Heart | The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
In coronary artery disease, arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen become narrowed due to ____ over time, causing temporary cardiac ischemia, and eventually myocardial infarction (MI)
atherosclerotic deposits
Coronary artery disease is caused by deposits of fat-containing substances called plaque in the ____ of the arteries that results in atherosclerosis
lumen
What causes plaque?
diabetes, age, dietary and lifestyle factors, etc
What are the common symptoms of CAD?
angina, burning, squeezing, crushing pain in neck or jaw (mostly men)
What are the risk factors of CAD?
lifestyle, age, HTN, diabetes, smoking, genetics
What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?
atherosclerosis = coronary arteriesarteriosclerosis = other arteries, unless aorta, then arteriosclerosis
Treated with pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions
CAD
What surgical interventions are used to treat CAD?
PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) and CABG (coronary artery bypass graft)
Angina pectoris is chest pain due to ____ during or shortly after exertion; results from reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium
ischemia
Caused by atherosclerosis, spasms of the coronary arteries, prolonged tachycardia, some forms of anemia, respiratory disease
angina pectoris
Treated by nitroglycerin sublingually
angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction is the death of _____ caused by the development of ischemia
myocardial tissue
Caused by insufficient oxygen supply due to thrombus, atherosclerotic plaque, and myocardial muscle spasm
myocardial infarction (MI)
Treatment includes 1. lab testing of CPK and troponin, LDH, and AST 2. thrombolytic drugs 3. PTCA 4. CABG
MI
Arryhthmia that often results from the damage causing most related deaths
VFIB
Sudden, unexpected cessation of cardiac activity
cardiac arrest
Caused by anoxia or interruption of the electrical stimuli to the heart due to respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmia, MI, electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, massive hemorrhage, drug overdose
cardiac arrest
Treatment includes CPR, AED and cardiac drugs
cardiac arrest
A condition caused by chronically elevated pressure throughout the vascular system; can be divided into secondary HTN or benign essential HTN
hypertensive heart disease
Essential hypertension is an abnormally high blood pressure in the arterial system with a reading of over ___ mmHg
140/90
Essential hypertension has an ____ onset; the patient has few, if any, symptoms until permanent damage has occurred
insidious
Cause unknown but contributing factors include heredity, stress, age, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits
essential hypertension
Treatment includes pharmacotherapy, dietary management (limiting sodium intake), exercise and weight loss
essential hypertension
____ is a severe, life-threatening form of hypertension with a blood pressure reading of ___ mmHg or higher
malignant hypertension, 200/120
Cause unknown but extreme stress is thought to be a contributing factor
malignant HTN
Treated by aggressive intervention with IV hypertension drugs
malignant HTN
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an acute or chronic inability of the heart to ____ blood throughout the body
pump enough
Caused by MI most commonly; also: hypertension, CAD, COPD, cardiac valve damage, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy
CHF
Name the two types of CHF.
- left-sided CHF2. right-sided CHF
Congestive heart failure in which left ventricle does not empty; blood backs up in the pulmonary circulation causing ____
left CHF; pulmonary congestion
Congestive heart failure in which the right ventricle can’t empty; blood backs up in systemic circulation causing ___ in the legs and digestive system
right CHF; edema
Treated by drugs to reduce the workload on the heart and increase efficiency, restricting of fluid and sodium intake, pacemaker or defibrillator for some patients, heart transplant in extreme cases
CHF
Cor pulmonale is an enlargement of the ____ due to a primary lung disease (sequela)
right ventricle
Caused by acute or chronic pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension
col pulmonale
Treatment must be directed at both the lung problem and the cardiac sequela
cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale treatment focus is on reducing the ____ of the heart, and increasing the heart’s efficiency to reduce _____
workload, hypoxemia
Pulmonary edema is fluid shifting into the ___ of the lungs (overload of pulmonary circulation)
extravascular spaces
Caused by left-sided CHF and mitral valve disease, pulmonary embolism, systemic HTN, arrhythmias, renal failure, head trauma, drug overdose, exposure to ___
pulmonary edema; high altitudes
Treated by placing the patient in Fowler’s position, oxygen therapy, diuretics, ventilation
pulmonary edema
Cardiomyopathy is a noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of ___ and ___
enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction
What are the 3 types of cardiomyopathy?
