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* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 > Heart | The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Heart | The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

In coronary artery disease, arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen become narrowed due to ____ over time, causing temporary cardiac ischemia, and eventually myocardial infarction (MI)

A

atherosclerotic deposits

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2
Q

Coronary artery disease is caused by deposits of fat-containing substances called plaque in the ____ of the arteries that results in atherosclerosis

A

lumen

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3
Q

What causes plaque?

A

diabetes, age, dietary and lifestyle factors, etc

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4
Q

What are the common symptoms of CAD?

A

angina, burning, squeezing, crushing pain in neck or jaw (mostly men)

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5
Q

What are the risk factors of CAD?

A

lifestyle, age, HTN, diabetes, smoking, genetics

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6
Q

What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?

A

atherosclerosis = coronary arteriesarteriosclerosis = other arteries, unless aorta, then arteriosclerosis

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7
Q

Treated with pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions

A

CAD

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8
Q

What surgical interventions are used to treat CAD?

A

PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) and CABG (coronary artery bypass graft)

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9
Q

Angina pectoris is chest pain due to ____ during or shortly after exertion; results from reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium

A

ischemia

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10
Q

Caused by atherosclerosis, spasms of the coronary arteries, prolonged tachycardia, some forms of anemia, respiratory disease

A

angina pectoris

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11
Q

Treated by nitroglycerin sublingually

A

angina pectoris

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12
Q

Myocardial infarction is the death of _____ caused by the development of ischemia

A

myocardial tissue

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13
Q

Caused by insufficient oxygen supply due to thrombus, atherosclerotic plaque, and myocardial muscle spasm

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

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14
Q

Treatment includes 1. lab testing of CPK and troponin, LDH, and AST 2. thrombolytic drugs 3. PTCA 4. CABG

A

MI

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15
Q

Arryhthmia that often results from the damage causing most related deaths

A

VFIB

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16
Q

Sudden, unexpected cessation of cardiac activity

A

cardiac arrest

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17
Q

Caused by anoxia or interruption of the electrical stimuli to the heart due to respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmia, MI, electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, massive hemorrhage, drug overdose

A

cardiac arrest

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18
Q

Treatment includes CPR, AED and cardiac drugs

A

cardiac arrest

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19
Q

A condition caused by chronically elevated pressure throughout the vascular system; can be divided into secondary HTN or benign essential HTN

A

hypertensive heart disease

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20
Q

Essential hypertension is an abnormally high blood pressure in the arterial system with a reading of over ___ mmHg

A

140/90

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21
Q

Essential hypertension has an ____ onset; the patient has few, if any, symptoms until permanent damage has occurred

A

insidious

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22
Q

Cause unknown but contributing factors include heredity, stress, age, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits

A

essential hypertension

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23
Q

Treatment includes pharmacotherapy, dietary management (limiting sodium intake), exercise and weight loss

A

essential hypertension

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24
Q

____ is a severe, life-threatening form of hypertension with a blood pressure reading of ___ mmHg or higher

A

malignant hypertension, 200/120

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25
Q

Cause unknown but extreme stress is thought to be a contributing factor

A

malignant HTN

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26
Q

Treated by aggressive intervention with IV hypertension drugs

A

malignant HTN

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27
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an acute or chronic inability of the heart to ____ blood throughout the body

A

pump enough

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28
Q

Caused by MI most commonly; also: hypertension, CAD, COPD, cardiac valve damage, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy

A

CHF

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29
Q

Name the two types of CHF.

A
  1. left-sided CHF2. right-sided CHF
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30
Q

Congestive heart failure in which left ventricle does not empty; blood backs up in the pulmonary circulation causing ____

A

left CHF; pulmonary congestion

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31
Q

Congestive heart failure in which the right ventricle can’t empty; blood backs up in systemic circulation causing ___ in the legs and digestive system

A

right CHF; edema

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32
Q

Treated by drugs to reduce the workload on the heart and increase efficiency, restricting of fluid and sodium intake, pacemaker or defibrillator for some patients, heart transplant in extreme cases

A

CHF

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33
Q

Cor pulmonale is an enlargement of the ____ due to a primary lung disease (sequela)

A

right ventricle

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34
Q

Caused by acute or chronic pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension

