Male Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
semen vs sperm
A
semen = thick, whitish secretion discharged from the urethra during ejaculationsperm = cells that develop in the testes
2
Q
sterilization vs impotence
A
sterilization = performed in men and womenimpotence = inability of a male to sustain an erection or achieve ejaculation
3
Q
andr/o
A
male
4
Q
balan/o
A
glans penis
5
Q
crypt/o
A
hidden
6
Q
epididym/o
A
epididymis
7
Q
gon/o
A
seed
8
Q
hydr/o
A
water, fluid
9
Q
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o
A
testis, testicle
10
Q
pen/o
A
penis
11
Q
prostat/o
A
prostate gland
12
Q
semin/i
A
semen, seed
13
Q
sperm/o, spermat/o
A
spermatozoa, semen
14
Q
terat/o
A
monster
15
Q
test/o
A
testis, testicle
16
Q
varic/o
A
varicose veins
17
Q
vas/o
A
vessel, duct; vas deferens
18
Q
zo/o
A
animal life
19
Q
-genesis
A
formation
20
Q
-one
A
hormone
21
Q
-pexy
A
fixation, put in place
22
Q
-stomy
A
new opening
23
Q
Measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
A
PSA test
24
Q
Microscopic examination of ejaculated fluid
A
semen analysis
25
Surgical excision of testicles or ovaries
castration
26
Surgical procedure to remove the prepuce of the penis
circumcision
27
Finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland
digital rectal examination (DRE)
28
Removal of tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using a green light laser (laser TURP)
photoselective vaporization of the prostate (GreenLight PVP)
29
Excision of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
30
Bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
vasectomy
31
test/o
testis, testicle
32
orchi/o, orchid/o
testis, testicle
33
osche/o
scrotum
34
semin
semen
35
sperm/i, spermat/o
sperm, spermatozoa
36
epididym/o
epididymis
37
vas/o
vas deferens, ductus deferens
38
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
39
prostat/o
prostate
40
Develop in the abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotum shortly before or after birth.
testes or testicles
41
What are the two functions of the testes?
1. sperm formation2. testosterone production
42
What parts of the male reproductive system form sperm?
seminiferous tubules and sertoli cells and androgens (mainly testosterone)
43
What forms testosterone?
interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules
44
What is the transport pathway of sperm?
Epididymis → Vas (ductus) deferens → passes out of the scrotum, up into the abdominal cavity and behind the bladder → ejaculatory duct → urethra
45
Contains the urethra
penis
46
What are the three segments of spongy tissues in the penis?
-
47
______ impulses cause arterial dilation and increased blood flow in the penis.
parasympathetic impulses
48
What three glands form semen?
prostate, seminal vesicle, and Cowper’s (bulbourethral) gland
49
What are the three functions of semen?
1. Nourish the sperm2. Neutralize acidic urethral and vaginal fluid3. Lubrication and motility
50
BPH
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia
51
What disease is the enlargement of the prostate and is common condition as men age?
BPH
52
The function of the gonads in both males ad females is to produce ____ and ___
produce reproductive cells and hormones
53
The reproductive cells
gametes
54
Gametes are generated by ____
meiosis
55
A process of cell divisionthat halves the chromosome number from 46 to 23
meiosis
56
T or F. When male and female gametes unite infertilization, the original chromosome number is restored
T
57
Functions of sex hormones
1. help manufacture GAMETES2. function in PREGNANCY and LACTATION3. produce SECONDARY sex characteristics (shape, body hair, voice, etc) G, PLS
58
T or F. The reproductive tract develops in close association with the urinary tract
True
59
T or F. In females, reproductive and urinary systems become completely separate
True
60
In males, the reproductive and urinary tracts share a common passage, the _____
urethra
61
The urinary and reproductive systems referred together are called the ___ or ___ tract
genitourinary or urogenital tract
62
GU
genitourinary tract
63
UG
urogenital tract
64
T or F. Urologistst are only called on to treat disorders of the urinary system.
False, urologists are called on to treat disorders of the male reproductive system as well as of the urinary system.
