS situations

A

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone

150
Q

What organs do anterior pituitary hormones act on?

A 
bones
reproduction
adrenal cortex
thyroid
lactation
151
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 4: stimulates growth and hormone activity of OVARIAN FOLLICLES; stimulates growth of TESTES; promotes development of SPERM cells

A

FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone

152
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 5: causes development of CORPUS LUTEUM at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates secretion of TESTOSTERONE in male

A

LH: luteinizing hormone or ICSH in males: interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

153
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 6: stimulates secretion of MILK by MAMMARY GLANDS

A

PRL: prolactin

154
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes REABSORPTION of water in kidney tubules; stimulates smooth muscle tissue of BLOOD VESSELS to CONSTRICT

A

ADH: antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin

155
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone 2: causes CONTRACTION of uterus; causes EJECTION of milk from mammary glands

A

oxytocin

156
Q

Thyroid hormone 1: increases METABOLIC RATE and production of body HEAT, influencing both physical and mental activities

A

thyroxine T4

157
Q

Thyroid hormone 2: required for normal GROWTH

A

triiodothyronine T3

158
Q

Thyroid hormone 3: DECREASES CALCIUM level in blood

A

calcitonin

159
Q

Parathyroid hormone 1: regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bones; INCREASES calcium level in blood

A

parathyroid hormone

160
Q

Adrenal medulla hormone 1 and 2: active in response to stress; increases respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate; work with the nervous system to help the body meet challenges

A
  1. epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
161
Q

Adrenal cortex hormone 1: mobilizes reserves of fats and carbs to increase the levels of nutrients in the blood; aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress; reduces inflammation

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

162
Q

Adrenal cortex hormone 2: acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium and water while eliminating potassium; aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance

A

aldosterone

163
Q

Adrenal cortex hormone 3: may influence secondary sexual characteristics; produces mainly testosterone

A

sex hormones

164
Q

Pancreatic islets hormone 1: aids transport of glucose into cells; required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glucose; decreases blood sugar levels; increases cellular use of glucose

A

insulin

165
Q

Pancreatic islets hormone 2: stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels

A

glucagon

166
Q

Ovarian hormone 1: stimulate growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics

A

estrogens

167
Q

Ovarian hormone 2: stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands; prepares uterine lining for IMPLANTATION of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy

A

progesterone

168
Q

Thymus hormone 1: important in development of T cells needed for IMMUNITY and in early development of lymphoid tissue

A

thymosin

169
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve water and also promotes constriction of blood vessels, both of which serve to increase blood pressure

A

ADH

170
Q

Four to six of these exist on the posterior surface of the thyroid and affect calcium metabolism

A

parathyroid glands

171
Q

Parathyroid hormone works with the thyroid hormone ___ which lowers blood calcium to regulate calcium balance

A

thyrocalcitonin

172
Q

Group of hormones produced by many cells. They have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions, promotion of the inflammatory response, and vasomotor activities

A

prostaglandins

173
Q

Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes directly into the blood

A

endocrine

174
Q

A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the bloodand has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands.

A

hormone

175
Q

A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

176
Q

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism; also called islets of Langerhans or islet cells

A

pancreatic islets

177
Q

The ____ lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the ____ lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus

A

anterior; posterior

178
Q

A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation

A

prostaglandins

179
Q

A site on the cell membrane to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches

A

receptor

180
Q

A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

steroid hormone

181
Q

hypersecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder

A

hypoglycemia

182
Q

hyposecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder

A

diabetes melitus

183
Q

Endocrine diseases usually result from the _____ or ____ of hormones

A

overproduction (hypersecretion); underproduction (hyposecretion)

184
Q

Endocrine diseases may also result from secretion at the wrong time or from failure of the ______ to respond.