A

col pulmonale

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35
Q

Treatment must be directed at both the lung problem and the cardiac sequela

A

cor pulmonale

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36
Q

Cor pulmonale treatment focus is on reducing the ____ of the heart, and increasing the heart’s efficiency to reduce _____

A

workload, hypoxemia

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37
Q

Pulmonary edema is fluid shifting into the ___ of the lungs (overload of pulmonary circulation)

A

extravascular spaces

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38
Q

Caused by left-sided CHF and mitral valve disease, pulmonary embolism, systemic HTN, arrhythmias, renal failure, head trauma, drug overdose, exposure to ___

A

pulmonary edema; high altitudes

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39
Q

Treated by placing the patient in Fowler’s position, oxygen therapy, diuretics, ventilation

A

pulmonary edema

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40
Q

Cardiomyopathy is a noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of ___ and ___

A

enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. dilated2. hypertrophic3. restrictive
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42
Q

T or F. Causes and treatment of cardiomyopathy are based on type

A

T

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43
Q

Cardiomyopathy type: degeneration of myocardial fibres caused by chronic alcoholism, autoimmune processes, or a virus

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

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44
Q

Cardiomyopathy type: hypertrophy of left ventricle caused by genetic factors or can be idiopathic

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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45
Q

Cardiomyopathy type: caused by an infiltrative process of the heart that causes fibrosis and thickening of the myocardium

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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46
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

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47
Q

Idiopathic cause, inflammation or infection elsewhere in the body, virus or bacteria, trauma, rheumatic fever, malignant neoplasm

A

pericarditis

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48
Q

Treated by management of underlying disease and reduce the inflammation and pain

A

pericarditis

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49
Q

Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart

A

myocarditis

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50
Q

cardiomyopathy vs myocarditis

A

disease vs inflammation

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51
Q

Caused by a viral, bacterial, fungal or protozoal infection, but can also be idiopathic, a complication of influenza, diphtheria, mumps, and rheumatic fever

A

myocarditis

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52
Q

Treatment includes anti-infective agents for infectious causes, rest, analgesics and oxygen administration

A

myocarditis

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53
Q

Inflammation of the lining and the valves of the heart and characterized by ___

A

endocarditis; vegetations

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54
Q

Infectious growths on the valves that can be released into the bloodstream as emboli

A

vegetations

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55
Q

Caused by bacteremia (most commonly staph aureus, Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci and E. coli)

A

endocarditis

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56
Q

Treatment is anti-infective therapy

A

endocarditis

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57
Q

Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving ___ and ___

A

joints/cardiac tissue

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58
Q

Generally preceded by sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (strep throat) which causes an autoimmune reaction that affects the ____ and ____

A

rheumatic fever; affects the endocardium and the mitral valve

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59
Q

Treatment is antibiotics for strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic fever

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60
Q

The cardiac manifestations that follow rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

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61
Q

Caused when the vegetations that follow rheumatic fever become enlarged or the valves may scar, causing stenosis for the valve openings

A

rheumatic heart disease

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62
Q

Treatment is to reduce stenosis and prevent further damage; may require surgery to replace the valve

A

rheumatic heart disease

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63
Q

An acquired/congenital disorder involving any of the 4 valves of the heart

A

valvular heart disease

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64
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A

pulmonarymitralaortictricuspid

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65
Q

What is the most common valve to be affected by valvular heart disease?

A

mitral valve

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66
Q

Hardening of the valve cusps in valvular heart disease

A

valvular heart disease: stenosis

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67
Q

Causes include rheumatic heart disease, age, and presence of a malformed valve

A

valvular heart disease: stenosis

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68
Q

Treatment includes limitation of sodium intake, diuretics, anticoagulants, commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty, surgical valve replacement

A

valvular heart disease: stenosis

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69
Q

The valve fails to close completely

A

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

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70
Q

Causes include rheumatic heart disease, prolapse, MI

A

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

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71
Q

Treatment includes bed rest, surgical valve replacement

A

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

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72
Q

One or more of the cusps of the valve protrude back into the chamber

A

valvular heart disease: prolapse

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73
Q

Causes include long or short chordae tendinae, malfunctioning papillary muscles, genetic tendency and some connective tissue disorders

