Mental Health Flashcards
The capacity to cope and adjust to the ongoing stresses of everyday life
mental wellness
Difficulty coping with ongoing everyday stresses, which results in psychological pain and possibly affects physical health
mental illness
Standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals containing a listing of diagnostic criteria for every psychiatric disorder recognized by the U.S. healthcare system
DSM-V
Five-axis system to categorize mental illness
DSM-V
Axis: mood and thought disorders; responds to medication and psychotherapy
Axis I
Axis: mental retardation and personality disorders; unresponsive to treatment/medication
Axis II
Axis: medical conditions contributing to the psychological condition
Axis III
Axis: stressors that contribute to the overall psychological condition
Axis IV
Axis: GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) score
Axis V
Conditions/disorders that must be ruled out before diagnosing a learning disorder
- hearing/vision issues,2. inadequate schooling,3. language barriers,4. lack of opportunity,5. poor teaching
What mental health condition appears to be a major factor in stuttering?
anxiety
___ therapy can be beneficial or stuttering can resolve spontaneously
speech
GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) is a number from __ to __ indicating the level of functioning
0 to 100; 0 lowest level, 100 highest level
Brain’s ability to receive and process information is affected; causes children to learn in a manner that is not normal; standardized test performance are lower than expected for age
learning disorders
Learning disorders are also called learning ___ or learning ___
differences; disabilities
T or F. Children with learning disorders have a lower level of achievement despite the child’s normal/above normal intelligence and adequate schooling
T
T or F. Learning disorders are no indication of intelligence level
T
Learning disorders are caused by underlying abnormalities in ____
cognitive processing
Children with learning disorders may respond to special instructional techniques and what type of drug therapy?
stimulants
Stuttering is a phonological or communication disorder with frequent ____ or ____ of sounds or syllables
repetitions; prolongations
Stuttering is also considered a ___ disorder
speech
Stuttering is treated through ___ therapy but may resolve spontaneously
speech
Severe impairments in several areas of development including communication and social interaction skills; includes particular behaviors that cause failure to develop peer relationships and interactions with others, including lack of nonverbal communication and lack of reciprocation of emotions
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)
PDD are related directly to the person’s ____ level or ____ age
developmental; mental
PDD category of disorders is called the ____ which consists of a broad group of developmental delays and disorders
autism spectrum
PDD affects these 3 skills
- social communication2. motor3. language
5 specific disorders in PDD
- autism2. PDD-NOS3. Rett’s Syndrome4. childhood disintegrative disorder5. Asperger’s Syndrome
Syndrome of extreme withdrawal and obsessive behavior; impairment in socialization, communication, activities, and normal peer relationships
autistic disorder and asperger’s
Autism/Asperger onset occurs in infancy; manifestations apparent by __ or __ years
2/3
Four main symptoms of autistic disorder:
- social isolation 2. cognitive impairment 3. language deficits 4. repetitive naturalistic motions
T or F. Autism has a delay in onset of speech while Asperger’s has no delay in speech
T
Mild form of autism spectrum disorder without cognitive impairment; issues are more with social interaction and communication
Asperger’s
Autism is not a ___ disorder so there is no singular cause
single
3 possible predisposing factors for autism
- maternal rubella, 2. encephalitis, 3. phenylketonuria
Autism is __ times more common in males than in females
four
Autism/Asperger’s treatment options
- behavioral therapy2. self instructed training3. risperidone4. SSRI antidepressants5. antiepileptics6. stimulants
Persistent inattention leading to hyperactivity and impulsivity
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
ADHD was previously called ___
attention-deficit disorder (ADD)
3 subtypes of ADHD
- Predominantly Inattentive 2. Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive 3. Combined
6 or more symptoms if inattention and fewer than 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity going on for at least 6 months
predominantly inattentive ADHD
6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but fewer than 6 of inattention going on for at least 6 months
predominately hyperactive-impulsive ADHD
6 or more symptoms of inattention and 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity going on for at least 6 months
combined ADHD
ADHD is commonly treated with what type of drugs
stimulants
3 common stimulants to treat ADHD
- dexedrine2. ritaline3. adderall
