Pediatrics Flashcards
Systemic disease with superficial cutaneous lesions
chickenpox
Chickenpox is also known as ____
varicella zoster
Chickenpox begin as red ___ that progress to ___ and then finally become ___ that form crusts
macules; papules; vesicles
T or F. Chickenpox can be seen all over the body and sometimes internally
T
3 chickenpox symptoms
- fever2. malaise3. anorexia
Causative organism of chickenpox
varicella-zoster virus (VZV) or herpes virus 3
Chickenpox is transmitted by direct or indirect ____
droplet nuclei
4 complications of chickenpox
- secondary bacterial infection2. viral pneumonia3. conjunctival ulcers4. Reye’s Syndrome
Chickenpox is treated palliatively to alleviate ____
pruritus
3 treatment options for chickenpox
- cool bicarbonate soda baths 2. followed by a cornstarch dusting3. calamine lotion
Acute communicable disease causing necrosis of the mucous membrane in the respiratory tract
diphtheria
Causative bacteria of diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae enters the ___ and is transmitted by ___ droplets
nasopharynx; airbone respiratory droplets
As the bacteria invade the nasopharynx, they multiply and produce a ___ that travels in the blood throughout the body
exotoxin
Diphtheria cause grayish patches of thick mucuous membrane to appear along the respiratory tract known as ___
pseudomembrane
Pseudomembrane can interfere with the ___, impairing swallowing and speech
airway
Main symptom of diphtheria is ___ adhering to the throat
membrane
Diphtheria ___ is given as soon as possible
antitoxin
In diphtheria, ___ and ___ is indicated to kill the organism
penicillin and erythromycin
Acute communicable viral disease causing inflammation and swelling of one or both parotid glands
mumps
Mumps are also called ___
epidemic parotitis
In mumps, airborne virus is spread by ___ from the ___
droplet nuclei; respiratory tract
3 secondary complications of mumps
- orchitis (may lead to sterility)2. meningitis3. encephalitis
Males with mumps may have ___ tenderness and swelling and may need ___ supprot
testicular; scrotal
Over the counter drug to treat mumps
acetaminophen
Highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract
pertussis
Pertussis is also known as ___
whooping cough
- 3 stages of pertussis
- catarrhal 2. paroxysmal3. convalescent
Pertussis stage: highly contagious stage; seems like a cold
catarrhal
Pertussis stage: cough becomes violent
paroxysmal
In the paroxysmal stage of pertussis, the cough ends in a high pitched ____ followed by a vomiting of thick ____
inspiratory whoop; mucus
Pertussis stage: cough gradually diminishes
convalescent period
This pertussis bacillus reproduces in the respiratory tract
Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella pertussis bacteria releases toxin that leads to ___ of the mucosa with a thick ___
necrosis; exudate
Pertussis is transmitted by ___ via direct or interrect contact with ___ secretions of the patient
droplet nuclei; nasopharyngeal
Antibiotic to treat pertussis
erythromycin
3 complications of severe pertussis
- bronchopneumonia2. convulsions3. hemorrhages
Acute highly contagious viral disease in children who have not been vaccinated
measles
Measles is also known as ___
rubella
The causative agent of measles is the measles virus, specifically a ____ of the genus ____
paramyxovirus; Morbillivirus
Measles is caused by ___ spread by ___ contact with secretions from nose or throat
airbone; direct
4 possible complications of measles
- pneumonia2. otitis media3. conjunctivitis4. encephalitis
Uncomplicated measles lasts __ to __ days
7-10
T or F. If secondary infection occurs with measles, antibiotics are used to treat it
T
Highly contagious viral disease that resembles measles clinically
rubella
Rubella is different from measles in that it has a ___ course and ___ complications
shorter course; fewer complications
Rubella is also known as ____ or ____
German measles; three day measles
In measles, the child has a ___-colored slightly elevated rash appearing first on the face and head and progresses downward on the body
rose-
3 complications of rubella
- transient arthritis2. myocarditis3. hemorrhagic manifestations
Rubella is of great danger to ___ children of ___ women who have the disease
unborn; pregnant
The rubella virus is spread by ___ contact with nasal/oral secretions and can be prevented by ____
direct; immunizations
