GI | The Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
append/o, appendic/p
A
appendix
2
Q
faci/o
A
face
3
Q
glycongen/o
A
glycogen
4
Q
mandibul/o
A
mandible; lower jaw
5
Q
herni/o
A
hernia
6
Q
prote/o
A
protein
7
Q
chlorhydr/o
A
hydrochloric acid
8
Q
cheil/o
A
lip
9
Q
-chezia
A
defecation; elimination of wastes
10
Q
-emesis
A
vomiting
11
Q
-iasis
A
abnormal condition
12
Q
-orexia
A
appetite
13
Q
-prandial
A
meal
14
Q
-pepsia
A
digestion
15
Q
-phagia
A
swallowing; eating
16
Q
-ptysis
A
spitting
17
Q
-tresia
A
opening
18
Q
-phasia
A
speech
19
Q
As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces ___
A
enzymes
20
Q
Enzymes that digest starch
A
amylase
21
Q
Enzymes that digest fat
A
lipase
22
Q
Enzymes that digest proteins
A
protease
23
Q
As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes ___; hormone needed to help release sugar from the blood and acts as a carrier to bring glucose into cells of the body to be used for energy
A
insulin
24
Q
Small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested
A
amino acids
25
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum also called the choledochus
common bile duct
26
Substances produced when fats are digested
fatty acids
27
Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
hydrochloric acid
28
Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
lipase
29
Lower esophageal sphincter is also called the ___
cardiac sphincter
30
an/o
anus
31
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
32
bucc/o
cheek
33
cec/o
cecum
34
celi/o
belly, abdomen
35
cheil/o
lip
36
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
37
choledoch/o
common bile duct
38
col/o, colon/o
colon
39
dent/i
tooth
40
duoden/o
duodenum
41
enter/o
intestines, usually small intestine
42
Any surgical connection between two parts, such as vessels, ducts or bowel segments
anastomosis
43
Part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the organ in the abdomen holding organs in place
mesentery
44
esophag/o
esophagus
45
faci/o
face
46
gastr/o
stomach
47
gingiv/o
gums
48
gloss/o
tongue
49
hepat/o
liver
50
ile/o
ileum
51
jejun/o
jejunum
52
labi/o
lip
53
lapar/o
abdomen
54
lingu/o
tongue
55
mandibul/o
lower jaw, mandible
56
odont/o
tooth
57
ileum vs ilium
ileum: third part of the small intestineilium: uppermost and largest part of the pelvis
58
or/o
mouth
59
palat/o
palate
60
pancreat/o
pancreas
61
peritone/o
peritoneum
62
pharyng/o
throat
63
proct/o
anus and rectum
64
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
65
rect/o
rectum
66
sialaden/o
salivary gland
67
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
68
stomat/o
mouth
69
uvul/o
uvula
70
amyl/o
starch
71
bil/i
gall, bile
72
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)
73
chol/e
gall, bile
74
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
75
gluc/o
sugar
76
glyc/o
sugar
77
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
78
lip/o
fat, lipid
79
lith/o
stone
80
prote/o
protein
81
py/o
pus
82
sial/o
saliva, salivary
83
steat/o
fat
84
-ase
enzyme
85
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
86
-iasis
abnormal condition
87
-prandial
meal
88
What is the function of the digestive system?
prepare food for intake by body cells
89
During digestion, nutrients must be broken down by ___ and ___ means into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the circulation.
mechanical and chemical
90
Within cells, the nutrients are used for what two purposes?
1. energy2. rebuilding vital cell components
91
Where does digestion take place?
the digestive tract, also called alimentary canal or GI tract
92
Also contributing to the digestive process are several accessory organs that release _____ into the small intestine.
secretions
93
Food is moved through the digestive tract by _____,wavelike contractions of the organ walls.
peristalsis
94
T or F. Peristalsis also moves undigested waste material out ofthe body.
true
95
Digestion begins in the ____ where food is chewed into small bits by the teeth.
the mouth
96
In the process of chewing, the ____ and the ____ help to break up the food and mix it with saliva.
the tongue and the palate (roof of mouth)
97
Secretion that moistens the food and begins the digestion of starch.
saliva
98
T or F. The moistened food is then passed into the pharynx (throat) and through the esophagus into the stomach.
true.