Other treatments for ADHD include ___ patch and vitamin supplementation including __ and ___
methylphenidate transdermal; zinc; melatonin
Behavior disorder in which children demonstrate behaviors that are oppositional toward adults
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
Most common referral complaint to counselors and a major source of family stress and is a strong predictor of poor outcomes
ODD
Four main causes of ODD
- Negative child temperament and ADHD 2. Negative parent temperament 3. Ineffective child management 4. Parent and family stress events
3 treatment options for ODD
- mood stabilizers2. family therapy incorporating patient training3. psychotherapy
Syndrome of multiple motor tics coupled with one or more vocal tics, appearing either simultaneously or at different times
Tourette’s Disorder
Tourette’s Disorder is also called ____
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Tourette’s patients have ___ tics combined with ___ tics
motor; vocal
Tourette’s can be caused by ___ infections
streptococcal
Streptococcal infections in Tourette’s are caused by a reaction of antibodies to ____ and ____
Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus ; neuronal tissue
T or F. Tourette’s is curable
F
Dementia: progressive degenerative disease of the brain that produces a typical profile of lost mental and physical functioning
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Most common cause of dementia, the deterioration in intellectual capacity
Alzheimer’s
Alzheimer’s is __ related and has __ basis in some families
age; genetic
There is a higher rate of Alzheimer’s in people with a history of ___
head trauma
There is no cure for Alzheimers but treatment goal is to help ___
alleviate symptoms
Other causes of Alzheimer’s include ___ changes in brain growth; ___ reaction; deficiency of ___ in the brain
biochemical; autoimmune; neurochemical
Drug that can alleviate cognitive symptoms, slowing the decline that occurs with Alzheimer’s disease; can slow progression
Aricept
3 types of dementia
- alzheimer’s2. vascular dementia3. dementia due to head trauma
Dementia: reduction in blood flow to the brain resulting from narrowed and stenosed arteries
vascular dementia
In vascular dementia, the resulting hypoxia from stenosed arteries and reduced nourishment to the brain cells causes a general loss in ____
intellectual abilities
In vascular dementia, ____ grows in the carotid and cerebral arteries, blood flow to brain tissue is reduced
Atherosclerotic plaque
Ischemia from the resulting hypoxia in vascular dementia leads to irreversible ____ of the brain cells
necrosis
The treatment goal for vascular dementia is to increase the ___ to the brain
blood supply
Surgical intervention for vascular dementia that may limit the progress of the condition
carotid endarterectomy
Medications for vascular dementia have ___ effects to prevent stroke
antiplatelet
Traumatic insult causing reduced blood flow to the cerebrum; deprivation of oxygen and nutrition (ischemia) results in death of brain cells
dementia caused by head trauma
Dementia due to trauma is caused by ____, increased ____, or damage to the ____
edema; intracranial pressure; vessel walls
Dementia due to trauma can also be caused by ___ and ___ head injuries, hematomas and skull fractures
closed and open
Disorder of physical and psychological dependence on daily or regular excessive intake of alcoholic beverages
substance-related disorders: alcohol abuse or alcoholism
In alcoholism, chemical dependency can be ___ or can be accelerated by an ___ event
insidious; acute traumatic
Examples of non-substance related addictions
sex/ pornography/ gambling/ food/ shopping/ plastic surgery
6 possible causative factors for alcoholism
- genetic/biologic factors2. depression3. emotional conflict4. social factors5. cultural attitudes6. stress
Alcoholism is managed with group therapy and participation in this 12-step program
Alcoholics Anonymous
Major psychiatric disturbance; group of disorders that may result in chronic mental dysfunction, producing varying degrees of impairment
schizophrenia
2 important features of schizophrenia
- disorganized thinking2. inappropriate affect
schizophrenic feature: reflected by disturbances in language and communication
disorganized thinking
schizophrenic feature: lack of emotional expression or unreasonable outbursts of emotion
inappropriate affect
4 prodromal signs of schizophrenia
- withdrawal2. odd behavior3. disheveled appearance4. loss of interest in school or work
In its active phase, shizophrenia has a vast range of ___ and ___ manifestations along with ___ dysfunction
behavioral; perceptual; social
*Schizophrenia manifestation: an excess or distortion of normal functions
positive manifestations
5 positive manifestations of schizophrenia
- delusions2. hallucinations3. disorganized speech4. grossly disorganized5. catatonic behavior
*Schizophrenia manifestation: loss of normal function
negative manifestations
3 negative manifestations of schizo.
