Pediatrics Flashcards
1
Q
Systemic disease with superficial cutaneous lesions
A
chickenpox
2
Q
Chickenpox is also known as ____
A
varicella zoster
3
Q
Chickenpox begin as red ___ that progress to ___ and then finally become ___ that form crusts
A
macules; papules; vesicles
4
Q
T or F. Chickenpox can be seen all over the body and sometimes internally
A
T
5
Q
3 chickenpox symptoms
A
- fever2. malaise3. anorexia
6
Q
Causative organism of chickenpox
A
varicella-zoster virus (VZV) or herpes virus 3
7
Q
Chickenpox is transmitted by direct or indirect ____
A
droplet nuclei
8
Q
4 complications of chickenpox
A
- secondary bacterial infection2. viral pneumonia3. conjunctival ulcers4. Reye’s Syndrome
9
Q
Chickenpox is treated palliatively to alleviate ____
A
pruritus
10
Q
3 treatment options for chickenpox
A
- cool bicarbonate soda baths 2. followed by a cornstarch dusting3. calamine lotion
11
Q
Acute communicable disease causing necrosis of the mucous membrane in the respiratory tract
A
diphtheria
12
Q
Causative bacteria of diphtheria
A
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
13
Q
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae enters the ___ and is transmitted by ___ droplets
A
nasopharynx; airbone respiratory droplets
14
Q
As the bacteria invade the nasopharynx, they multiply and produce a ___ that travels in the blood throughout the body
A
exotoxin
15
Q
Diphtheria cause grayish patches of thick mucuous membrane to appear along the respiratory tract known as ___
A
pseudomembrane
16
Q
Pseudomembrane can interfere with the ___, impairing swallowing and speech
A
airway
17
Q
Main symptom of diphtheria is ___ adhering to the throat
A
membrane
18
Q
Diphtheria ___ is given as soon as possible
A
antitoxin
19
Q
In diphtheria, ___ and ___ is indicated to kill the organism
A
penicillin and erythromycin
20
Q
Acute communicable viral disease causing inflammation and swelling of one or both parotid glands
A
mumps
21
Q
Mumps are also called ___
A
epidemic parotitis
22
Q
In mumps, airborne virus is spread by ___ from the ___
A
droplet nuclei; respiratory tract
23
Q
3 secondary complications of mumps
A
- orchitis (may lead to sterility)2. meningitis3. encephalitis
24
Q
Males with mumps may have ___ tenderness and swelling and may need ___ supprot
A
testicular; scrotal
25
Over the counter drug to treat mumps
acetaminophen
26
Highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract
pertussis
27
Pertussis is also known as ___
whooping cough
28
* 3 stages of pertussis
1. catarrhal 2. paroxysmal3. convalescent
29
Pertussis stage: highly contagious stage; seems like a cold
catarrhal
30
Pertussis stage: cough becomes violent
paroxysmal
31
In the paroxysmal stage of pertussis, the cough ends in a high pitched ____ followed by a vomiting of thick ____
inspiratory whoop; mucus
32
Pertussis stage: cough gradually diminishes
convalescent period
33
This pertussis bacillus reproduces in the respiratory tract
Bordetella pertussis
34
Bordetella pertussis bacteria releases toxin that leads to ___ of the mucosa with a thick ___
necrosis; exudate
35
Pertussis is transmitted by ___ via direct or interrect contact with ___ secretions of the patient
droplet nuclei; nasopharyngeal
36
Antibiotic to treat pertussis
erythromycin
37
3 complications of severe pertussis
1. bronchopneumonia2. convulsions3. hemorrhages
38
Acute highly contagious viral disease in children who have not been vaccinated
measles
39
Measles is also known as ___
rubella
40
The causative agent of measles is the measles virus, specifically a ____ of the genus ____
paramyxovirus; Morbillivirus
41
Measles is caused by ___ spread by ___ contact with secretions from nose or throat
airbone; direct
42
4 possible complications of measles
1. pneumonia2. otitis media3. conjunctivitis4. encephalitis
43
Uncomplicated measles lasts __ to __ days
7-10
44
T or F. If secondary infection occurs with measles, antibiotics are used to treat it
T
45
Highly contagious viral disease that resembles measles clinically
rubella
46
Rubella is different from measles in that it has a ___ course and ___ complications
shorter course; fewer complications
47
Rubella is also known as ____ or ____
German measles; three day measles
48
In measles, the child has a ___-colored slightly elevated rash appearing first on the face and head and progresses downward on the body
rose-
49
3 complications of rubella
1. transient arthritis2. myocarditis3. hemorrhagic manifestations
50
Rubella is of great danger to ___ children of ___ women who have the disease
unborn; pregnant
51