A

valvular heart disease: prolapse

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74
Q

Treatment isn’t required when the patient is asymptomatic, beta-blockers

A

valvular heart disease: prolapse

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75
Q

Any deviation from the normal heartbeat (sinus rhythm); also called irregular heartbeats

A

arrhythmias

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76
Q

Reflects disturbances in the normal conduction system that can be caused by ischemia, drugs, failure of the SA node

A

arrhythmias

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77
Q

Treatment depends on cause; can be pharmacotherapy, pacemakers, cardioverter defibrillators

A

arrhythmias

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78
Q

Collapse of the cardiovascular system, including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output

A

shock

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79
Q

Treatment includes first aid, placing the patient in the supine position with the legs elevated, keeping the patient warm, and calling EMS

A

shock

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80
Q

Causes of shock

A

–

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81
Q

Inadequate output of blood by the heart when the myocardium fails to pump effectively

A

cardiogenic shock

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82
Q

Caused by anything that damages the heart’s ability to pump including MI, heart failure, certain arrhythmias, valve failure

A

cardiogenic shock

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83
Q

Compression of the heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood or fluid trapped in the pericardial sac

A

cardiac tamponade

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84
Q

Caused by an insult to a vessel in the pericardium which allows blood to fill the pericardial space

A

cardiac tamponade

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85
Q

Treatment is pericardiocentesis and often surgery to repair the leak

A

cardiac tamponade

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86
Q

Clots of aggregated material (usually blood) that can lodge in a blood vessel and inhibit the blood flow

A

emboli

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87
Q

Severity depends on the location of the vessel and the area of tissue supplied by vessel

A

emboli

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88
Q

Other causes (besides a clot) include air bubbles, fat globules, bacterial clumps and pieces of tissue

A

emboli

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89
Q

Treatment is to restore blood flow, often using thrombolytic drugs (tPA) for clots

A

emboli

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90
Q

Most common cause is a blood clot that has formed in the deep veins of the legs, also called a DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

A

emboli

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91
Q

A condition that occurs when walls of arterioles thicken, with loss of elasticity and contractility

A

arteriosclerosis

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92
Q

Thickening and hardening of the vessels that occurs when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in the arterial tunica intima

A

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

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93
Q

Cause is multifactoral; risk factors include heredity, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in rich lipids and cholesterol-producing foods, smoking, diabetes mellitus, HTN, obesity

A

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

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94
Q

Treatment includes dietary changes, smoking cessation, treat and control hypertension and diabetes, hyperlipidemic drugs (Lovastatin)

A

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

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95
Q

Weakening and resulting local dilation of the wall of an artery

A

aneurysm

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96
Q

Prognosis depends on the location of the artery and the extent

A

aneurysm

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97
Q

Caused by a build-up of atherosclerotic plaque that weakens the vessel wall

A

aneurysm

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98
Q

Treatment depends on size, location, likelihood of rupture; can include surgical repair before the aneurysm leaks or ruptures if known

A

aneurysm

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99
Q

Inflammation of a vein that occurs most often in lower legs but any vein may be affected

A

phlebitis

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100
Q

Cause is uncertain and may be idiopathic; possible causes include venous stasis, obesity, blood disorders, injury, surgery

A

phlebitis

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101
Q

Treatment is symptomatic

A

phlebitis

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102
Q

The result of an inflammation of a vein w formation of a thrombus on the vessel wall

A

thrombophlebitis

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103
Q

Causes include venous stasis, blood disorders that cause hypercoagulation, injury to venous wall

A

thrombophlebitis

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104
Q

Treatment includes immobilizing the affected part, and administering heparin to prevent the clot from enlarging

A

thrombophlebitis

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105
Q

Swollen, tortuous, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower legs

A

varicose veins

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106
Q

There is no clearly identifiable cause, but is suspected to be due to defective/absent valves

A

varicose veins

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107
Q

Treatment includes stripping and ligation, sclerosing injections

A

varicose veins

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108
Q

Inflammation of peripheral arteries/veins of extremities w clot formation that can lead to ulcers and gangrene

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

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109
Q

Primary cause is long-term tobacco use

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

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110
Q

Treatment includes immediate smoking cessation, medication to improve circulation, surgery to detour around or bore through a clot, amputation of gangrenous tissue

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

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111
Q

Primary vasospastic condition of the fingers, hands, or feet, causing pain, numbness and sometimes discoloration

A

Raynaud’s disease

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112
Q

If Raynaud’s disease occurs secondary to another disease, it is called ______

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

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113
Q

Caused by spasm of small peripheral arteries triggered by cold, stress, smoking tobacco

A

Raynaud’s disease

114
Q

Treatment: warm the affected area, stop smoking, avoid cold and stress

A

Raynaud’s disease

115
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of the _______ and the _________

A

heart, blood vessels

116
Q

System that forms a continuous circuit that delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells and carried away waste products

A

The cardiovascular system

117
Q

The ________ system has vessels that drain fluid and proteins left in the tissues and return them to the bloodstream.