99
Food is further broken down by churning of the stomach as it is mixed with the enzyme ____ and with the acid ____.
pepsin, hydrochloric acid (HCl)
100
What do pepsin and HCl break down?
proteins
101
The partially digested food passes through this lower portion of the stomach
pylorus
102
The first part of the small intestine
the duodenum
103
The remaining sections of the small intestine and where digestion is completed.
the jejunum and ileum
104
The substances active in digestion in the small intestineinclude ____ from the intestine itself and secretions from the ____ of digestion.
enzymes, accessory organs
105
The digested nutrients, as well as water, minerals, and vitamins, are absorbed into the circulation, aided by small projections in the lining of the small intestine called ____
villi
106
List the accessory organs.
1. liver2. gallbladder3. common bile duct4. pancreas5. diaphragm6. spleen
107
Large gland that processes blood brought to it by a special circulatory pathway called the_______.
liver, hepatic portal system
108
The liver's role in digestion is the secretion of ___, which breaks down fats.
bile
109
Bile is stored inthe _____ until needed. The common hepatic duct from the liver and the cystic duct from the gallbladdermerge to form the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. The pancreas produces amixture of digestive enzymes that is delivered into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.
gallbladder
110
The ____ from the liver and the ____ from the gallbladder merge to form the common bile duct
common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
111
The common bile duct empties into the _____.
duodenum
112
The pancreas produces amixture of ____ that is delivered into the duodenum through the _____.
digestive enzymes, pancreatic duct.
113
Undigested food, water, and digestive juices pass into the ______.
large intestine
114
The large intestines begin in the _____ of the abdomen with a small pouch, the ____, to which the appendix is attached.
lower right region, cecum
115
T or F. After the cecum, the large intestine continues as the colon, a name that is often used to mean the large intestinebecause the colon constitutes such a large portion of that organ.
True
116
The colon travels upward along the right side of the abdomen as the _______, crosses below the stomach as the ______, then continues down the left side of the abdomen as the ______.
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
117
As food is pushed through the colon, water is reabsorbed and ____ is formed.
stool or feces
118
Waste material passes into the S-shaped _____
sigmoid colon
119
Waste is stored in the ___ until eliminated through the ___
rectum, anus
120
The duct that carries bile into the duodenum
common bile duct
121
The first portion of the small intestine
duodenum
122
A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominalorgans to the liver for processing
hepatic portal system
123
The last portion of the small intestine
ileum
124
The middle portion of the small intestine
The middle portion of the small intestine
125
or/o
mouth
126
stoma, stomat/o
mouth
127
gnath/o
jaw
128
labi/o
lip
129
bucc/o
cheek
130
dent/o, dent/i, odont/o
tooth, teeth
131
gingiv/o
gum
132
lingu/o
tongue
133
gloss/o
tongue
134
sial/o
saliva, s gland, s duct
135
palat/o
palate
136
esophag/o
esophagus
137
gastr/o
stomach
138
pylor/o
pylorus
139
enter/o
intestine
140
duoden/o
duodenum
141
jejun/o
jejunum
142
ile/o
ileum
143
cec/o
cecum
144
col/o, colon/o
colon
145
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
146
rect/o
rectum
147
proct/o
rectum
148
an/o
anus
149
hepat/o
liver
150
bili
bile
151
chol/e, chol/o
bile, gall
152
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
153
cholangi/o
bile duct
154
choledoch/o
common bile duct
155
pancreat/o
pancreas
156
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
157
IBS
inflammatory bowel syndrome
158
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
159
What are the five functions of the digestive system
1. Ingestion2. Propulsion3. Digestion4. Absorption5. Defecation
160
the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs.