Acute potentially deadly, systemic infection characterized by painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles
tetanus
Two main symptoms of tetanus
- lockjaw2. fever > 101 degrees Fahrenheit
- Tetanus is caused by ___ that enters the skin by a puncture
Bacillus clostridium tetani
Bacillus clostridium tetani is found in ____ and ____
contaminated soil; animal excreta
Medical management of tetanus is chiefly supported with ___ and ___ to relieve spasms and seizures
sedatives; muscle relaxants
Unimmunized patients can be given ____ (TIG) within 72 hours of injury for temporary immunity
tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
There is a tetanus booster every __ years
5
The mortality rate for tetanus is __%
35%
Sudden and unpredicted death of an infant
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
SIDS occurs in infants under the age of __ year
1
Causative theories/risk factors for SIDS include young mothers, exposure to ___, sleeping in the ___, prematurity and sleep apnea
smoking; prone position
T or F. SIDS is not predictable or preventable
T
Acute severe inflammation and obstruction of the respiratory tract
croup
Croup is usually preceded by an ____
upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
Symptoms of croup include hoarseness, fever, harsh high pitched cough, ___ during inspiration, ___ with grunting noise and wheezing
stridor; dyspnea
Croup is a viral disease involving the ___, ___ and ___
larynx; trachea; bronchi
Clinical manifestion of croup is caused by ___ and ___ of vocal cords, creating varying degrees of obstruction
edema; spasm
Croup is treated with ___ agents, cool ___ of air and ___ therapy
antipyretic; humidification; bacterial antibiotic
Severe cases of croup can cause hospitalization for ___ and ___ therapy
endotracheal intubation; oxygen therapy
In croup, x-ray of the airway may show a characteristic ____ sign
steeple
Inflammation of the epiglottis in children 3-7 years old
epiglottitis
Main symptoms of epiglottitis include respiratory distress caused by ____ obstruction, rapid ___ and drooling
laryngeal; dyspnea
Common cause of epiglottitis is ____ bacteria
haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) bacteria
Epiglottitis caused by heat damage from ingesting very hot liquids or food
thermal epiglottitis
Airway is established in epiglottitis by ___ or ____
tracheostomy; endotracheal intubation
Antibiotics given parenterally in epiglottitis
ampicillin
Inflammation of the tonsils; sudden onsent
acute tonsillitis
Type of streptococci causing tonsillitis
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
Chronic tonsillitis may require this surgery
tonsillectomy
Adenoid hyperplasia is an abnormal enlargement of the ____ tissue located above the ____ of the mouth causing a partial breathing blockage
lymphoid; soft palate
Children most at risk for adenoid hyperplasia have these two characteristics
- mouth breathing2. snoring
Conditions that may necessitate an adenoidectomy include obstruction, recurrent ___, ___ hearing loss and obstructive ___
otitis media; conductive hearing loss; obstructive sleep apnea
Chronic irreversible obstructive disease caused by increased reactivity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli
asthma
2 major processes of asthma
- constriction of bronchioles2. inflammation of airway
T or F. Heredity is a strong factor associated with astma
T
Asthma is the result of hypersensitive ____ tubes
bronchial tubes
3 triggers for asthma
- allergic or extrinsic2. non-allergic or intrinsic3. pollutants
Treated with cromolyn sodium, albuterol, theophylline or aerosol corticosteroids
asthma
Inflammation of the bronchioles; common disease in infancy
bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is usually caused by viruses like the common parainfluenza and adenovirus, but mostly the ___ virus
respiratory syncytial virus
Rule out ___ before diagnosing bronchiolitis
pneumonia
Treated with albuterol, racemic, epinephrine, or hypertonic saline via nebulizer
bronchiolitis
Worst cases of bronchiolitis need to be intubated and mechanically ____ until infection goes away
ventilated
Intermittent distress in the newborn or during early infancy of unclear etiology
infantile colic
Theories for causes of infantile colic include improper ___ techniques, over-eating, and ____ excessive
feeding techniques; swallowing
