Male Reproductive System Flashcards
semen vs sperm
semen = thick, whitish secretion discharged from the urethra during ejaculationsperm = cells that develop in the testes
sterilization vs impotence
sterilization = performed in men and womenimpotence = inability of a male to sustain an erection or achieve ejaculation
andr/o
male
balan/o
glans penis
crypt/o
hidden
epididym/o
epididymis
gon/o
seed
hydr/o
water, fluid
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o
testis, testicle
pen/o
penis
prostat/o
prostate gland
semin/i
semen, seed
sperm/o, spermat/o
spermatozoa, semen
terat/o
monster
test/o
testis, testicle
varic/o
varicose veins
vas/o
vessel, duct; vas deferens
zo/o
animal life
-genesis
formation
-one
hormone
-pexy
fixation, put in place
-stomy
new opening
Measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
PSA test
Microscopic examination of ejaculated fluid
semen analysis
Surgical excision of testicles or ovaries
castration
Surgical procedure to remove the prepuce of the penis
circumcision
Finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland
digital rectal examination (DRE)
Removal of tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using a green light laser (laser TURP)
photoselective vaporization of the prostate (GreenLight PVP)
Excision of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
vasectomy
test/o
testis, testicle
orchi/o, orchid/o
testis, testicle
osche/o
scrotum
semin
semen
sperm/i, spermat/o
sperm, spermatozoa
epididym/o
epididymis
vas/o
vas deferens, ductus deferens
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
prostat/o
prostate
Develop in the abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotum shortly before or after birth.
testes or testicles
What are the two functions of the testes?
- sperm formation2. testosterone production
What parts of the male reproductive system form sperm?
seminiferous tubules and sertoli cells and androgens (mainly testosterone)
What forms testosterone?
interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules
What is the transport pathway of sperm?
Epididymis → Vas (ductus) deferens → passes out of the scrotum, up into the abdominal cavity and behind the bladder → ejaculatory duct → urethra
Contains the urethra
penis
What are the three segments of spongy tissues in the penis?
-
______ impulses cause arterial dilation and increased blood flow in the penis.
parasympathetic impulses
What three glands form semen?
prostate, seminal vesicle, and Cowper’s (bulbourethral) gland
What are the three functions of semen?
- Nourish the sperm2. Neutralize acidic urethral and vaginal fluid3. Lubrication and motility
BPH
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia
What disease is the enlargement of the prostate and is common condition as men age?
BPH
The function of the gonads in both males ad females is to produce ____ and ___
produce reproductive cells and hormones
The reproductive cells
gametes
Gametes are generated by ____
meiosis
A process of cell divisionthat halves the chromosome number from 46 to 23
meiosis
T or F. When male and female gametes unite infertilization, the original chromosome number is restored
T
Functions of sex hormones
- help manufacture GAMETES2. function in PREGNANCY and LACTATION3. produce SECONDARY sex characteristics (shape, body hair, voice, etc) G, PLS
T or F. The reproductive tract develops in close association with the urinary tract
True
T or F. In females, reproductive and urinary systems become completely separate
True
In males, the reproductive and urinary tracts share a common passage, the _____
urethra
The urinary and reproductive systems referred together are called the ___ or ___ tract
genitourinary or urogenital tract
GU
genitourinary tract
UG
urogenital tract
T or F. Urologistst are only called on to treat disorders of the urinary system.
False, urologists are called on to treat disorders of the male reproductive system as well as of the urinary system.
Male germ cells produced in the testes
spermatozoa, sperm cells
Testes are suspended outside of the body in the _____
scrotum
The testes develop in the ____ but normally descend through the ____ into the scrotum around birth
abdominal cavity, inguinal canal
After puberty, sperm form continuously within the testes in ______
coiled seminiferous tubules
Sperm development requires the aid of special ____ cells and ___
Sertoli cells and male sex hormones
The male sex hormones
androgens, mainly testosterone
Androgens are manufactured in ____ located between the tubules
interstitial cells
The gonads in both males and females are stimulated by these hormones
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
LH
luteinizing hormone
LH and FSH are released from the ____ beneath the brain
anterior pituitary gland
LH and FSH are the same in both males and females, but LH is called ___ in males
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
ICSH
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
After manufacturing, sperm cells are stored in a much-coiled tube on the _____ of each testis
surface
Much coiled tube on the surface of each testis
epididymis
Sperm cells remain in the epididymis until ____ propels them into a series of ducts that lead out of the body
ejaculation
The first duct that ascends through the inguinalcanal into the abdominal cavity and travels behind the bladder
vas (ductus) deferens
Short continuation that delivers the spermatozoa to the urethra as it passes through the prostate gland below the bladder
ejaculatory duct
What is the transport of spermatozoa?
vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra
The male organ that transports both urine and semen
penis
The head or tip of the penis
glans penis
Loose skin that covers the glans penis
prepuce or foreskin
Surgery to remove the foreskin
circumcision
Thick, whitish fluid in which spermatozoa are transported
semen
What does semen contain?
- sperm cells2. secretions from three types of accessory glands
The first accessory gland; saclike gland that secretes into the ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles (paired)
The second accessory gland that secretes into the first part of the urethra beneath the bladder
prostate gland
Enlargement of the ___ gland may compress the urethra just below the pressure gland
prostate gland
The third accessory gland that secrete into the urethra just below the prostate gland
two bulbourethral or Cowper glands
What are the 3 accessory glands that secrete to form semen?
- seminal vesicles2. prostate gland3. bulbourethral glands
Together the semen accessory glands produce this slightly alkaline mixture
semen
What are the functions of semen?
- Nourishes sperm cells2. Transports sperm cells3. Protects sperm cells from neutralizing the Acidity of the female vaginal tractPANT
Steps in sperm formation
seminal vesicles > ejaculatory duct > prostate gland > urethra beneath the bladder > bulbourethral glands > urethra
Any hormone that produces male characteristics
androgen
The duct formed by union of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle; it carries spermatozoa and seminal fluid into theurethra
ejaculatory duct
A coiled tube on the surface of the testis that stores sperm until ejaculation
epididymis
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the male, this hormone stimulates development of sperm cells.
FSH follicle stimulating hormone
What are the gametes called in the male and female, respectively?
spermatozoon in the male, ovum in the female
What are the gonads called in the male and female, respectively?
testis or ovary
A hormone secreted by the pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the male, it stimulates production of testosterone.
ICSH or LH
The channel through which the testis descends into the scrotum in the male
inguinal canal
Cells located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce hormones, mainly testosterone. Also called cells of Leydig.
interstitial cells
A double pouch that contains the testes
scrotum
Cells in the seminiferous tubules that aid in the development ofspermatozoa
Sertoli cells
The duct that conveys spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatoryduct
vas deferens
T or F. Most infections of the male reproductive tract are STDs.
True
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
Prostatectomy formed through the urethra
TURP
TUIP
transurethral incision of the prostate
BPH is diagnosed by DRE, which stands for:
digital rectal examination
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
List some bacterial STDs?
chlamydia, gonorrhea, vaginosis, syphillis
List some viral STDs.
AIDS, herpes, Hep B, HPV
The most common malignancy in men in the US
prostate
Testes fail to descend into scrotum by time of birth that must be corrected to avoid sterility and cancer risks
cryptorchidism
Total inability to produce offspring
sterility
An abdominal organ like the intestine, enters the inguinal canal
indirect or external inguinal hernia
Hernia in which the organ protrudes through the abdominal wall into the scrotum
direct or internal inguinal hernia
Decreased capacity to produce offspring
infertility
Period during which the ability for sexual reproduction is attainedand secondary sex characteristics begin to develop
puberty
The cord that suspends the testis; composed of the vas deferens, vessels, and nerves
spermatic cord
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
Blockage of urine flow at the outlet of the bladder. The commoncause is benign prostatic hyperplasia.