- dilated2. hypertrophic3. restrictive
T or F. Causes and treatment of cardiomyopathy are based on type
T
Cardiomyopathy type: degeneration of myocardial fibres caused by chronic alcoholism, autoimmune processes, or a virus
dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy type: hypertrophy of left ventricle caused by genetic factors or can be idiopathic
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy type: caused by an infiltrative process of the heart that causes fibrosis and thickening of the myocardium
restrictive cardiomyopathy
Acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium
pericarditis
Idiopathic cause, inflammation or infection elsewhere in the body, virus or bacteria, trauma, rheumatic fever, malignant neoplasm
pericarditis
Treated by management of underlying disease and reduce the inflammation and pain
pericarditis
Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart
myocarditis
cardiomyopathy vs myocarditis
disease vs inflammation
Caused by a viral, bacterial, fungal or protozoal infection, but can also be idiopathic, a complication of influenza, diphtheria, mumps, and rheumatic fever
myocarditis
Treatment includes anti-infective agents for infectious causes, rest, analgesics and oxygen administration
myocarditis
Inflammation of the lining and the valves of the heart and characterized by ___
endocarditis; vegetations
Infectious growths on the valves that can be released into the bloodstream as emboli
vegetations
Caused by bacteremia (most commonly staph aureus, Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci and E. coli)
endocarditis
Treatment is anti-infective therapy
endocarditis
Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving ___ and ___
joints/cardiac tissue
Generally preceded by sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (strep throat) which causes an autoimmune reaction that affects the ____ and ____
rheumatic fever; affects the endocardium and the mitral valve
Treatment is antibiotics for strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever
rheumatic fever
The cardiac manifestations that follow rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
Caused when the vegetations that follow rheumatic fever become enlarged or the valves may scar, causing stenosis for the valve openings
rheumatic heart disease
Treatment is to reduce stenosis and prevent further damage; may require surgery to replace the valve
rheumatic heart disease
An acquired/congenital disorder involving any of the 4 valves of the heart
valvular heart disease
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
pulmonarymitralaortictricuspid
What is the most common valve to be affected by valvular heart disease?
mitral valve
Hardening of the valve cusps in valvular heart disease
valvular heart disease: stenosis
Causes include rheumatic heart disease, age, and presence of a malformed valve
valvular heart disease: stenosis
Treatment includes limitation of sodium intake, diuretics, anticoagulants, commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty, surgical valve replacement
valvular heart disease: stenosis
The valve fails to close completely
valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation
Causes include rheumatic heart disease, prolapse, MI
valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation
Treatment includes bed rest, surgical valve replacement
valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation
One or more of the cusps of the valve protrude back into the chamber
valvular heart disease: prolapse
Causes include long or short chordae tendinae, malfunctioning papillary muscles, genetic tendency and some connective tissue disorders
valvular heart disease: prolapse
Treatment isn’t required when the patient is asymptomatic, beta-blockers
valvular heart disease: prolapse
Any deviation from the normal heartbeat (sinus rhythm); also called irregular heartbeats
arrhythmias
Reflects disturbances in the normal conduction system that can be caused by ischemia, drugs, failure of the SA node
arrhythmias
Treatment depends on cause; can be pharmacotherapy, pacemakers, cardioverter defibrillators
arrhythmias
Collapse of the cardiovascular system, including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output
shock
Treatment includes first aid, placing the patient in the supine position with the legs elevated, keeping the patient warm, and calling EMS
shock
Causes of shock
–
Inadequate output of blood by the heart when the myocardium fails to pump effectively
cardiogenic shock
Caused by anything that damages the heart’s ability to pump including MI, heart failure, certain arrhythmias, valve failure
cardiogenic shock
Compression of the heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood or fluid trapped in the pericardial sac
cardiac tamponade
Caused by an insult to a vessel in the pericardium which allows blood to fill the pericardial space
cardiac tamponade
Treatment is pericardiocentesis and often surgery to repair the leak
cardiac tamponade
Clots of aggregated material (usually blood) that can lodge in a blood vessel and inhibit the blood flow
emboli
Severity depends on the location of the vessel and the area of tissue supplied by vessel
emboli
Other causes (besides a clot) include air bubbles, fat globules, bacterial clumps and pieces of tissue
emboli