A

Lymphatic

118
Q

The heart is located between the ____ with its apex directed toward the ______

A

Lungs, inferior left

119
Q

The wall of the heart consists of ____ layers.

A

Three

120
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart from the innermost to the outermost layer?

A
  1. Endocardium 2. Myocardium3. Epicardium
121
Q

A thin membrane that lines the chambers and valves

A

Endocardium

122
Q

The thick muscle layer that makes up most of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

123
Q

A thin membrane that covers the heart

A

Epicardium

124
Q

A fibrous sac that contains the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures like the sternum and diaphragm

A

pericardium

125
Q

Each of the heart’s upper receiving chambers

A

atrium (plural: atria)

126
Q

Each of the lower pumping chambers

A

ventricle

127
Q

Each of the chambers of the heart are divided by walls

A

septum

128
Q

This septum separated the two ventricles

A

Intraventricular septum

129
Q

This septum divides the two atria

A

interatrial septum

130
Q

T or F. There is also a septum between the atrium and ventricle on each side.

A

True

131
Q

The heart pumps blood through ____ circuits

A

Two

132
Q

The ________ side pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated through the _________ circuit.

A

Right, Pulmonary

133
Q

The ______ side pumps to the remainder of the body through the ________ circuit

A

Left, systemic

134
Q

T or F. The pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from the lungs while the systemic circuit carries blood to and from all other parts of the body.

A

True

135
Q

What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart?

A
  1. Right atrium receives low oxygen blood from all body tissues through he superior and inferior vena cava 2. Blood enters the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery3. Blood returns from the lungs high in oxygen and enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins 4. Blood enters the left ventricle and is forcefully pumped into the aorta to be distributed to all the tissues.
136
Q
  1. The ______ receives low oxygen blood from all body tissues through the ________ and ________
A

Right atrium, superior and inferior vena cava

137
Q
  1. The blood enters the _______ and is pumped to the lungs through the ________
A

Right ventricle, pulmonary artery

138
Q
  1. Blood enters from the _______ high in oxygen and enters the ______ though the _______ veins
A

Lungs, left atrium, pulmonary veins

139
Q

Blood enters the _____ and is forcefully pumped into the _______ to be distributed to all tissues

A

Left ventricle, aorta

140
Q

_____ valves in the heart keep blood moving in a forward direction

A

One-way valves

141
Q

The valves between the atrium and ventricle on each side are the ________ valves

A

Atrioventricular (AV valves)

142
Q

The valve between the right atrium and ventricle is the _______ valve

A

Right AV valve

143
Q

The right AV valve is also known as the _______ valve because it has three cusps or flaps

A

tricuspid valve

144
Q

The valve between the left atrium and ventricle is the ________ valve.

A

Left AV valve

145
Q

The left AV valve is also known as the _______ valve with two cusps.

A

Bicuspid valve

146
Q

Left AV valve is also known as the ____ valve because it resembles a bishop’s miter

A

mitral valve

147
Q

Blood circulates throughout the body in the _________ and _________ system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

148
Q

The valves leading into the pulmonary and the aorta have __ cusps

A

three

149
Q

Each cusp is shaped like a half-moon, so these valves are described as _____ valves.

A

semilunar

150
Q

The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery is specifically named the _____ valve

A

pulmonic

151
Q

The valve at the entranceto the aorta is the _____ valve.

A

aortic

152
Q

T or F. Heart sounds are produced as the heart functions.

A

True

153
Q

The lubb and dupp that can be heard through the chest wall, are produced by the ______ of the valves.