A

target tissue

185
Q

Bulging of the eyeballs caused by swelling of the tissues behind the eyes

A

exophthalmos

186
Q

Overactivity of the ____ can aid in the development of kidney stones from high levels of circulating calcium

A

parathyroid gland

187
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder?

A

diabetes mellitus

188
Q

Failure of the body cells to use glucose effectivey

A

diabetes mellitus

189
Q

IDDM

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1); juvenile onset

190
Q

CSII

A

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

191
Q

NIDDM

A

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2); adult onset

192
Q

Type 2 diabetes accounts for __ of diabetes cases

A

90%

193
Q

A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations in salt andwater balance

A

addison disease

194
Q

Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excess GH in an adult

A

acromegaly

195
Q

A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means “tasteless,” referring to thedilution of the urine.

A

diabetes insipidus

196
Q

A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for honey, referring to the sugar content of the urine

A

diabetes mellitus

197
Q

A condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia

A

insulin shock

198
Q

A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome

A

metabolic syndrome

199
Q

Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors

A

tetany

200
Q

Underactivity of the entire pituitary gland

A

panhypopituitarism

201
Q

small gland in brain that seems to regulate behavior and sexual development in response to environmental light

A

pineal gland

202
Q

A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

A

sella turcica

203
Q

A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland

A

spenoid bone

204
Q

MEN

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

205
Q

FTI, T7

A

free thyroxine index

206
Q

Calculation based on the amount of T4 present and T3 uptake that is used to diagnose thyroid dysfunction

A

FTI, T7

207
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

208
Q

RIA

A

radioimmunoassay

209
Q

BS

A

blood sugar

210
Q

FPG

A

fasting plasma glucose

211
Q

GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

212
Q

HbA1c

A

Hemoglobin A1c

213
Q

131I

A

iodine 131

214
Q

IFG

A

impaired fasting blood glucose

215
Q

IGT

A

impaired glucose intolerance

216
Q

NPH

A

neutral protamine hagedorn (insulin)

217
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)

218
Q

Another word for thyroxine

A

tetraiodothyronine

219
Q

Abnormal growth and stature

A

gigantism

220
Q

*5 pituitary gland diseases also

A
  1. gigantism 2. acromegaly3. hypopituitarism4. dwarfism5. diabetes insipidus
221
Q

Gigantism is caused by the excessive production and secretion of ____ hormones

A

pituitary

222
Q

*Gigantism occurs when there is a hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma before ____

A

growth hormone; before puberty

223
Q

Child with gigantism experience abnormal growth because the ____ has not begun

A

epiphyseal closure

224
Q

Gigantism is treated by reducing the amount of ___ secreted

A

growth hormone

225
Q

How is surgery reducing the amount of growth hormone performed?

A

transsphenoidal approach

226
Q

Chronic metabolic condition of adults with overgrowth of soft tissue and the bones of face, hands and feet

A

acromegaly

227
Q

Which 3 bones are commonly affected by acromegaly?

A

bones of face, hands and feet

228
Q

*Acromegaly is caused by the hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma after ___

A

growth hormone; after puberty

229
Q

Acromegaly is treated by reducing the amount of ___, ___ approach, and reverse or preventing ____ effects

A

growth hormone; transsphenoidal approach; tumor mass

230
Q

Condition caused by deficiency or absence of any pituitary hormones

A

hypopituitarism

231
Q

In hypopituitarism there is a deficiency or absence of hormones especially produced by the ____

A

anterior pituitary

232
Q

Hypopituitarism produces ____ in children

A

growth retardation

233
Q

Hypopituitarism can be congenital or acquired and may be caused by ___ tumor or tumor of the ___

A

pituitary; hypothalamus

234
Q

Hypopituitarism is also caused by damage to the pituitary gland caused by ____, ischemia of ____, tumor, or ____ fracture

A

radiation; gland; basilar skull

235
Q

*Destruction of entire anterior lobe and none of anterior pituitary hormones are secreted; occurs mostly in women

A

panhypopituitarism

236
Q

What 3 factors determine the treatment of hypopituitarism?