Treatment is to restore blood flow, often using thrombolytic drugs (tPA) for clots
emboli
Most common cause is a blood clot that has formed in the deep veins of the legs, also called a DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
emboli
A condition that occurs when walls of arterioles thicken, with loss of elasticity and contractility
arteriosclerosis
Thickening and hardening of the vessels that occurs when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in the arterial tunica intima
arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis
Cause is multifactoral; risk factors include heredity, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in rich lipids and cholesterol-producing foods, smoking, diabetes mellitus, HTN, obesity
arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis
Treatment includes dietary changes, smoking cessation, treat and control hypertension and diabetes, hyperlipidemic drugs (Lovastatin)
arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis
Weakening and resulting local dilation of the wall of an artery
aneurysm
Prognosis depends on the location of the artery and the extent
aneurysm
Caused by a build-up of atherosclerotic plaque that weakens the vessel wall
aneurysm
Treatment depends on size, location, likelihood of rupture; can include surgical repair before the aneurysm leaks or ruptures if known
aneurysm
Inflammation of a vein that occurs most often in lower legs but any vein may be affected
phlebitis
Cause is uncertain and may be idiopathic; possible causes include venous stasis, obesity, blood disorders, injury, surgery
phlebitis
Treatment is symptomatic
phlebitis
The result of an inflammation of a vein w formation of a thrombus on the vessel wall
thrombophlebitis
Causes include venous stasis, blood disorders that cause hypercoagulation, injury to venous wall
thrombophlebitis
Treatment includes immobilizing the affected part, and administering heparin to prevent the clot from enlarging
thrombophlebitis
Swollen, tortuous, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower legs
varicose veins
There is no clearly identifiable cause, but is suspected to be due to defective/absent valves
varicose veins
Treatment includes stripping and ligation, sclerosing injections
varicose veins
Inflammation of peripheral arteries/veins of extremities w clot formation that can lead to ulcers and gangrene
thromboangiitis obliterans
Primary cause is long-term tobacco use
thromboangiitis obliterans
Treatment includes immediate smoking cessation, medication to improve circulation, surgery to detour around or bore through a clot, amputation of gangrenous tissue
thromboangiitis obliterans
Primary vasospastic condition of the fingers, hands, or feet, causing pain, numbness and sometimes discoloration
Raynaud’s disease
If Raynaud’s disease occurs secondary to another disease, it is called ______
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Caused by spasm of small peripheral arteries triggered by cold, stress, smoking tobacco
Raynaud’s disease
Treatment: warm the affected area, stop smoking, avoid cold and stress
Raynaud’s disease
The cardiovascular system consists of the _______ and the _________
heart, blood vessels
System that forms a continuous circuit that delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells and carried away waste products
The cardiovascular system
The ________ system has vessels that drain fluid and proteins left in the tissues and return them to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic
The heart is located between the ____ with its apex directed toward the ______
Lungs, inferior left
The wall of the heart consists of ____ layers.
Three
What are the 3 layers of the heart from the innermost to the outermost layer?
- Endocardium 2. Myocardium3. Epicardium
A thin membrane that lines the chambers and valves
Endocardium
The thick muscle layer that makes up most of the heart wall
Myocardium
A thin membrane that covers the heart
Epicardium
A fibrous sac that contains the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures like the sternum and diaphragm
pericardium
Each of the heart’s upper receiving chambers
atrium (plural: atria)
Each of the lower pumping chambers
ventricle
Each of the chambers of the heart are divided by walls
septum
This septum separated the two ventricles
Intraventricular septum
This septum divides the two atria
interatrial septum
T or F. There is also a septum between the atrium and ventricle on each side.
True
The heart pumps blood through ____ circuits
Two
The ________ side pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated through the _________ circuit.
Right, Pulmonary
The ______ side pumps to the remainder of the body through the ________ circuit
Left, systemic
T or F. The pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from the lungs while the systemic circuit carries blood to and from all other parts of the body.
True
What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart?
- Right atrium receives low oxygen blood from all body tissues through he superior and inferior vena cava 2. Blood enters the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery3. Blood returns from the lungs high in oxygen and enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins 4. Blood enters the left ventricle and is forcefully pumped into the aorta to be distributed to all the tissues.