peritoneum
161
treatment options for dental caries
fillings, root canals, tooth extraction
162
most common cause of gingivitis
plaque
163
cause of periodontitis
unchecked gingivitis
164
4 causes of malocclusion
1. inheritance2. early loss of primary teeth3. thumb or finger sucking4. airway problems
165
4 causes of TMJ syndrome
1. bruxism (grinding)2. malocclusion3. poorly fitting dentures4. arthritis
166
3 last resort surgical treatments options for TMJ syndrome
1. TMJ arthroscopy2. joint restructuring3. joint replacement
167
definitive treatment for tooth abscess
root canal following antibiotic therapy
168
2 types of mouth ulcers
1. aphthous2. traumatic
169
mouth ulcers; source not established
aphthous ulcers
170
mouth ulcers; usually caused by mechanical trauma, viral and bacterial infection, stress, illness
traumatic ulcers
171
virus typically the cause of cold sores
herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) though there can be cross- contamination from HSV-2
172
organism that causes thrush
candida: most commonly Candida albicans
173
necrotizing periodontal disease most often seen today in association with this disease
HIV/AIDS: anaerobic opportunistic bacteria
174
another term for necrotizing periodontal disease
Vincent's angina
175
oral leukoplakia causes ____
hyperkeratosis
176
what normally causes oral leukoplakia
chronic irritation
177
mild cases of GERD is described as ____
heartburn
178
4 treatment options for GERD
1. elevate the head of the bed2. light evening meal 4 hours before bedtime3. antacids4. drugs
179
surgical treatment for GERD; used conservatively
anti-reflux surgery
180
patients have this underlying condition in esophageal varices
portal hypertension
181
2/3 of patients with esophageal varices have this condition
cirrhosis of the liver
182
2 treatment options for esophageal varices
1. sclerotherapy and/or ligation if bleeding2. emergency portal decompression
183
most common cause of esophagitis
reflux
184
replacement of normal stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with abnormal columnar epithelium
Barrett's esophagus
185
__% patients with chronic GERD develop Barrett's esophagus and have a ___x higher risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and proximal stomach
15%; 30x
186
most common type of peptic ulcer
duodenal ulcers
187
most common cause of peptic ulcers
helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria
188
second most common cause of peptic ulcers
NSAID use
189
surgical treatment for peptic ulcers is required when in cases of ____ and ____
perforation and hemorrhage
190
which form of gastritis is more common
acute form
191
main cause of gastritis
H. pylori
192
significant diagnostic indicator of acute appendicitis
maximal tenderness at McBurney's point
193
in appendicitis, what can rebound tenderness on examination indicate
peritoneal irritation
194
defect in the diaphragm permitting a segment of the stomach to slide into the thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
195
2 causes of hiatal hernia
1. congenital defect in the diaphragm2. weakness in the diaphragm due to obesity, old age, trauma, or intraabdominal pressure
196
6 types of hernia
1. hiatal2. abdominal3. femoral4. umbilical5. inguinal6. incisional
197
what can result from a trapped or strangulated (incarcerated) hernia
gangrene
198
types of hernias are based on ____
location
199
surgical treatment option for hernias in an otherwise healthy child or adult
herniorrhaphy
200
crohn's disease can cause these 4 things on the intestines
1. deep ulcerations2. bowel obstruction3. adhesions4. abscesses
201
x-rays can reveal ____ as a diagnostic indicator for crohns
skip lesions
202
chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colon
ulcerative colitis
203
treatment for severe cases of ulcerative colitis
1. proctocolectomy with either ileostomy or ileoanal anastamosis
204
4 causes of gastroenteritis
1. traveler's diarrhea2. intestinal influenza3. food or chemical poisoning4. allergic reactions to food and drug
205
ingestion of disease-causing bacteria or parasites from contaminated food or water
traveler's diarrhea
206
causes of intestinal obstruction
mechanical obstructions
207
t or f. mechanical intestinal obstructions may require surgical removal of the lesion or blockage
t
208
another term for diverticulosis
diverticular disease
209
term for the defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel that result from diverticulosis
outpouches
210
part of the large intestine where diverticulosis is most common
sigmoid colon
211
cause of diverticulosis
diet inadequate in roughage
212
cause of diverticulitis
trapped fecal matter in the out pouches associated with diverticular disease
213
when is surgical removal of the diseased portion performed for diverticulitis
Perforation and/or hemorrhage
214
pseudomembraneous enterocolitis causative bacteria:
Clostridium difficile: C diff.