A
  1. age2. severity3. underlying cause
237
Q

Hypopituitarism is also treated with hormone replacement therapy with these 4 hormones

A
  1. thyroxine2. cortisone3. sex hormones4. somatropin (hGH)
238
Q

Abnormal underdevelopment occuring in children

A

dwarfism

239
Q

Dwarfism is ____ occurring in children

A

hypopituitarism

240
Q

Dwarfism can be congenital or can result from ____ after the birth process

A

cranial hemorrhage

241
Q

Dwarfism is treated by administering ____ until child reaches height of ____ feet

A

somatotropin (hGH); 5 feet

242
Q

Patients with dwarfism may need replacement of ___, ___, or ___ hormones

A

thyroid; adrenal; sex

243
Q
  • Disturbance of water metabolism resulting in polyuria and polydipsia
A

diabetes insipidus

244
Q

Excessive amount of colorless and dilute urine

A

polyuria

245
Q

Excessive thirst; deficiency in the release of vasopressin

A

polydipsia

246
Q

Diabetes resulting from renal tubular resistance to action of vasopressin; more common in men

A

nephrogenic diabetes

247
Q

Diabetes insipidus occurs when the ____ pituitary releases reduced amounts of ____

A

posterior; vasopressin

248
Q

Diabetes inspidus may be hereditary, a result of insult to the ____ or ____ gland, head trauma, cerebral edema, or intracranial lesion

A

hypothalamus; pituitary

249
Q

Diabetes insipidus is managed with ____ injections, ____ spray or ____ (DDAVP)

A

vasopressin; nasal; oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

250
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes is managed with ____

A

thiazide diuretics

251
Q

Thiazide diuretics block the ability of kidneys to excrete ___ and increases excretion of ___ and ____

A

water; sodium chloride; water

252
Q

2 types of hyperpituitarism

A
  1. gigantism2. acromegaly
253
Q

*5 thyroid gland diseases

A
  1. simple goiter2. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis3. Hyperthyroidism4. Cretinism5. Myxedema
254
Q

Enlargement or hyperplasia of thyroid gland usually with swelling in the neck area; asymptomatic in early stages

A

simple goiter

255
Q

Simple goiter is also called ____

A

non-toxic goiter

256
Q

Simple goiter can produce ___ or difficulty breathing

A

dyspnea

257
Q

Simple goiter is caused by a shortage of ___ in diet

A

iodine

258
Q

Simple goiter is treated with one drop per week of saturated solution of _____

A

potassium iodide

259
Q

Unresponsive simple goiter is excised using what surgical procedure

A

subtotal thyroidectomy

260
Q

Chronic disease of immune system that attacks the thyroid gland

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

261
Q

Hashimoto’s is also called ___

A

chronic thyroiditis

262
Q

Hashimoto’s is accompanied by gradual and painless lumpy enlargement of the ____ causing pressure in neck and difficulty swallowing

A

thyroid gland

263
Q

Hashimoto’s occurs in women __ times more than in men and is most common between ages 45-65

A

8 times

264
Q

Hashimoto’s has a hereditary pattern and may also be caused by ____

A

autoimmune disorders

265
Q

Hashimoto’s is treated with a lifelong replacement of _____ hormones; this treatment prevents further growth of goiter

A

thyroid hormones

266
Q

Condition where entire thyroid gland hypertrophies

A

Hyperthyroidism

267
Q

Hyperthyroidism is also known as ____

A

Graves’ disease

268
Q

When the thyroid gland hypertrophies in hyperthyroidism, this results in ____ goiter and overproduction of ____ hormones

A

diffuse; thyroid

269
Q

Sudden exacerbation of hyperthyroidism, also called ___ or ___, can be life-threatening

A

thyrotoxicosis; thyroid storm

270
Q

Hyperthyroidism is believed to be an ______ response

A

autoimmune

271
Q

The goal of treating hyperthyroidism is to reduce formation and secretion of ____ hormones