- affective flattening2. alogia3. avolition
Fixed false beliefs
delusions
Loss or lack of emotional expressiveness
affective flattening
Inability to speak because of mental defect, mental confusion, or aphasia. It is a speech disturbance
alogia
Reduction in the motivation to initiate or persist in goal-directed behaviour
avolition
Five subtypes of schizophrenia
- paranoid2. disorganized3. catatonic4. undifferentiated5. residual
Genetic factors play a substantial role; biologic relatives of patients with schizophrenia have a ____ greater risk of this condition
tenfold
Schizo manifests in mid- to late ___
20s
The treatment goal for schizo is to help patient establish a better sense of self through ___, ___ or ___ treatments
personal; social; vocational
Schizo is also treated with ___ drugs and long term ___
antipsychotic drugs; multidimensional treatment
Major affective disorder with abnormally intense mood swings from a hyperactive, or manic, state to a depressive syndrome
bipolar disorder
T or F. Depression and mania can coexist in bipolar disorder
T
Bipolar disorder has no clear cause but may be due to ___ factors such as neurotransmitter levels in the brain
biochemical
Treatment during the manic phase of bipolar disorder
lithium carbonate
Treatment during the depressive phase of bipolar disorder
- antidepressants2. anticonvulsants
Antidepressants in bipolar disorder should be used with caution because they can trigger a ____
manic episode
Characterized by one or more major depressive episodes
major depressive disorder
Patients with major depressive disorder have no history of ___ or ___ episodes
manic; hypomanic
Major depressive disorder must be differentiated from _____: depression resulting from a difficult or stressful life circumstance
reactive depression
Major depressive disorder is treated with medication and what two types of therapy
- psychotherapy2. antidepressant therapy
Procedure used when a patient is severely incapacitated, has psychotic features or doesn’t respond to other therapeutic measures
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
5 anxiety disorders
- generalized anxiety 2. panic3. phobic4. obsessive compulsive5. post-traumatic stress
Constant state of apparently causeless anxiety or free-floating anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
GAD is often accompanied by ___ symptoms such as diarrhea, elevated blood pressure and sustained muscular tension
physiologic
Anxiety begins suddenly and unexpectedly in a panic attack, reaching its peak within 10 minutes
panic disorder
Attacks are accompanied by an impending doom, ____, ____, a feeling that the person is “going crazy”, losing control or dying, and other symptoms
derealization; depersonalization
A patient has a panic disorder if he or she has __ panic attacks within a month or if one or more attacks are followed by a persistent ___ of having another attack
four; fear
Panic disorder is similar to generalized anxiety in that the anxiety is ____
unfocused
Panic disorder is different from GAD by its ____, ___ nature and greater severity
sudden, intermittent
Excessive, persistent and irrational fear and the avoidance of the phobic stimulus
phobic disorder
In phobic disorder, anxiety has a specific _____: some object or a situation that presents no real danger
focus
T or F. People with phobic disorder realize that their fears are irrational but feel powerless to prevent or control them
T
T or F. Phobic people design their lives to avoid the things they fear
T
Marked by the presence of obsessions and compulsions
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Persistent intrusions of unwanted thoughts
obsessions
Persistent urges to carry out specific actions
compulsions
People with obsessions often have thoughts of ___, ___, or ___. These people feel as though they have lost control their minds, which causes them anxiety
- harming others2. committing suicide, or3. performing sexual acts considered immoral
People with compulsions develop ____ or ____ that relieve their anxiety temporarily like excessive handwashing
senseless actions; rituals
OCD can be caused by severe stress and is related to dysfunction in the ____ of the brain
frontal lobe
OCD is managed with ____ drugs, ____ on a short-term basis, hypnosis, systematic ____, progressive relaxation, breathing exercises and guided imagery
anxiolytic, benzodiazepines, desensitization
_____ may develop if OCD is untreated
psychotic depression
Delayed response to an external traumatic event that produces signs and symptoms of extreme distress
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
PTSD is different from other anxiety disorders because the cause of the stress is an ____ of an overwhelming painful nature
external event
Person may experience PTSD for weeks, months or even years (____ episode) after the event through painful recollections or ____
transitory; nightmares
PTSD caused by ____ tend to precipitate more severe reactions than PTSD caused by ____
human actions; natural dissasters
In some cases, the ____ of an event can be enough to cause PTSD
threat
Goal of treating PTSD: restore the individual’s sense of ____ through counselling and drug therapy
control
Group of mental disorders in which the person experiences physical symptoms without the underlying organic cause
somatoform disorders
T or F. Symptoms are real to the affected person with a somatoform disorder
T
5 somatoform disorders
- somatization disorder2. conversion disorder3. pain disorder4. hypochondriasis5. munchausen’s syndrome
Typified by complaints of pain and GI, sexual, and neurotic symptoms without clinical basis
somatization disorder
Somatization disorder is also known as ___
briquet’s syndrome
T or F. Somatization disorder occurs after the age of 30
F; before 30
3 systems affected by somatization disorder
- GI2. sexual3. neurotic
Symptoms of somatization can intensify after a loss and during periods of severe ___
stress
Somatization disorders are treated with investigation of symptoms and ruling out any ___
underlying general medical condition
Anxiety is converted or changed to a physical or somatic symptom
conversion disorder
Conversion disorder is formerly called ___
hysteria
In conversion disorder, the anxiety is too difficult to face, and as a defense mechanism, the ____ allow the person to escape or avoid a stressful situation
physical symptoms
Four sensory symptoms of conversion disorder.
