Lungs | The Respiratory System Flashcards
adenoid/o
adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
bronch/o, bronchi/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small bronchus
capn/o
carbon dioxide
coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx, voice box
lob/o
lobe of the lung
mediastin/o
mediastinum
nas/o
nose
orth/o
straight, upright
ox/o
oxygen
pector/o
chest
pharyng/o
pharynx, throat
phon/o
voice
phren/o
diaphragm
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o, pneumon/o
air, lung
pulmon/o
lung
rhin/o
nose
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
spir/o
breathing
tel/o
complete
thorac/o
chest
tonsill/o
tonsils
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
-ema
condition
-osmia
smell
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-sphyxia
pulse
-thorax
pleural cavity; chest
pathology pg
469
tests pg
476
ABGs
arterial blood gases
ARDS
adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome
Bronch
bronchoscopy
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CTA
clear to auscultation
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
LLL
left lower lobe of lung
LUL
left upper lobe of lung
NSCLC
non small cell lung cancer
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia
PE
pulmonary embolism
PFT
pulmonary function test
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
RLL
right lower lobe of lung
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
RUL
right upper lobe of lung
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
URTI
upper respiratory tract infection
radiographic image of thoracic cavity (chest film)
chest xray
computer generated series of xray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral and cross sectional planes
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
detection device record radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
ventilation perfusion (VQ) scan
fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes
bronchoscopy
placement of tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
endotracheal intubation
visual examination of voice box
laryngoscopy
removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
lung biopsy
endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
mediastinoscopy
tests measuring ventilation mechanics of the lungs
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space
thoracentesis
large surgical incision of the chest
thoracotomy
visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
thoracoscopy
allows surgeon to view chest from a video monitor
video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
tracheostomy
determines past or present tuberculous infection based on positive skin reaction
tuberculin tests
flexible, plastic chest tube passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest
tube thoracostomy
The main function of the respiratory system is to provide ____ to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate _____.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
T or F. The respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.
True
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the ____.
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs.
Two cone-shaped organslocated in the thoracic cavity
lungs
A double membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoraciccavity.
pleura
The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
The inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
The very thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura
the pleural space
T or F. Air is carried to and from the lungs in a series of tubes in which no gas exchange occurs.
True
Air enters through the nose, where it is ____, ____,and ____ as it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.
warmed, filtered and moistened
Microscopic hairlike projections from the cells that line the nose and sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination.
cilia
Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat
sputum
Air filled cavities lined with mucous membranes thatdrain into the nasal cavity. These chambers lighten the bones and provide resonance for speech production.
sinus
Together, because they are near the nose, these cavities are referred to as the ______.
paranasal sinuses
Receptors for the sense of smell are located within bony side projections of the nasal cavity called _____ or _____.
turbinatebones, conchae
The medical term for breathing
pulmonary ventilation
What are two structures of the upper respiratory system?
- nose2. pharynx
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx2. oropharynx3. laryngeal pharynxnaso-oro-laryngeal
What are the four structures of the lower respiratory system?
- larynx2. trachea3. bronchi4. terminal bronchiolesLTBTB
The medical term for throat
pharynx
The upper portion of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity
the nasopharynx
The middle portion of the pharynx behind the mouth
the oropharynx
The lower portion of the pharynx behind the larynx.
the laryngeal pharynx
The ____ are on either side of the soft palate in the oropharynx.
palatine tonsils
The ______, or adenoids, are in the nasopharynx.
pharyngeal tonsils
The pharynx conducts air into the ____, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent its collapse.
trachea
Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by ___ orby ___.
swallowing, expectoration
At the top of the trachea and is shaped by nine cartilages,the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adam’s apple.”
larynx
The openingbetween the vocal cords
glottis
Cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract when swallowing.
epiglottis
The larynx contains the ______, folds of tissue that are important in speech production
vocal cords
_____ produced by air passing over the vocal cords form the basis for voice production, although portionsof the throat and mouth are needed for proper articulation of speech.
vibrations
The trachea is contained in a region known as the ____, which consists of the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space.
mediastinum
T or F. In addition to the trachea, the mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, large vessels, and other tissues.