A

thyroid

272
Q

Hyperthyroidism is treated with ____ drugs, ____ therapy or ____-ectomy

A

anti-thyroid drugs; radioactive iodine therapy; thyroidectomy

273
Q

____ are given to treat tachycardia and hypertension associated with hyperthyroidism

A

B-Blockers

274
Q

2 types of hypothyroidism

A
  1. cretinism2. myxedema
275
Q

*Congenital hypothyroidism developing in infancy or early childhood where the thyroid gland is absent or thyroid hormone is not synthesized by thyroid gland

A

cretinism

276
Q

Cretinism is caused by ____ in fetal development

A

error

277
Q

Cretinism is caused by the congenital absence of ___ required for ___ and ___ synthesis

A

enzymes; T3; T4

278
Q

Cretinism may also be caused by ____ deficient diets, ___ thyroid deficiency, or taking ____ drugs during pregnancy

A

iodine; maternal; anti-thyroid

279
Q

Early treatment with thyroid hormone promotes normal physical growth for patients with cretinism, but this may not prevent _____

A

mental retardation

280
Q

_____ therapy is required throughout the life of a patient with cretinism

A

hormone replacement therapy

281
Q

*Severe acquired hypothyroidism with reduced levels of T4 developing in older child or adult

A

myxedema

282
Q

Myxedema usually occurs in females, who experience ____

A

menorrhagia

283
Q

Myxedema is caused by the impairment of the thyroid gland’s ability to synthesize ___

A

T4

284
Q

Myxedema may also be due to reduced amounts of _____, ____ of thyroid gland, surgical removal of gland without ____ surgery, or a tumor

A

thyrotropin; radiation destruction; T4 replacement surgery

285
Q

Common cause for hypothyroidism in children is _____

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

286
Q

The goal of treating myxedema is to achieve normal ____ function with the lowest possible ____

A

thyroid; dose

287
Q

Myxedemia is treated with life-long replacement therapy and administering _____

A

Levothyroxine sodium (T4)

288
Q

2 parathyroid gland diseases

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism2. hypoparathyroidism
289
Q

Parathyroid hormones increase blood ____ level by stimulating bone ____ and increasing absorption of ____ in digestive tract/kidneys

A

calcium; demineraization; calcium

290
Q

Overproduction of parathyroid hormones (PTH)

A

hyperparathyroidism

291
Q

Increases breakdown of bone, resulting in hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism

292
Q

Excessive reabsorption of calcium in blood

A

hypercalcemia

293
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is twice as common in women and incidence rises sharply after age ___

A

40

294
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is caused by overactivity of one or more of the four ____ glands

A

parathyroid

295
Q

Overactivity of the parathyroid glands is usually a result of an excessive growth, or ____, or an ____ of the gland

A

adenoma; idiopathic hyperplasia

296
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is also caused by an increased secretion of PTH induced by low level of ____ and ____

A

serum calcium; vitamin D

297
Q

If hyperparathyroidism is caused by an adenoma, the tumor is removed by ____ surgery

A

minimally invasive

298
Q

*If hyperparathyroidism is caused by hyperplasia, ___ of 4 glands are usually removed

A

3.5

299
Q

When hyperparathyroidism is secondary, the underlying cause is treated and ____ levels reduced

A

blood serum calcium

300
Q

Secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid glands is greatly reduced

A

hypoparathyroidism

301
Q

In hypoparathyroidism, circulating ____ is reduced, resulting in hypocalcemia

A

calcium

302
Q

In hypoparathyroidism, there are decreased deposits of ____ in tissue

A

calcium

303
Q

Surgical reimplantation of ____ following ____ can help with postop hypoparathyroidism

A

parathyroid; thyroidectomy

304
Q

The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is surgical destruction of _____