A

alternate closing

154
Q

The first heart sound (S1) isheard when the valves between _______ close

A

the chambers

155
Q

The second heart sound (S2) is produced when the valvesleading into the ______ and the ______ close

A

aorta and pulmonary artery

156
Q

Any sound made as the heart functions normally is termeda ______

A

functional murmur

157
Q

T or F. The word murmur used alone with regard to the heart describes an abnormal sound.)

A

True.

158
Q

Each contraction of the heart, termed _____ is followed by a relaxation phase _____during which the chambers _____.

A

systole, diastole, fill

159
Q

T or F. Each time the heart beats, both atria contract and immediately thereafterboth ventricles contract.

A

True

160
Q

The wave of increased _____ produced in the vessels each time the ventriclescontract is the pulse.

A

pressure

161
Q

_______ are stimulated by a built-in system that regularly transmits electrical impulses through theheart.

A

contractions

162
Q

What are the components of this conduction system?

A
  1. sinoatrial (SA)node2. atrioventricular (AV) node3. the AV bundle4. the left and right bundle branches5. Purkinje fibers
163
Q

The sinoatrial node is called the pacemaker because it __________.

A

sets the rate of the heartbeat

164
Q

The AV bundle is also known as the bundle of ____.

A

the bundle of His

165
Q

Although the heart itself generates the heartbeat, factors such as _____ can influence the rate and the force of heart contractions.

A

nervous system stimulation, hormones, and drugs

166
Q

_______ is the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel.

A

blood pressure

167
Q

Blood pressure is commonly measured ina large artery with an inflatable cuff known as a ______.

A

sphygmomanometer

168
Q

Both systolic and diastolic pressures are measured and reportedas _____ then ______ separated by a slash, such as 120/80.

A

systolic/diastolic

169
Q

Pressure is expressed as ______ (mm Hg), that is, the ______ to which the pressure can push a column of mercury in a tube.

A

millimeters of mercury, height

170
Q

Blood pressureis a valuable ______ measurement.

A

diagnostic

171
Q

What are the three components of the vascular system?

A
  1. arteries2. capillaries3. veins
172
Q

_____ carry blood away from the heart.

A

arteries

173
Q

_____ are small arteries that lead into the capillaries.

A

arterioles

174
Q

T or F. The capillaries are the largest vessels.

A

False. They are the smallest vessels.

175
Q

_____ are vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood and the tissues.

A

capillaries

176
Q

____ carry blood back to the heart.

A

veins

177
Q

The small veins that receive blood from the capillaries and drain into the veins.

A

venules

178
Q

All arteries except the _____ artery and the _____ artery carry blood high in oxygen.

A

pulmonary artery, umbilical artery in the fetus

179
Q

______ are thick-walled, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure.

A

arteries

180
Q

All veins, except the ______vein (and the ______ vein in the fetus), carry blood low in oxygen.

A

pulmonary vein, umbilical vein in the fetus

181
Q

_____ have thinner, less elastic walls and tend to give way under pressure.

A

veins

182
Q

Like the heart, _____ have one-way valves that keep blood flowing forward.

A

veins

183
Q

Nervous system stimulation can cause the diameter of a vessel to increase, called _____ or decrease, called _____.

A

vasodilation, vasoconstriction

184
Q

T or F. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction alter blood flow to the tissues but don’t affect blood pressure.

A

False. Constriction and dilation alter blood flow to the tissues and affect blood pressure.

185
Q

The lymphatic system’s role in circulation is to return _____ from the _____ to the bloodstream.

A

excess fluid and proteins, tissues

186
Q

The fluid carried in the lymphatic system.

A

lymph

187
Q

Lymph drains from the _____ and ____ and into the thoracic duct.

A

lower part and the upper left side

188
Q

Lymph travels upward through the ______ and empties into the ______ near the heart.

A

Lymph travels upward through the chest and empties into the left subclavian vein near the heart.

189
Q

The ______ drains the _____ side of the body and empties into the right _______.

A

right lymphatic duct, upper right side, subclavian vein

190
Q

T or F. Another function of the lymphatic system is to absorb digested fats from the small intestine. These fats are then added to the blood near the heart.

A

True.

191
Q

One other major function of the lymphatic system is to protect the body from _____ and _____.

A

impurities and invading microorganisms

192
Q

Along the path of the lymphatic vessels are small masses of lymphoid tissue, the ______.