The rubella virus is spread by ___ contact with nasal/oral secretions and can be prevented by ____
direct; immunizations
52
Acute potentially deadly, systemic infection characterized by painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles
tetanus
53
Two main symptoms of tetanus
1. lockjaw2. fever > 101 degrees Fahrenheit
54
* Tetanus is caused by ___ that enters the skin by a puncture
Bacillus clostridium tetani
55
Bacillus clostridium tetani is found in ____ and ____
contaminated soil; animal excreta
56
Medical management of tetanus is chiefly supported with ___ and ___ to relieve spasms and seizures
sedatives; muscle relaxants
57
Unimmunized patients can be given ____ (TIG) within 72 hours of injury for temporary immunity
tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
58
There is a tetanus booster every __ years
5
59
The mortality rate for tetanus is __%
35%
60
Sudden and unpredicted death of an infant
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
61
SIDS occurs in infants under the age of __ year
1
62
Causative theories/risk factors for SIDS include young mothers, exposure to ___, sleeping in the ___, prematurity and sleep apnea
smoking; prone position
63
T or F. SIDS is not predictable or preventable
T
64
Acute severe inflammation and obstruction of the respiratory tract
croup
65
Croup is usually preceded by an ____
upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
66
Symptoms of croup include hoarseness, fever, harsh high pitched cough, ___ during inspiration, ___ with grunting noise and wheezing
stridor; dyspnea
67
Croup is a viral disease involving the ___, ___ and ___
larynx; trachea; bronchi
68
Clinical manifestion of croup is caused by ___ and ___ of vocal cords, creating varying degrees of obstruction
edema; spasm
69
Croup is treated with ___ agents, cool ___ of air and ___ therapy
antipyretic; humidification; bacterial antibiotic
70
Severe cases of croup can cause hospitalization for ___ and ___ therapy
endotracheal intubation; oxygen therapy
71
In croup, x-ray of the airway may show a characteristic ____ sign
steeple
72
Inflammation of the epiglottis in children 3-7 years old
epiglottitis
73
Main symptoms of epiglottitis include respiratory distress caused by ____ obstruction, rapid ___ and drooling
laryngeal; dyspnea
74
Common cause of epiglottitis is ____ bacteria
haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) bacteria
75
Epiglottitis caused by heat damage from ingesting very hot liquids or food
thermal epiglottitis
76
Airway is established in epiglottitis by ___ or ____
tracheostomy; endotracheal intubation
77
Antibiotics given parenterally in epiglottitis
ampicillin
78
Inflammation of the tonsils; sudden onsent
acute tonsillitis
79
Type of streptococci causing tonsillitis
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
80
Chronic tonsillitis may require this surgery
tonsillectomy
81
Adenoid hyperplasia is an abnormal enlargement of the ____ tissue located above the ____ of the mouth causing a partial breathing blockage
lymphoid; soft palate
82
Children most at risk for adenoid hyperplasia have these two characteristics
1. mouth breathing2. snoring
83
Conditions that may necessitate an adenoidectomy include obstruction, recurrent ___, ___ hearing loss and obstructive ___
otitis media; conductive hearing loss; obstructive sleep apnea
84
Chronic irreversible obstructive disease caused by increased reactivity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli
asthma
85
2 major processes of asthma
1. constriction of bronchioles2. inflammation of airway
86
T or F. Heredity is a strong factor associated with astma
T
87
Asthma is the result of hypersensitive ____ tubes
bronchial tubes
88
3 triggers for asthma
1. allergic or extrinsic2. non-allergic or intrinsic3. pollutants
89
Treated with cromolyn sodium, albuterol, theophylline or aerosol corticosteroids
asthma
90
Inflammation of the bronchioles; common disease in infancy
bronchiolitis
91
Bronchiolitis is usually caused by viruses like the common parainfluenza and adenovirus, but mostly the ___ virus
respiratory syncytial virus
92
Rule out ___ before diagnosing bronchiolitis
pneumonia
93
Treated with albuterol, racemic, epinephrine, or hypertonic saline via nebulizer
bronchiolitis
94
Worst cases of bronchiolitis need to be intubated and mechanically ____ until infection goes away
ventilated
95
Intermittent distress in the newborn or during early infancy of unclear etiology
infantile colic
96
Theories for causes of infantile colic include improper ___ techniques, over-eating, and ____ excessive