215
cause of pseudomembranous enterocolitis
broad-spectrum antibiotics
216
2 other treatments for pseudomembraneous enterocolitis
1. discontinue the antibiotic2. isolation
217
virulent strain has been associated with hospital outbreaks of pseudomembraneous enterocilitis
BI/NAPI
218
short bowel syndrome occurs when a length of intact or functioning bowel is altered by ___ or ___
disease or surgery
219
4 main symptoms of IBS
1. chronic abdominal pain2. discomfort3. bloating4. erratic dysfunction of bowel habits
220
is there a cure for IBS?
no
221
Is peritonitis acute or chronic?
can be both
222
Is peritonitis local or generalized?
can be both
223
cause of primary peritonitis
Blood-borne organisms originating in the GI or genital tract
224
cause of secondary peritonitis
perforation in the GI tract or intra-abdominal organs
225
Internal hemorrhoids are with the ____ above the ___
rectum; junction of the skin and rectal mucosa
226
external hemorrhoids are those lower in the ____ covered by skin
anal area
227
5 surgical treatment for hemorrhoids
1. band ligations2. cryosurgery3. photocoagulation4. electrocoagulation5. hemorrhoidectomy
228
replacement of normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
hobnail liver
229
most common cause of liver cirrhosis
chronic alcoholism
230
HAV is transmitted by ____ route from contaminated food, water and stools
fecal-oral route
231
recommended before travel into areas where hep A is prevalent
vaccination
232
HBV is considered chronic when the Hep B antigen is present in the blood for more than ___ months
6
233
Primary method if transmission for HBV is through the _____ and ____ routes (blood and body fluid)
percutaneous and perimucosal routes
234
HCV is transmitted through ___ and ____
blood; body fluids
235
Patients can recover completely but most develop ___ hep C
chronic
236
4 contributing factors to the formation of cholelithiasis
1. aging2. high-calorie and high-cholesterol diet3. being female 4. ocp use
237
3 treatment options for recurring cholelithiasis pain
1. ERCP2. ESWL3. cholecystectomy
238
usual cause of cholecystitis is obstruction of the biliary duct caused by ___
gallstones
239
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
gallstones
240
this can result in severe cases of pancreatitis
multi-organ failure
241
Kwashiorkor malnutrition is a deficiency of ___ in the presence of adequate ___
protein; energy
242
In industrialized societies, Kwashiorkor is usually caused by these 3 factors
1. trauma2. burns3. illness
243
Marasmus malnutrition is a combined ___ and ___ deficiency
protein and energy
244
In industrialized societies, Marasmus is usually caused by ____
chronic diseases like COPD, CHF, AIDS
245
Main cause of malabsorption syndrome
defective mucosal cells in the small intestine
246
3 characteristics of celiac disease
1. malabsorption2. gluten intolerance3. damage to the lining of the intestine
247
Treatment for food poisoning
symptom management
248
2 precipitating factors in anorexia
1. family factors2. social factors
249
Condition that can arise in a bulimic patient that can cause sudden death
hypokalemia
250
Motion sickness is caused by a disturbance in the ____
sense of balance
251
infection resulting in erosion of the tooth surface
dental caries
252
4 step process behind dental caries
cavity causing bacteria > acid plaque > demineralization > cavity
253
dental caries is also caused by ____ from GERD or bulimia burging
stomach acid
254
Inflammation and swelling of the gums
gingivitis
255
2 demographics susceptible to gingivitis
1. pregnant women2. diabetics
256
untreated gingivitis leads to the destruction of the gums and bone disease, called ____
periodontitis
257
destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the teeth
periodontitis
258
another term for periodontitis
periodontal disease
259
3 treatment options for periodontitis
1. SRP scaling2. root planing3. curettage
260
this periodontal surgery may be required if pockets are deep and nonresponsive
respective periodontal surgery
261
specific angles of malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth
malocclusion
262
4 treatment options for malocclusion
1. braces2. tooth extraction3. surgical removal of portions of jaw4. combined crowns or bridges
263
symptom complex related to inflammation, disease or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint
temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ)
264
TMJ is also treated with ____ injections of hydrocortisone
intraarticular
265
Pus-filled sac that develops in the tissue surrounding the base of the root
tooth abscess
266
3 causes of tooth abscess
1. dead pulp w/ invading bacteria2. exposure of nerve due to decayed tooth3. exposure of nerve due to tooth structure loss
267
a surgical procedure to treat tooth abscess if a lesion is long standing, large or doesn't heal after a period of time
apicectomy
268
lesion on the mucous membrane, exposing the underlying sensitive tissue
mouth ulcers
269
informal term for mouth ulcers