A

lymph nodes

193
Q

The function of lymph nodes is to _____ lymph as it passes through.

A

filter

194
Q

Lymph nodes are concentrated in which four regions?

A
  1. cervical (neck)2. axillary (armpit)3. mediastinal (chest)4. inguinal (groin)
195
Q

T or F. The lymph nodes and the remainder of the lymphatic system also play a role in immunity.

A

True.

196
Q

List the organs and tissues of the lymphatic system.

A
  1. tonsils (throat)2. thymus gland (chest)3. spleen (upper left region of the abdomen)
197
Q

The largest artery that receives blood from the left ventricle andbranches to all parts of the body.

A

aorta

198
Q

The semilunar valve at the entrance to the aorta.

A

aortic valve

199
Q

The point of a cone-shaped structure.

A

apex

200
Q

The apex of the heart is formed by the _____.

A

left ventricle

201
Q

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

A

artery

202
Q

A small artery

A

arteriole

203
Q

A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulsesfrom the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles.

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

204
Q

A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the _____ to the top of the ______.

A

AV bundle, atrioventricular(AV) node, interventricular septum

205
Q

The AV bundle divides intothe ____ and _____ bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum.

A

right and left

206
Q

An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers ofthe heart.

A

atrium

207
Q

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve.

A

bicuspid valve

208
Q

The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel

A

blood presure

209
Q

Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum

A

bundle branches

210
Q

A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues

A

capillary

211
Q

The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

212
Q

The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle

A

diastole

213
Q

The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves

A

endocardium

214
Q

The thin outermost layer of the heart wall

A

epicardium

215
Q

The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body

A

heart

216
Q

The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract

A

pulse

217
Q

The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart that carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.

A

Purkinje fibers

218
Q

A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart

A

septum

219
Q

The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle

A

systole

220
Q

The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart

A

systemic circuit

221
Q

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

222
Q

A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction

A

valve

223
Q

A tube or duct to transport fluid

A

vessel

224
Q

Thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels.

A

lymph

225
Q

Large reddish brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen that filters blood and destroys old red blood cells

A

spleen

226
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

227
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

228
Q

ventricul/o

A

cavity, ventricle

229
Q

valv/o, valvul/o

A

valve

230
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

231
Q

vas/o, vascul/o

A

vessel, duct

232
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

233
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

234
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

235
Q

ven/o, ven/i

A

vein

236
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

237
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymphatic system

238
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

239
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymphatic vessel

240
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

241
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

242
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

243
Q

arrythmia, dysrhythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

244
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arterial wall

245
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

246
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

247
Q

ischemia

A

local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation

248
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

249
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein with a formation of a blood clot

250
Q

lymphoma

A

neoplastic disease of lymphoid tisse

251
Q

lymphangiitis

A

inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection

252
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling of tissues with lymph

253
Q

The passage of fluid such as blood through an organ or tissue

A

perfusion

254
Q

A normal heart rhythm originating from the SA node

A

sinus rhythm

255
Q

AF

A

atrial fibrillation

256
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infarction

257
Q

ASCVD

A

arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease

258
Q

BBB

A

bundle branch block

259
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

260
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

261
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

262
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

263
Q

CVD

A

cardiovascular disease

264
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

265
Q

HDL

A

high density liproprotein

266
Q

LDH

A

lactic dehydrogenase

267
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein

268
Q

LVAD

A

left ventricular assist device

269
Q

mm Hg

A

millimeters of mercury

270
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

271
Q

P

A

pulse

272
Q

PVD

A

peripheral vascular disease

273
Q

S1

A

first heart sound

274
Q

S2

A

second heart sound

275
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

276
Q

PCI

A

percutaneous coronary intervention

277
Q

Arteries have a ____ to facilitate blood flow, veins do not. They need valves to ensure flow keeps climbing up.

A

pump

278
Q

Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the ______ and _____, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the ______ of the heart.

A

inferior and superior vena cava, right atrium

279
Q

What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?

A

right atrium → open tricuspid valve → right ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body

280
Q

What is electrical conduction?

A

The impulse generated by the (SA node) of the heart to stimulate cardiac muscle (myocardium). The myocardium contracts after stimulation, allowing blood to be pumped throughout the body.

* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 (28 decks)

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