A

parathyroid glands

305
Q

Hypoparathyroidism may also be caused by raised ____ levels which by ____ causes decreased ____

A

blood calcium; negative feedback; PTH output

306
Q

Acquired hypoparathyroidism results from these 5 things

A
  1. injury2. ischemia3. radiation4. neoplasia5. various disease process
307
Q

Presence of ____ is a sure indication of hypocalcemia

A

Trousseau’s phenomenon

308
Q

blood pressure cuff is placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes. This will occlude the brachial artery. In the absence of blood flow, the patient’s hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasm of the muscles of the hand and forearm

A

Trousseau’s phenomenon

309
Q

Hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ replacement therapy with Vitamin ___ to reduce hypocalcemia

A

calcium; D

310
Q

In case of life threatening deficiency or tetany, hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ administered ___ and followed by a ____ diet

A

calcium gluconate; intravenously; high-calcium diet

311
Q

2 adrenal gland diseases

A
  1. Cushing’s syndrome2. Addison’s disease
312
Q

Condition of chronic hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive circulating cortisol levels

A

Cushing’s syndrome

313
Q

4 key characteristics of Cushing’s Syndrome

A
  1. moon face2. buffalo hump3. gross obesity of trunk4. specific patterns of fat deposits
314
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is caused by ____ of the ____ gland

A

hyperplasia; adrenal

315
Q

Cushing’s is also caused by excessive secretion of ____ from pituitary

A

corticotropin (ACTH)

316
Q

Cushing’s can also be caused by tumor of ____, production of _____ in another organ like cancer cells in lungs, and iatrogenic conditions (such as prolonged administration of large doses of _____)

A

adrenal cortex; corticotropin; glucocorticoids

317
Q

Cushing’s is treated with drug therapy to suppress ____ secretion, radiation or _____ when tumor is the cause

A

ACTH secretion; surgical removal

318
Q

Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function

A

Addison’s disease

319
Q

Addison’s disease is also called ____ or ____

A

adrenal insufficiency; hypoadrenalism

320
Q

The key physical characteristic of Addison’s disease

A

bronze skin colour

321
Q

Addison’s is usually a gradual, progressive ____ of adrenal gland and reduction of important hormones

A

destruction

322
Q

Destruction can result from the ____ process, tuberculosis, hemorrhage, fungal infections, neoplasms, or surgical resection of a gland

A

autoimmune

323
Q

Addison’s is secondary to ____

A

hypopituitarism

324
Q

Addison’s is treated by replacing natural hormones with ____ and ____ drugs

A

glucocorticoid; mineralocorticoid

325
Q

Insuffiency or sudden decrease in adrenocortical hormone levels

A

Addisonian Crisis

326
Q

Addisonian Crisis is a life-threatening emergency that can lead to ___, ___, and ___

A

shock, seizures, coma

327
Q

*Chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism caused by inadequate production of insulin by pancreas or faulty use of insulin by cells

A

diabetes mellitus

328
Q

How many types of diabetes mellitus?

A

2

329
Q

Both forms of diabetes in most causes cause is unknown, but seems to be linked _____

A

genetically

330
Q

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine ____ of the ____

A

dysfunction; pancreas

331
Q

Early, abrupt onset usually before age 30 with little or no insulin being secreted

A

DM I

332
Q

DM I is formerly known as ___ or ___

A

juvenile-onset diabetes; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

333
Q

DM I: infection early in life may trigger _____ that produces antibodies, destroying ____ in pancreas

A

autoimmune process; B cells

334
Q

DM I is also caused by insufficient ____ producing cells

A

insulin

335
Q

DM I is treated with _____ replacement therapy with calculated ____ on a regular schedule

A

insulin; caloric intake

336
Q

4 methods of insulin delivery

A
  1. injection2. insulin pump therapy3. insulin inhalers4. insulin pens
337
Q

Most common form of DM; gradual onset in adults

A

DM II

338
Q

DM II occurs in adults over __ and more often people over __

A

30; 55

339
Q

DM II is formerly known as ___ or ___

A

adult-onset diabetes; non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM)