65
Male germ cells produced in the testes
spermatozoa, sperm cells
66
Testes are suspended outside of the body in the _____
scrotum
67
The testes develop in the ____ but normally descend through the ____ into the scrotum around birth
abdominal cavity, inguinal canal
68
After puberty, sperm form continuously within the testes in ______
coiled seminiferous tubules
69
Sperm development requires the aid of special ____ cells and ___
Sertoli cells and male sex hormones
70
The male sex hormones
androgens, mainly testosterone
71
Androgens are manufactured in ____ located between the tubules
interstitial cells
72
The gonads in both males and females are stimulated by these hormones
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
73
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
74
LH
luteinizing hormone
75
LH and FSH are released from the ____ beneath the brain
anterior pituitary gland
76
LH and FSH are the same in both males and females, but LH is called ___ in males
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
77
ICSH
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
78
After manufacturing, sperm cells are stored in a much-coiled tube on the _____ of each testis
surface
79
Much coiled tube on the surface of each testis
epididymis
80
Sperm cells remain in the epididymis until ____ propels them into a series of ducts that lead out of the body
ejaculation
81
The first duct that ascends through the inguinalcanal into the abdominal cavity and travels behind the bladder
vas (ductus) deferens
82
Short continuation that delivers the spermatozoa to the urethra as it passes through the prostate gland below the bladder
ejaculatory duct
83
What is the transport of spermatozoa?
vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra
84
The male organ that transports both urine and semen
penis
85
The head or tip of the penis
glans penis
86
Loose skin that covers the glans penis
prepuce or foreskin
87
Surgery to remove the foreskin
circumcision
88
Thick, whitish fluid in which spermatozoa are transported
semen
89
What does semen contain?
1. sperm cells2. secretions from three types of accessory glands
90
The first accessory gland; saclike gland that secretes into the ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles (paired)
91
The second accessory gland that secretes into the first part of the urethra beneath the bladder
prostate gland
92
Enlargement of the ___ gland may compress the urethra just below the pressure gland
prostate gland
93
The third accessory gland that secrete into the urethra just below the prostate gland
two bulbourethral or Cowper glands
94
What are the 3 accessory glands that secrete to form semen?
1. seminal vesicles2. prostate gland3. bulbourethral glands
95
Together the semen accessory glands produce this slightly alkaline mixture
semen
96
What are the functions of semen?
1. Nourishes sperm cells2. Transports sperm cells3. Protects sperm cells from neutralizing the Acidity of the female vaginal tractPANT
97
Steps in sperm formation
seminal vesicles > ejaculatory duct > prostate gland > urethra beneath the bladder > bulbourethral glands > urethra
98
Any hormone that produces male characteristics
androgen
99
The duct formed by union of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle; it carries spermatozoa and seminal fluid into theurethra
ejaculatory duct
100
A coiled tube on the surface of the testis that stores sperm until ejaculation
epididymis
101
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the male, this hormone stimulates development of sperm cells.
FSH follicle stimulating hormone
102
What are the gametes called in the male and female, respectively?
spermatozoon in the male, ovum in the female
103
What are the gonads called in the male and female, respectively?
testis or ovary
104
A hormone secreted by the pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the male, it stimulates production of testosterone.
ICSH or LH
105
The channel through which the testis descends into the scrotum in the male
inguinal canal
106
Cells located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce hormones, mainly testosterone. Also called cells of Leydig.
interstitial cells
107
A double pouch that contains the testes
scrotum
108
Cells in the seminiferous tubules that aid in the development ofspermatozoa
Sertoli cells
109
The duct that conveys spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatoryduct
vas deferens
110
T or F. Most infections of the male reproductive tract are STDs.
True
111
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
112
Prostatectomy formed through the urethra
TURP
113
TUIP
transurethral incision of the prostate
114
BPH is diagnosed by DRE, which stands for:
digital rectal examination
115
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
116
List some bacterial STDs?
chlamydia, gonorrhea, vaginosis, syphillis
117
List some viral STDs.
AIDS, herpes, Hep B, HPV
118
The most common malignancy in men in the US
prostate
119
Testes fail to descend into scrotum by time of birth that must be corrected to avoid sterility and cancer risks
cryptorchidism
120
Total inability to produce offspring
sterility
121
An abdominal organ like the intestine, enters the inguinal canal
indirect or external inguinal hernia
122
Hernia in which the organ protrudes through the abdominal wall into the scrotum
direct or internal inguinal hernia
123
Decreased capacity to produce offspring
infertility
124
Period during which the ability for sexual reproduction is attainedand secondary sex characteristics begin to develop
puberty
125
The cord that suspends the testis; composed of the vas deferens, vessels, and nerves
spermatic cord
126
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
127
Blockage of urine flow at the outlet of the bladder. The commoncause is benign prostatic hyperplasia.