- The ______ receives low oxygen blood from all body tissues through the ________ and ________
Right atrium, superior and inferior vena cava
- The blood enters the _______ and is pumped to the lungs through the ________
Right ventricle, pulmonary artery
- Blood enters from the _______ high in oxygen and enters the ______ though the _______ veins
Lungs, left atrium, pulmonary veins
Blood enters the _____ and is forcefully pumped into the _______ to be distributed to all tissues
Left ventricle, aorta
_____ valves in the heart keep blood moving in a forward direction
One-way valves
The valves between the atrium and ventricle on each side are the ________ valves
Atrioventricular (AV valves)
The valve between the right atrium and ventricle is the _______ valve
Right AV valve
The right AV valve is also known as the _______ valve because it has three cusps or flaps
tricuspid valve
The valve between the left atrium and ventricle is the ________ valve.
Left AV valve
The left AV valve is also known as the _______ valve with two cusps.
Bicuspid valve
Left AV valve is also known as the ____ valve because it resembles a bishop’s miter
mitral valve
Blood circulates throughout the body in the _________ and _________ system
cardiovascular and lymphatic
The valves leading into the pulmonary and the aorta have __ cusps
three
Each cusp is shaped like a half-moon, so these valves are described as _____ valves.
semilunar
The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery is specifically named the _____ valve
pulmonic
The valve at the entranceto the aorta is the _____ valve.
aortic
T or F. Heart sounds are produced as the heart functions.
True
The lubb and dupp that can be heard through the chest wall, are produced by the ______ of the valves.
alternate closing
The first heart sound (S1) isheard when the valves between _______ close
the chambers
The second heart sound (S2) is produced when the valvesleading into the ______ and the ______ close
aorta and pulmonary artery
Any sound made as the heart functions normally is termeda ______
functional murmur
T or F. The word murmur used alone with regard to the heart describes an abnormal sound.)
True.
Each contraction of the heart, termed _____ is followed by a relaxation phase _____during which the chambers _____.
systole, diastole, fill
T or F. Each time the heart beats, both atria contract and immediately thereafterboth ventricles contract.
True
The wave of increased _____ produced in the vessels each time the ventriclescontract is the pulse.
pressure
_______ are stimulated by a built-in system that regularly transmits electrical impulses through theheart.
contractions
What are the components of this conduction system?
- sinoatrial (SA)node2. atrioventricular (AV) node3. the AV bundle4. the left and right bundle branches5. Purkinje fibers
The sinoatrial node is called the pacemaker because it __________.
sets the rate of the heartbeat
The AV bundle is also known as the bundle of ____.
the bundle of His
Although the heart itself generates the heartbeat, factors such as _____ can influence the rate and the force of heart contractions.
nervous system stimulation, hormones, and drugs
_______ is the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel.
blood pressure
Blood pressure is commonly measured ina large artery with an inflatable cuff known as a ______.
sphygmomanometer
Both systolic and diastolic pressures are measured and reportedas _____ then ______ separated by a slash, such as 120/80.
systolic/diastolic
Pressure is expressed as ______ (mm Hg), that is, the ______ to which the pressure can push a column of mercury in a tube.
millimeters of mercury, height
Blood pressureis a valuable ______ measurement.
diagnostic
What are the three components of the vascular system?
- arteries2. capillaries3. veins
_____ carry blood away from the heart.
arteries
_____ are small arteries that lead into the capillaries.
arterioles
T or F. The capillaries are the largest vessels.
False. They are the smallest vessels.
_____ are vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood and the tissues.
capillaries
____ carry blood back to the heart.
veins
The small veins that receive blood from the capillaries and drain into the veins.
venules
All arteries except the _____ artery and the _____ artery carry blood high in oxygen.
pulmonary artery, umbilical artery in the fetus
______ are thick-walled, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure.
arteries
All veins, except the ______vein (and the ______ vein in the fetus), carry blood low in oxygen.
pulmonary vein, umbilical vein in the fetus
_____ have thinner, less elastic walls and tend to give way under pressure.
veins
Like the heart, _____ have one-way valves that keep blood flowing forward.
veins
Nervous system stimulation can cause the diameter of a vessel to increase, called _____ or decrease, called _____.
vasodilation, vasoconstriction
T or F. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction alter blood flow to the tissues but don’t affect blood pressure.