340
Q

In DM II, some ____ remain, permitting control of symptoms by dietary management

A

pancreatic functions

341
Q

DM is caused by destruction of the ____, trauma to the ___ or other ____ disorders

A

pancreas; pituitary gland; endocrine disorders

342
Q

4 other causes of DM II

A
  1. obesity2. tumor3. drugs4. familial patterns
343
Q

DM II is managed through dietary management, exercise, and ___ medications

A

oral hypogylcemic

344
Q

In DM II, ___ may be required if other treatments don’t adequately control it

A

insulin

345
Q

DM II doesn’t usually require ____ injections to control ____ levels

A

insulin; glucose

346
Q

2 endocrine dysfunctions of the pancreas

A
  1. DM2. hypoglycemia
347
Q

Abnormally low glucose level in blood

A

hypoglycemia

348
Q

Hypoglycemia occurs when insulin enters ____ or when ____ falls below tissue demands

A

bloodstream; glucose release rate

349
Q

Hypoglycemia can be classified under what 2 types?

A
  1. drug-induced2. non-drug induced
350
Q

What is the most common type of hypogylcemia, also known as reactive hypoglycemia?

A

Drug induced

351
Q

Drug induced hypoglycemia is caused by ____ in a diabetic subject

A

insulin overdose

352
Q

Drug induced hypoglycemia may also be triggered by significantly elevated ____ levels

A

blood alcohol

353
Q

5 causes of non drug-induced hypoglycemia

A
  1. fasting2. delayed secretion of insulin by pancreas3. excessive secretion of insulin by pancreas4. gastrointestinal disorders5. hereditary or endocrine disorders
354
Q

The priority of treating hypoglycemia is restoring a normal ____ level through IV infusion of ____

A

glucose

355
Q

The hormone ___ may also be given to counteract insulin in hypoglycemia

A

glucagon

356
Q

2 types of precocious puberty

A
  1. in boys2. in girls
357
Q

Onset of puberty in boys before age ___; normal puberty begins between 13-15 years

A

9

358
Q

Early development of secondary sex characteristics, gonadal development, spermatogenesis, growth of pubic and facial hair, and sebaceous gland activity increases

A

precocious puberty in boys

359
Q

Precocious puberty in boys may be genetic, but can be traced to ___ dysfunctions that secrete excessive ____ hormones

A

pituitary; gonadotropic

360
Q

Precocious puberty in boys may also be induced by ____ tumors or other ____ disorders

A

testicular tumors; endocrine disorders

361
Q

Precocious puberty in boys may also be caused by neoplasm in ____ gland or the ____

A

pituitary; hypothalamus

362
Q

T or F. When p. puberty in boys is idiopathic, no specific treatment is required

A

T

363
Q

P. puberty in boys is treated with hormones to suppress _____ until appropriate time

A

sexual maturation

364
Q

When associated with tumors, p. puberty in boys is treated _____

A

invasively

365
Q

Onset of puberty before age ___ in girls with increased growth rate, breast enlargement, growth of pubic and underarm hair

A

8

366
Q

Girls with p. puberty have menarche before age __

A

10

367
Q

T or F. P. puberty in girls is mostly idiopathic without associated abnormalities

A

T

368
Q

P. puberty in girls may be caused by meningitis, ____ tumors, ingestion of ____

A

intracranial; oral contraceptives

369
Q

P. puberty in girls is treated with _____ and may require ____ for emotional problems

A

hormone therapy; emotional

370
Q

Levels of circulating calcium in blood ____ in hypoparathyroidism

A

decreases

371
Q

Treatment for life-threatening cases of hypoparathyroidism

A

IV calcium gluconate

372
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome esults in excessive circulating levels of _____

A

cortisol

* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 (28 decks)

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