BNO
128
Narrowing of the opening of the prepuce so that the foreskin cannotbe pushed back over the glans penis
phimosis
129
Abnormal, painful, continuous erection of the penis, as may becaused by damage to specific regions of the spinal cord
priapism
130
A tumor of the testis
seminoma
131
Enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord
varicocele
132
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
133
GC
gonococcus
134
HBV
hepatitis B virus
135
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
136
PSA
prostate specific antigen
137
TSE
testicular self exam
138
VD
venereal disease
139
consistent inability to maintain or achieve penile erection
erectile dysfunction/impotence
140
5 causes of erectile dysfunction/impotence
1. psychological basis2. chronic fatigue/stress3. medical conditions affecting blood vessels4. neurological damage5. medications/alcohol/recreational activity
141
3 treatments for chronic impotence
1. penile implants2. external vacuum devices3. penile injection therapy (taught to self-inject)4. viagra/levitra/cialis
142
involuntary inability to conceive
male infertility
143
male infertility is caused by insufficient ___ or ___ of sperm
number; motility
144
male infertility is also caused by presence of ___, other infections or blockage
STDs
145
male infertility is also caused by ____ abnormalities, ___ diseases and ___ disorders
structural; genetic; endocrine
146
condition that can cause male infertility
varicocele
147
male infertility is also caused by injuries that affect the ___ and ___
blood; nerve supply
148
male infertility is also caused by ___ and ___ exposure
radiation; pollutants
149
male infertility can also be caused by chronic ___ and ___ imbalance
stress; hormonal
150
treatment for male infertility includes ___ history with special attention to childhood disease and thorough physical exam to rule out ___ and ___ disorders
medical; genetic; endocrine
151
male infertility is diagnosed with ___ analysis
semen
152
2 procedures to solve male infertility
1. intrauterine insemination (IUI)2. in vitro fertilization (IVF)
153
inflammation of the epididymis, the excretory duct of the testicles
epididymitis
154
epididymitis is caused most commonly by these 2 STIs
1. gonorrhea2. chlamydia
155
4 conditions that can cause epididymitis
1. UTI2. prostatis3. TB4. mumps
156
epididymitis is also caused by ___ complications
prostatectomy
157
epididymitis can also be caused by prolonged use of ___
indwelling catheter
158
diagnostic sign of epididymitis
Prehn's sign
159
sign of epididymitis: relief of pain when testicle is elevated
Prehns
160
untreated or incompletely treated epididymitis can result in ___
sterility
161
infection of the testes
orchitis
162
acute epididymitis infection is frequently associated with this infection
STI
163
4 causes of orchitis
1. mumps2. viral infection3. bacterial infection4. injury
164
if both testicles are affected with epididymitis, this can lead to ___
sterility
165
condition where one testicle is twisted out of its normal position
torsion of the testicle
166
torsion of the testicle is treated by gentle manipulation to untwist the testicle, followed by ___ to prevent recurrence
orchiopexy
167
t or f. orchiopexy must be performed ASAP on patients with torsion of the testicle to prevent permanent damage
t
168
veins of one of the testicles become abnormally distended, causing swelling around the testicle that expands within the scrotal sac
varicocele
169
varicocele is caused by incompetent ____
venous valves
170
in varicocele, surgery would be done to remove ___ veins if ___ is affected
distended; fertility
171
acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
172
prostatitis is usually caused by ___ infections but not always known
bacterial/non bacterial
173
drug to treat acute prostatitis
fluoroquinolone
174
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is also called ___
benign prostatic hypertrophy
175
nonmalignant, non inflammatory hypertrophy of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
176
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in men over the age of __
50
177
3 common symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
1. difficulty starting urination2. weak urinary system3. inability to empty bladder
178
surgical procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
TURP (transurethral resection of prostate)
179
malignancy of prostate gland
prostate cancer
180
3 major risk factors for prostate cancer
1. ethnicity (African Americans)2. BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene3. diet high in animal fats
181
name and staging system for prostate cancer
gleason
182
surgical procedure for prostate cancer
radical prostatectomy
183
2 therapies for prostate cancer
1. brachytherapy2. hormone therapy
184
hormone therapy for prostate cancer includes ___ and ___
1. orchiectomy2. hormone agonists or antagonists
185
cancer of the testicle
testicular cancer
186
testicular cancer is most common between ages __ and __
15 and 45
187
condition risk factor for testicular cancer, even when surgically corrected
cryptorchidism
188
another risk factor for testicular cancer is previous ____ tumor elsewhere
germ cell
189
a risk factor (instead of outcome) for testicular cancer
infertility
190
2 syndromes that are risk factors for testicular cancer
1. down syndrome2. klinefelter's syndrome
191
can cure up to 80% of testicular cancer patients
chemotherapy
192
procedure for testicular cancer
surgical resection