Causative factor to infantile colic is sensitivity to ____
cow’s milk
Probiotics or simethicone can provide relief
infantile colic
Infants usually outgrow infantile colic at about __ months
3
Roundworms, pinworms, hookworms and tapeworms that are in the GI tract
Helminth (worm) infestation
Most common cause of helminth infestation; transmitted directly or indirectly from human to human
E. vermicularis or pinworm
Treatment given to patients and entire family
complete course of anthelmintic agents
Treatment options for helminth infestation include frequent showering, frequen handwashing, and laundering clothing/linens in hot water with ____
bleach
Abnormal reduction in the concentration of RBC or in the hemoglobin content of circulating blood cells
anemia
The most common cause of anemia in children
iron deficiency
Other causes of anemia include chronic blood loss, decreased ___ formation, ___ deficiency disorder, hemolytic disease, inhibition or loss of ___, sickle cell disease
decreased blood formation, nutritional deficiency disorder, loss of bone marrow
Type of anemia treated with iron-rich foods and oral preparations of ferrous sulfate
iron deficiency anemia
When blood loss is the cause of the anemia, blood volume is restored by ____
transfusion
Replacement therapy is used for anemia with ____
deficiency states
___ are treated when anemia is caused by excessive blood cell destruction
specific hemolytic blood disorders
Cancer of blood forming tissues; most common childhood malignancy
leukemia
- 2 types of leukmia
- acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)2. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
What percentage of leukemia cases is ALL?
80%
Leukemia is caused by an abnormal increase in the number of ____ or ____
immature WBC; undifferentiated blastocytes
Predisposing factors for leukemia include congenital disorders like ___ and ___
Down Syndrome; radiation exposure
Peak age for leukemia is __ to __ years old
2-6
____ eradicated leukemic cells
systemic chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is administered _____ to treat leukemia or as prophylaxis against ____ invasion
intrathecally; central nervous system invasion
Possible treatment with poor prognosis or relapsed ALL or children with AML
bone marrow transplant
___ carries a poorer prognosis than ___ when treated wsolely with chemotherapy
AML; ALL
Incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood resulting in excessive rates of RBC destruction
erythroblastosis fetalis
Erythroblastosis fetalis is also called ___
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Cause of erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh factor incompatibility
Rh is the ___ in RBC of the Rh ___ individual
antigen; positive
Mother has become sensitized to the Rh factor through ____
prior pregnancy
Treatment for erythroblastosis fetalis when fetus shows signs of distress
intrauterine transfusions
When necessary, delivery of infant with erythroblastosis fetalis is planned __ to __ weeks before term
2 to 4 weeks
Environmentally caused blood toxicity resulting from ingestion or inspiration of lead dust or particles
lead poisoning
T or F. Any lead in the blood is abnormal
T
Treatment of lead poisoning include eliminating source, ___ removal of lead in blood, ___ to help control nausea and vomiting
chelating; antiemetic
Combination of brain disease and fatty invasion of the inner organs especially the liver
Reye’s syndrome
Reye’s syndrome typically follows infection with ___ or ___ viruses or chickenpox
influenza A or B viruses
Reye’s syndrome is also linked to the use of ___ during infections
aspirin
Early recognition and treatment of Reye’s syndrome cuts mortality rate from __% to __%
90% to 20%
Successful management of Reye’s syndrome include controlling cerebral ____, monitoring blood ____, managing ___, and providing mechanical ____ if needed
edema; chemistries; seizures; ventilation
Describes the birth defects and other associated problems in infants born to alcoholic mothers who consume alcohol during the gestational period
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
FAS occurs when alcohol enters the ____ as a result of chronic, excessive use of alcohol during gestation
fetal blood
Much of treatment of FAS is supportive because ____ cannot be reversed
neurologic damage
____ needs of mother and infant must be addressed in FAS
psychological