- anesthesia2. hyperesthesia3. analgesia4. paresthesia
Cause of conversion disorder
highly stressful situation(s)
Manifested by pain that causes significant distress and physical and social impairment
pain disorder
T or F. In pain disorder, pain is very real to the patient and takes control of the patient’s activities
T
T or F. In pain disorder, the pain is not intentionally produced
T
Term for intentionally produced
malingering
Pain disorder is related to underlying clinical ____ that cause distress and have physical and social effects
pathologic conditions
___ and ___ contribute to the manifestation of pain disorder
pathologic; psychological
Drugs used to relieve intractable pain in pain disorder
narcotics
Preoccupation with fear of having a serious disease; excessive fear despite negative medical tests and reassurance that there is no clinical basis for their symptoms
hypochondriasis
Patients mistake aches and pains without ___ for serious illnesses; symptoms generally vague
clinical basis
Patient simulates symptoms of illness and presents for no apparent reason other than treatment
Munchausen’s Syndrome
Münchausen’s Syndrome is also called ____
factitious disorder
T or F. In Munchausen’s, patients know that they are not ill but seek medical attention so they can draw attention to themselves
T
Occurs when the parent projects symptoms onto their child instead of themselves
Münchausen’s Syndrome by proxy
T or F. Munchausen’s syndrome is treatable
F.
Conditions in which an individual feels a powerful connection with the opposite sex and wants to be the other sex
gender identity disorders
Gender identity disorders are managed with ___ to recognize and acknowledge the feelings
psychological counselling
People with gender identity disorders may undergo ____ to reconcile their inner identity with their body
sex reassignment
Sex reassignment is achieved through ___ and ___
hormone treatment; surgical intervention
Patient has difficulty in falling asleep and/or staying asleep; individual arises physically and mentally tired, groggy, tense, irritable, and anxious
insomnia
Some patients suffering from insomnia experience extremely early morning awakening and report that their sleep was not ____
restorative
How long must the difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep persist before it is diagnosed as insomnia?
one month
Causes of insomnia
- travel/jet lag2. medical problem3. pain4. change to high altitudes5. thyroid conditions6. stimulants (caffeine/alcohol)7. anxiety8. stress9. fear of sleeplessness
Insomnia is treated through identify and removing the ____, attempting to improve ____, and ____ changes to relieve tension and reduce stress
underlying cause; sleep hygiene; lifestyle
Group of sleep disorders usually occurring in children including sleepwalking, night terrors and nightmares; often includes dreams
parasomnias
parasomnias are also known as ____
sleep arousal disorders
T or F. People who sleepwalk generally have no memory of the event and patients wake up confused and are unaware of the environment
T
When parasomnias have a late onset, a ____ is the cause
CNS pathologic process
4 possible causes of parasomnias
- Possible genetic, developmental, psychological, and organic factors 2. Febrile episodes 3. Brain tumors 4. Lithium and certain drugs
T or F. Children usually outgrow parasomnias
T
The goal of treating parasomnias is protection from ___
injury
Parasomnias may be exacerbated by exposure to ___ especially from movies and TV
terror
Adults with parasomnias are treated with these 2 drugs
- zolpidem2. zaleplon
CHRONIC NEUROLOGIC where there is an overwhelming recurring compulsion to fall asleep
narcolepsy
In narcolepsy, irresistible and involuntary daytime sleep episodes have a duration of ___ to ___
few seconds to half hour
T or F. Narcolepsy onset before 25 years
T
Narcolepsy is characterized by a _-minute long period of ___ where the person is unable to move but breathing continues
1; sleep paralysis
Narcoleptics may have a ____ of REM sleep time
genetic aberration
Types of drugs that treat narcolepsy
stimulants; wakefulness-promoting drugs
Potentially life-threatening sleep disorder with intermittent short periods of breathing cessation during sleep
sleep apnea
2 types of sleep apnea
- obstructive2. central
Type of sleep apnea: more common; air is unable to flow in or out of the upper airway but attempts to breathe continue
obstructive
Type of sleep apnea: brain doesn’t send appropriate messages to the intercostals and diaphragm to initiate the breathing process