feeding techniques; swallowing
97
Causative factor to infantile colic is sensitivity to ____
cow's milk
98
Probiotics or simethicone can provide relief
infantile colic
99
Infants usually outgrow infantile colic at about __ months
3
100
Roundworms, pinworms, hookworms and tapeworms that are in the GI tract
Helminth (worm) infestation
101
Most common cause of helminth infestation; transmitted directly or indirectly from human to human
E. vermicularis or pinworm
102
Treatment given to patients and entire family
complete course of anthelmintic agents
103
Treatment options for helminth infestation include frequent showering, frequen handwashing, and laundering clothing/linens in hot water with ____
bleach
104
Abnormal reduction in the concentration of RBC or in the hemoglobin content of circulating blood cells
anemia
105
The most common cause of anemia in children
iron deficiency
106
Other causes of anemia include chronic blood loss, decreased ___ formation, ___ deficiency disorder, hemolytic disease, inhibition or loss of ___, sickle cell disease
decreased blood formation, nutritional deficiency disorder, loss of bone marrow
107
Type of anemia treated with iron-rich foods and oral preparations of ferrous sulfate
iron deficiency anemia
108
When blood loss is the cause of the anemia, blood volume is restored by ____
transfusion
109
Replacement therapy is used for anemia with ____
deficiency states
110
___ are treated when anemia is caused by excessive blood cell destruction
specific hemolytic blood disorders
111
Cancer of blood forming tissues; most common childhood malignancy
leukemia
112
* 2 types of leukmia
1. acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)2. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
113
What percentage of leukemia cases is ALL?
80%
114
Leukemia is caused by an abnormal increase in the number of ____ or ____
immature WBC; undifferentiated blastocytes
115
Predisposing factors for leukemia include congenital disorders like ___ and ___
Down Syndrome; radiation exposure
116
Peak age for leukemia is __ to __ years old
2-6
117
____ eradicated leukemic cells
systemic chemotherapy
118
Chemotherapy is administered _____ to treat leukemia or as prophylaxis against ____ invasion
intrathecally; central nervous system invasion
119
Possible treatment with poor prognosis or relapsed ALL or children with AML
bone marrow transplant
120
___ carries a poorer prognosis than ___ when treated wsolely with chemotherapy
AML; ALL
121
Incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood resulting in excessive rates of RBC destruction
erythroblastosis fetalis
122
Erythroblastosis fetalis is also called ___
hemolytic disease of the newborn
123
Cause of erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh factor incompatibility
124
Rh is the ___ in RBC of the Rh ___ individual
antigen; positive
125
Mother has become sensitized to the Rh factor through ____
prior pregnancy
126
Treatment for erythroblastosis fetalis when fetus shows signs of distress
intrauterine transfusions
127
When necessary, delivery of infant with erythroblastosis fetalis is planned __ to __ weeks before term
2 to 4 weeks
128
Environmentally caused blood toxicity resulting from ingestion or inspiration of lead dust or particles
lead poisoning
129
T or F. Any lead in the blood is abnormal
T
130
Treatment of lead poisoning include eliminating source, ___ removal of lead in blood, ___ to help control nausea and vomiting
chelating; antiemetic
131
Combination of brain disease and fatty invasion of the inner organs especially the liver
Reye's syndrome
132
Reye's syndrome typically follows infection with ___ or ___ viruses or chickenpox
influenza A or B viruses
133
Reye's syndrome is also linked to the use of ___ during infections
aspirin
134
Early recognition and treatment of Reye's syndrome cuts mortality rate from __% to __%
90% to 20%
135
Successful management of Reye's syndrome include controlling cerebral ____, monitoring blood ____, managing ___, and providing mechanical ____ if needed
edema; chemistries; seizures; ventilation
136
Describes the birth defects and other associated problems in infants born to alcoholic mothers who consume alcohol during the gestational period
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
137
FAS occurs when alcohol enters the ____ as a result of chronic, excessive use of alcohol during gestation
fetal blood
138
Much of treatment of FAS is supportive because ____ cannot be reversed
neurologic damage
139
____ needs of mother and infant must be addressed in FAS
psychological