BNO
Narrowing of the opening of the prepuce so that the foreskin cannotbe pushed back over the glans penis
phimosis
Abnormal, painful, continuous erection of the penis, as may becaused by damage to specific regions of the spinal cord
priapism
A tumor of the testis
seminoma
Enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord
varicocele
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
GC
gonococcus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
PSA
prostate specific antigen
TSE
testicular self exam
VD
venereal disease
consistent inability to maintain or achieve penile erection
erectile dysfunction/impotence
5 causes of erectile dysfunction/impotence
- psychological basis2. chronic fatigue/stress3. medical conditions affecting blood vessels4. neurological damage5. medications/alcohol/recreational activity
3 treatments for chronic impotence
- penile implants2. external vacuum devices3. penile injection therapy (taught to self-inject)4. viagra/levitra/cialis
involuntary inability to conceive
male infertility
male infertility is caused by insufficient ___ or ___ of sperm
number; motility
male infertility is also caused by presence of ___, other infections or blockage
STDs
male infertility is also caused by ____ abnormalities, ___ diseases and ___ disorders
structural; genetic; endocrine
condition that can cause male infertility
varicocele
male infertility is also caused by injuries that affect the ___ and ___
blood; nerve supply
male infertility is also caused by ___ and ___ exposure
radiation; pollutants
male infertility can also be caused by chronic ___ and ___ imbalance
stress; hormonal
treatment for male infertility includes ___ history with special attention to childhood disease and thorough physical exam to rule out ___ and ___ disorders
medical; genetic; endocrine
male infertility is diagnosed with ___ analysis
semen
2 procedures to solve male infertility
- intrauterine insemination (IUI)2. in vitro fertilization (IVF)
inflammation of the epididymis, the excretory duct of the testicles
epididymitis
epididymitis is caused most commonly by these 2 STIs
- gonorrhea2. chlamydia
4 conditions that can cause epididymitis
- UTI2. prostatis3. TB4. mumps
epididymitis is also caused by ___ complications
prostatectomy
epididymitis can also be caused by prolonged use of ___
indwelling catheter
diagnostic sign of epididymitis
Prehn’s sign
sign of epididymitis: relief of pain when testicle is elevated
Prehns
untreated or incompletely treated epididymitis can result in ___
sterility
infection of the testes
orchitis
acute epididymitis infection is frequently associated with this infection
STI
4 causes of orchitis
- mumps2. viral infection3. bacterial infection4. injury
if both testicles are affected with epididymitis, this can lead to ___
sterility
condition where one testicle is twisted out of its normal position
torsion of the testicle
torsion of the testicle is treated by gentle manipulation to untwist the testicle, followed by ___ to prevent recurrence
orchiopexy
t or f. orchiopexy must be performed ASAP on patients with torsion of the testicle to prevent permanent damage
t
veins of one of the testicles become abnormally distended, causing swelling around the testicle that expands within the scrotal sac
varicocele
varicocele is caused by incompetent ____
venous valves
in varicocele, surgery would be done to remove ___ veins if ___ is affected
distended; fertility
acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
prostatitis is usually caused by ___ infections but not always known
bacterial/non bacterial
drug to treat acute prostatitis
fluoroquinolone
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is also called ___
benign prostatic hypertrophy
nonmalignant, non inflammatory hypertrophy of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in men over the age of __
50
3 common symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- difficulty starting urination2. weak urinary system3. inability to empty bladder
surgical procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
TURP (transurethral resection of prostate)
malignancy of prostate gland
prostate cancer
3 major risk factors for prostate cancer
- ethnicity (African Americans)2. BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene3. diet high in animal fats
name and staging system for prostate cancer
gleason
surgical procedure for prostate cancer
radical prostatectomy
2 therapies for prostate cancer
- brachytherapy2. hormone therapy
hormone therapy for prostate cancer includes ___ and ___
- orchiectomy2. hormone agonists or antagonists
cancer of the testicle
testicular cancer
testicular cancer is most common between ages __ and __
15 and 45
condition risk factor for testicular cancer, even when surgically corrected
cryptorchidism
another risk factor for testicular cancer is previous ____ tumor elsewhere
germ cell
a risk factor (instead of outcome) for testicular cancer
infertility
2 syndromes that are risk factors for testicular cancer
- down syndrome2. klinefelter’s syndrome
can cure up to 80% of testicular cancer patients
chemotherapy
procedure for testicular cancer
surgical resection