canker sores
270
mouth ulcers are usually caused by ____ trauma
mechanical trauma
271
mouth ulcers may be the first sign of these 3 conditions
1. tumor in mouth2. anemia3. leukemia
272
contagious, recurrent viral infection affecting skin and mucous membranes
herpes simplex
273
informal term for herpes simplex
cold sores
274
rubbing eyes after touching ulcer could form ___, which can produce severe illness
herpetic corneal ulcers
275
viral cause of herpes simplex
HSV-1 (herpes simplex type 1)
276
herpes simplex tend to recur because the virus can be ___
dormant
277
burning, tingling sensation with herpes simplex that occurs in the soon to be affected area
prodome
278
t or f. there is no known cure for herpes simplex
t
279
Candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums
thrush
280
t or f. thrush rarely becomes systemic or infectious
t
281
fungus that causes the most cases of thrush
Candida albicans
282
common infection affecting the gums and the anchoring structure of the teeth
necrotizing periodontal disease
283
another term for necrotizing periodontal disease
Vincent's angina
284
necrotizing periodontal disease is formerly called ____ or ___
1. acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis2. trench mouth
285
necrotizing periodontal disease is caused by _____ bacteria
anaerobic opportunistic bacteria
286
hyperkeratosis or epidermal thickening of the buccal mucosa, palate, or lower lip
oral leukoplakia
287
oral leukoplakia is considered ____ until proven otherwise
precancerous
288
Clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus
GERD
289
GERD is caused by relaxation of the ____ or an increase in ____
lower esophageal sphincter (LES); intra-abdominal pressure
290
Dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients with underlying portal HTN; may result in serious upper GI bleeding
esophageal varices
291
with rupture in esophageal varices, pt experiences these 3 conditions
1. hematemesis2. melena3. hypovolemic shock
292
esophageal varices are caused by increased pressure within the veins when the ____ to the liver is impeded
venous return
293
common complication of esophageal varices
liver cirrhosis
294
inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus
esophagitis
295
severe inflammation of the esophagus resulting from ingestion of a caustic chemical
corrosive esophagitis
296
esophagitis can be a GI manifestation of an ____ infection
HIV
297
treatment for esophageal perforation in esophageal varices
emergency endoscopic or surgical repair
298
treatment for esophageal stricture in esophageal varices
dilation procedure
299
protective mucous membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal tract breaks down, making the lining prone to ulceration
gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers
300
internal surface lesions from gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers can be these 3 things
1. acute or chronic2. clustered or singular3. shallow or deep
301
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
gastritis
302
bacterial cause of acute gastritis
H. pylori
303
disease that causes of chronic gastritis
peptic ulcer disease
304
chronic gastritis can also be caused by a history of chronic disease like ____
pernicious anemia
305
inflammation of the appendix
acute appendicitis
306
if appendicitis is untreated, necrosis and rupture can result in _____ which is life-threatening
peritonitis
307
defect in the diaphragm permitting a segment of the stomach to slide into the thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
308
in hiatal hernia, the ____ malfunctions, allowing the contents of the stomach to regurgitate into the esophagus
lower esophageal sphincter muscle (LES)
309
hiatal hernia can cause this condition
GERD
310
to treat hiatal hernia, minimize activities that increase ____ such as straining or coughing
intra-abdominal pressure
311
an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall
abdominal hernia
312
abnormal hernia occurs when an _____ develops in a weak area
abnormal opening
313
device worn for uncomplicated hernias
truss
314
chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the GI tract
Crohn's disease
315
Chron's disease is also called _____
regional enteritis
316
goals of treating Crohn's involve treating the _____ and maintain remission
acute disease flareups
317
chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum/colon
ulcerative colitis
318
fulminant ulcerative colitis may cause severe complications including ____
perforation
319
drug treatment for severe ulcerative colitis
anti-TNF (antibodies to tumor necrosis factor)
320
acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
321
in gastroenteritis, ___ and ___ fail to rid the body of toxins or large numbers of disease-causing bacteria and viruses
normal bacteria flora and acid secretions
322
avoid using ____ to treat traveler's diarrhea as they may delay body's elimination of organisms
anti-diarrheal agents
323
mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines; occurs when contents of intestine can't move forward because of a blockage of the bowel
intestinal obstruction
324
treatment of mechanical intestinal obstruction may required these 3 procedures
1. surgical removal of lesion/blockage2. resection of diseased bowel3. 2nd surgery to take down ostomy and rejoin the bowel
325
treatment of nonmechanical or functional intestinal obstruction doesn't usually involve surgery; ____ used in cases of fecal impaction
1. manual disimpaction2. enemas
326
progressive condition characterized by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel
diverticulosis or diverticular disease
327
in diverticulosis, these penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of large intestine
diverticula
328
treatment of diverticulosis includes diet with adequate fluids and ___ to produce soft, formed stool
roughage
329
infection of one or more diverticula; not nearly as common as diverticulosis
diverticulitis
330
diverticulitis when one or more diverticula become ____
inflamed
331
contributing factors to diverticulitis include lack of ____, inadequate fluid intake, constipation are contributing factors
dietary bulk
332
acute inflammation with a plaque like adhesion of necrotic debris and mucus adhered to the damaged superficial mucosa of the small and large intestines
pseudomembranous enterocolitis
333
small bowel fails to absorb nutrients because of inadequate absorptive surface; interferes with digestion and absorption of needed nutrients
short-bowel syndrome
334
functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and erratic dysfunction of bowel habits
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
335
IBS incidence increases after ___, which suggests immune or neuro-immune contribution
GI infection
336
inflammation of the peritoneum; can be acute or chronic and local or generalized
peritonitis
337
varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area
hemorrhoids
338
in hemorrhoids, veins in the rectal and anal area become ____ as a result of blockage
varicose, swollen, tender
339
irreversible chronic degenerative disease; slow deterioration of liver resulting in replacement of normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
cirrhosis of the liver
340
2 predisposing conditions to liver cirrhosis
1. wilson's disease2. hemochromatosis
341
highly contagious and causes mild acute liver infection; only hep to cause spiking fevers
hep A (HAV)
342
HAV is also called ____ hepatitis
infectious hepatiits
343
2 usual results of HAV
1. liver function fully recovered2. lifelong immunity to HAV
344
in HAV, intramuscular administration of ____ is recommended within 2 weeks of exposure
globulin
345
more insidious than HAV; aminotransferase levels are higher
hep B (HVB)
346
many HBV infections are due to ___ or ___
sexual contact; blood exchange from contaminated needles
347
most at risk for HBV due to accidental inoculation
healthcare providers
348
drug given to exposed, nonimmune HBV patient
hep B immune globulin (HBIG)
349
widesperead epidemic; most common blood-borne infection
hep C (HCV)
350
exposure to hep C is traced to these 4 factors
1. blood transfusions
351
t or f. hep C is cureable
f. incureable
352
common condition in which there is an abnormal presence of calculi or gallstones that form in the bile
cholelithiasis or gallstones
353
cholelithiasis form due to insoluble ___ and ____
cholesterol; bile salts
354
3 risk factors for cholelithiasis
1. ileal disease2. alcoholic cirrhosis3. biliary tract infections
355
___ gallstones are left alone
asymptomatic
356
acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, associated with obstruction of cystic duct
cholecystitis
357
surgical treatment for cholecystitis
cholecystectomy
358
acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas with variable involvement of adjacent and remote organs
acute and chronic pancreatitis
359
acute pancreatitis occurs when there is an escape of activated pancreatic enzymes from _____ into surrounding tissues
acinar cells
360
disorder of malnutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy (poverty/self-imposed starvation) or secondary to deficiency diseases (cancer/diabetes)
malnutrition
361
2 distinct syndromes in protein-energy malnutrition
1. kwashiorkor2. marasmus
362
deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy
kwashiorkor
363
extreme malnutrition and emaciation caused by combined protein and energy deficiency
marasmus
364
group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired; pts have impaired digestion and unable to absorb fat or other dietary componenents
malabsorption syndrome
365
main cause of malabsorption syndrome is ____ cells in the small intestine
defective mucosal cells
366
malabsorption is treated by targeting underlying cause and controlled with a high protein, high calorie diet with these vitamins
vitamins A, D, E and K
367
toxic or immunologic reaction to a component of gluten; has multisystem effects that can produce serious health problems