True
At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and a left main stem _____ that enter the lungs.
bronchus
The right bronchus divides into ___ secondary bronchi that enter the ___ lobes of theright lung.
three, three
The left bronchus divides into ___ branches that supply the ___ lobes of the left lung.
two, two
Further divisionsproduce an increasing number of smaller tubes that supply air to smaller subdivisions of lung tissue
bronchioles
As the air passageways progress through the lungs, the cartilage in the walls gradually disappears and is replacedby _____ muscle.
smooth (involuntary)
The smallest of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles, carry air into the microscopic air sacs called ______.
alveoli
Structure through which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood
alveoli
T or F. It is through the ultrathin walls of the alveoli and their surrounding capillaries that oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses outof the blood for elimination.
true
Breathing consists of a steady cycle of _____ and _____, separated by a period of rest.
inspiration (inhalation), expiration (exhalation)
The breathing cycle begins when the _____ stimulates the _____ to contract and flatten, thus enlargingthe _____.
phrenic nerve, diaphragm, chest cavity
The resulting decrease in _____ within the thorax causes air to be pulled into the lungs
pressure
The ______ between the ribs aid in inspiration by pulling the ribs up and out.
intercostal muscles
The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure
compliance
Fluid produced within the lung that aids in compliance by reducing surface tension within the alveoli.
surfactant
Expiration occurs as the breathing muscles ____, thelungs go back to their original size, and air is forced out.
relax
Muscles of the ____ and ___ are used in addition for forceful inhalation.
neck and thorax
Muscles of the ____ and ____ can be called on for forceful exhalation.
rib cage and abdomen
Breathing is normally regulated unconsciously by centers in the _____.
brainstem
T or F. Brainstem centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according to changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concentrationof carbon dioxide.
true
Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to _____ and is released to the cells as needed.
hemoglobin in red blood cells
Carbon dioxide is carried in several ways but is mostly converted to an acid called _____
carbonic acid
The amount of carbon dioxide that is exhaled is important in regulating the ____ or ____ of the blood, based on the amount of carbonic acid that is formed.
acidity or alkalinity
T or F. Dangerous shifts in blood pH can result from too muchor too little carbon dioxide being exhaled.
True
-pnea
breathing
-oxia
level of oxygen
When referring to levels of O2 or CO2 in the blood, the suffix ____ is used
-emia
-capnia
level of CO2
-phonia
voice
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
layrng/o
larynx
trache/o
trachea
bronch/o, bronch/i
bronchus
bronchiol
bronchiole
phrenic/o
phrenic nerve
pleur/o
pleura
pulm/o,pulmon/o
lungs
pneumon/o
lung
pneum/o, pneumat/o
air, gas; also respiration, lung
spir/o
breathing
ABG
arterial blood gas
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
LLL
lower left lobe
LUL
upper left lobe
PFT
pulmonary function test(s)
RML
right middle love
T&A
tonsils and adenoids
TLC
total lung capacity
TLC
total lung capacity
During inspiration, pressure in the lungs ____ and air is pulled in
decreases
During expiration, lung pressure _____
increases
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in ____
plasma
What factors increases respiration?
anxiety, vigorous exercise
What are RS infections caused by bacteria
bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia
Most common cause of death in newborns caused by a deficient amount of surfanctant
RDS Respiratory Distress Syndrome
PFTs are used to assess breathing using a _____ and measures volumes of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs.