False. Constriction and dilation alter blood flow to the tissues and affect blood pressure.
The lymphatic system’s role in circulation is to return _____ from the _____ to the bloodstream.
excess fluid and proteins, tissues
The fluid carried in the lymphatic system.
lymph
Lymph drains from the _____ and ____ and into the thoracic duct.
lower part and the upper left side
Lymph travels upward through the ______ and empties into the ______ near the heart.
Lymph travels upward through the chest and empties into the left subclavian vein near the heart.
The ______ drains the _____ side of the body and empties into the right _______.
right lymphatic duct, upper right side, subclavian vein
T or F. Another function of the lymphatic system is to absorb digested fats from the small intestine. These fats are then added to the blood near the heart.
True.
One other major function of the lymphatic system is to protect the body from _____ and _____.
impurities and invading microorganisms
Along the path of the lymphatic vessels are small masses of lymphoid tissue, the ______.
lymph nodes
The function of lymph nodes is to _____ lymph as it passes through.
filter
Lymph nodes are concentrated in which four regions?
- cervical (neck)2. axillary (armpit)3. mediastinal (chest)4. inguinal (groin)
T or F. The lymph nodes and the remainder of the lymphatic system also play a role in immunity.
True.
List the organs and tissues of the lymphatic system.
- tonsils (throat)2. thymus gland (chest)3. spleen (upper left region of the abdomen)
The largest artery that receives blood from the left ventricle andbranches to all parts of the body.
aorta
The semilunar valve at the entrance to the aorta.
aortic valve
The point of a cone-shaped structure.
apex
The apex of the heart is formed by the _____.
left ventricle
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
artery
A small artery
arteriole
A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulsesfrom the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles.
atrioventricular (AV) node
A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the _____ to the top of the ______.
AV bundle, atrioventricular(AV) node, interventricular septum
The AV bundle divides intothe ____ and _____ bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum.
right and left
An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers ofthe heart.
atrium
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve.
bicuspid valve
The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel
blood presure
Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum
bundle branches
A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues
capillary
The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels
cardiovascular system
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle
diastole
The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves
endocardium
The thin outermost layer of the heart wall
epicardium
The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body
heart
The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract
pulse
The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart that carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart
septum
The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle
systole
The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart
systemic circuit
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction
valve
A tube or duct to transport fluid
vessel
Thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels.
lymph
Large reddish brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen that filters blood and destroys old red blood cells
spleen
cardi/o
heart
atri/o
atrium
ventricul/o
cavity, ventricle
valv/o, valvul/o
valve
angi/o
vessel
vas/o, vascul/o
vessel, duct
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
aort/o
aorta
ven/o, ven/i
vein
phleb/o
vein
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic system
lymphaden/o
lymph node
lymphangi/o
lymphatic vessel
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tonsill/o
tonsil
arrythmia, dysrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
atherosclerosis
hardening of arterial wall
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
ischemia
local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein with a formation of a blood clot
lymphoma
neoplastic disease of lymphoid tisse
lymphangiitis
inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection
lymphedema
swelling of tissues with lymph
The passage of fluid such as blood through an organ or tissue
perfusion
A normal heart rhythm originating from the SA node
sinus rhythm
AF
atrial fibrillation
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
ASCVD
arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
BBB
bundle branch block
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CHF
congestive heart failure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CVD
cardiovascular disease
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
HDL
high density liproprotein
LDH
lactic dehydrogenase
LDL
low density lipoprotein
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
mm Hg
millimeters of mercury
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
P
pulse
PVD
peripheral vascular disease
S1
first heart sound
S2
second heart sound
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
Arteries have a ____ to facilitate blood flow, veins do not. They need valves to ensure flow keeps climbing up.
pump
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the ______ and _____, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the ______ of the heart.
inferior and superior vena cava, right atrium
What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?
right atrium → open tricuspid valve → right ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body
What is electrical conduction?
The impulse generated by the (SA node) of the heart to stimulate cardiac muscle (myocardium). The myocardium contracts after stimulation, allowing blood to be pumped throughout the body.