central
In central sleep apnea, Patient can experience __ or more periods of sleep apnea in an hour
20
Most common cause of sleep apnea
nasal obstruction
Obesity can cause extra tissue to develop in the throat, causing a ____ leading to sleep apnea
mechanical obstruction
Three main treatments for sleep apnea
- weight loss2. constant positive air pressure (CPAP)3. UPPP or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Pattern of behavior that deviates from society’s norms
personality disorder (PDO/PD)
People with personality disorders typically have thoughts about themselves and the world that cause ____
inappropriate behavior
Signs of PDO/PD become obvious during ____
adolescence
Number of personality disorders
10
Number of clusters these 10 disorders are organized into
3
Cluster where patients appear odd or eccentric
Cluster A; “mad’
Cluster where patients appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic;
Cluster B; “bad”
Cluster where patients appear anxious or fearful
Cluster C; “sad
PDO are of possible ___, ___ or ___ origins
biologic, social, psychodynamic
The goal of treating PDO is to improve ____ mechanisms and control of symptoms
mechanisms
Behavioral training in PDO
dialectical behavioral training
PDO can be maanged with treatment of ____ like anxiety and depression
comorbid conditions
Cluster A Mad PD: Individuals do not trust others and are suspicious of others, assume others will deliberately exploit, harm, or deceive them, and often misinterpret the meaning behind others’ behaviors
paranoid PD
Cluster A Mad PD: Individuals appear to lack, or show emotions of, pleasure or pain, tend to be loners and do not enjoy relationships with others, and appear to be indifferent, flattened, or detached
schizoid PD
Cluster A Mad PD: Believe they have magical control over others; usually seek treatment for associated symptoms of anxiety or depression
schizotypal PD
Schizoid and schizotypal are similar in that they have difficulty with ____
social relationships
Schizoid is different from Schizoid PD in that individuals typically have ideas of ____
reference
T or F. Schizotypal PD may be superstitious or preoccupied with paranoid phenomena
T
3 PDO in Cluster A - “mad”
- paranoid2. schizoid3. schizotypal
3 PDO in Cluster B - “bad”
- antisocial2. borderline3. histrionic
Cluster B Bad PD: Individuals have a disregard for, and tend to violate, the rights of others, fail to conform to societal norms and often engage in behavior that could be grounds for arrest
antisocial PD
Cluster B Bad PD: Aggressive, manipulative, and reckless behavior; individuals do not generally show remorse or make amends for their behavior
antisocial PD
Cluster B Bad PD: Individual has a pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects (feelings) with impending separation or rejection as central concerns
borderline PD
When those with borderline PD believe they are being rejected or abandoned, they often react with ____; manifests as extreme sarcasm, verbal outbursts and/or manipulative behavior
extreme emotions
Cluster B Bad PD: Individual displays overly dramatic and theatrical mannerisms and have a conscious or pervasive need to be the center of attention
histrionic PD
Cluster B Bad PD: Individuals are immature and dependent, constantly seeking approval and reassurance; behavior or appearance may be inappropriately seductive
histrionic PD
Cluster B Bad PD: Individuals exhibit pathologic self-love or grandiose self-admiration; lack empathy and tend to exploit others
narcissistic PD
When criticized, narcissistic individuals react with rage or humiliation, based on an exaggerated sense of ____
self-importance
Narcissists are preoccupied with fantasies of ____
unlimited success
Cluster C Sad PD: Individual avoids any social situation because of fears of criticism, disapproval or rejection and view themselves as socially inept, personally unappealing and inferior to others
avoidant PD
T or F. Avoidant PD are preoccupied with being judged and criticized by their peers
T
Cluster C Sad PD: Individual has a pattern of excessively relying on others to make decisions for them; are passive and have trouble disagreeing with others because they fear losing support or approval
dependent PD
Cluster C Sad PD: Extreme pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and mental and interpersonal control; preoccupation with details or lists to the point that they never finish a task
obsessive compulsive PD