celiac disease
368
pts with celiac disease are more prone to develop these 2 conditions later in life
1. abdominal lymphoma2. cancer
369
2 other names for celiac disease
1. gluten enteropathy2. celiac sprue
370
resistant form of celiac diseases is called ____
refractory sprue
371
treatment for celiac disease involves a lifelong ____ diet to allow the bowel to heal and reverse malabsorption
gluten-free
372
family of drugs to treat refractory sprue
corticosteroid drugs
373
illness resulting from eating food containing bacterial toxins and viral, chemical or toxic substances
food poisoning
374
t or f. in severe cases, patient becomes disabled and becomes life-threatening
t
375
true food poisoning includes poisoning from mushrooms, shellfish, and food contaminated with ____ substances
poisonous and toxic
376
other causes of food poisoning include eating food that has undergone these 2 processes
1. putrefaction2. decomposition
377
eating disorder linked to a psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self-imposed starvation resulting from distorted body image; compulsion to be thin
anorexia nervosa
378
behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging
bulimia
379
personality traits that are characteristic in patients with bulimia
perfectionist trait
380
anorexia is associated with these 2 mental illnesses
1. depression2. anxiety
381
bulimia is associated with these 2 mental illnesses
1. depression2. compulsion
382
loss of equilibrium experienced during motion; nausea and vomiting when riding transportation
motion sickness
383
in motion sickness, fluid in the ____ of the ears become dislocated because of motion
semicircular canals
384
treatment for motion sickness involves sitting in a vehicle in position that has the least amount of ___ and where the patient can see the ____
motion; horizon
385
-ectasis, -ectasia
dilation, dilatation, widening
386
-emesis
vomiting
387
-pepsia
digestion
388
-phagia
eating, swallowing
389
-plasty
surgical repair
390
dysphagia vs dysplasia vs dysphasia
difficulty in swallowing vs abnormal formation vs abnormal speech
391
-ptysis
spitting
392
-rrhage, -rrhagia
bursting forth of blood
393
-rrhaphy
suture
394
-rrhea
flow, discharge
395
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
396
-stasis
stopping, controlling
397
-stenosis
narrowing, tightening
398
Stenosis is also called
stricture
399
-tresia
opening
400
bucc/o
cheek
401
Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood
liver function tests (LFTs)
402
Tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood
amylase and lipase tests
403
Test for microorganisms present in feces
stool culture
404
Test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces
stool guaiac test or Hemoccult test
405
X-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum
lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)
406
X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth
upper GI series
407
X-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts
cholangiography
408
Surgery consisting of removal of the distal half of stomach, gallbladder, common bile duct, pancreas/duodenum, and reconstruction
whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer
409
Telescoping of the intestines
intussusception
410
Substance that x-rays cannot penetrate
contrast medium
411
Series of X-ray images taken in multiple views (especially cross section) using a circular array of x-ray beams
computed tomography (CT)
412
Sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera; also useful for examination of other fluid filled structures
abdominal ultrasonography
413
Use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the GI tract
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
414
Magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
415
T or F. MRI does not use X-rays
T
416
Detects subtle differences in tissue composition, water content, and blood vessel density which shows sites of trauma, infection or cancer
MRI
417
Radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine
HIDA scan
418
Expand HIDA
hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
419
Another name for HIDA
cholescintigraphy
420
Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum used for severe obesity
gastric bypass or bariatric surgery
421
Visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope; ex: colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, etc
gastrointestinal endoscopy
422
Combines CT scanning and computer technology to examine the entire length of the colon by x-ray imaging in just minutes
virtual colonoscopy or CT colonography
423
Visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen
laparoscopy
424
Removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination
liver biopsy
425
Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach
nasogastric intubation
426
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
paracentesis (abdominocentesis)