spirometer
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
nose, pharynx, larynx
What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Coughing or spitting up of blood from the respiratory tract
hemoptysis
Ranges from blood streaked sputum to hemorrhage
hemoptysis
Generally a symptom of an underlying disorder such as trauma, erosion of a vessel, calcification, tumors, and inflammatory conditions
hemoptysis
Treatment: ligation, surgical removal, surgical repair of a vessel
hemoptysis
Airless or collapsed state of pulmonary tissue
atelectasis
Atelectasis is caused by the obstruction of the _____
bronchial tree
Three causes of atelectasis:
- OBSTRUCTIONS by mucus plugs, foreign body or bronchogenic cancer2. inflammatory pulmonary DISEASE3. FAILURE to breathe deeply
Treatment: surgical drainage of a pleural effusion
atelectasis
Occurs when a clot or foreign body blocks an artery in the pulmonary circulation
pulmonary embolism
Five causes of pulmonary embolism:
- pregnancy2. oral contraceptive pills3. emboli (air or fat)4. thrombi5. stasis of blood flowPOETS: Robert Frost
Three treatment options for pulmonary embolism
- oxygen therapy2. anticoagulants3. thrombolytic drugs
T or F. In cases of pulmonary embolism, prevention is easier than treatment.
T
Inflammation of the lungs due to infection
pneumonia
*
walking pneumonia
What is another name for walking pneumonia?
atypical pneumonia
*
aspiration pneumonia
Causes: viruses, bacteria, inhalation of a damaging gas or chemical
pneumonia
Treatment of pneumonia is based on _____.
the cause
Cavity of contained infectious material in lung
pulmonary abscess
Often a complication of bacterial pneumonia
pulmonary abscess
4 other causes of pulmonary abscess:
- aspiration of food/foreign object2. bronchial stenosis3. septic embolism4. neoplasmsABSN
Treatment: surgical resection if antibiotics are ineffective
pulmonary abscess
Acute respiratory infection that produces severe pneumonia-like symptoms or fatal pneumonia
legionnaires’ disease
What is another name for legionnaires’ disease?
legionellosis
Legionnaires’ disease is pneumonia caused by which bacteria?
legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila grows in warm water environments and is inhaled in _______
aerosolized water droplet
Condition caused by Legionella pneumophila bacteria but unlike Legionnaires’ disease, does not cause pneumonia
pontiac fever
Legionnaires’ disease is treated with ____ before the diagnosis is even confirmed because the response to treatment is generally slow
antibiotic therapy
Inflammatory and infectious condition of the lungs
respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia or RSV pneumonia
What virus causes RSV pneumonia?
respiratory syncytial virus
Greatest occurence for RSV pneumonia is during _____
winter
Treatment: oxygen therapy
RSV pneumonia
T or F. Antibiotics would be given for associated infections but not the RSV itself
true
Most of us have had RSV respiratory infection at some point but the 3 main groups at risk for RSV pneumonia are:
- children younger than 3 including infants2. elderly3. patients with compromised respiratory systems
What type of infants are most at risk for RSV pneumonia?
- premature infants2. infants with a congenital cardiac defect or pre-existing pulmonary disorder
Fungal disease originating in the lungs
histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis is caused by inhalation of ___ containing ___
dust containing Histoplasma capsulatum
Treatment: mild cases may not need treatment, antifungals
histoplasmosis
Disease that can be an opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS
histoplasmosis
Generalized highly contagious acute viral disease that occurs in annual outbreaks; initial symptoms are similar to common cold
influenza
T or F. Influenza can cause secondary bacterial pneumonia
T
Which viruses usually cause influenza?
orthomyxovirus A, B & C
Treatment: symptomatic, prophylactic vaccines recommended
influenza
Slow and irreversible progressive airway obstruction
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What is another name for COPD?
chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)
T or F. COPD includes acute bronchitis
F. COPD only includes chronic bronchitis
What other disease fall under the COPD umbrella?
bronchiectasis, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumoconiosis
Treatment: depends on the lung condition
COPD
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi
bronchitis
Type of bronchitis that is usually part of a viral upper respiratory infection; treatment is symptom relief onlookers
acute bronchitis
Type of bronchitis usually related to constant irritation from smoking, exposure to industrial pollution, or recurrent lung infections
chronic bronchitis
How long must symptoms be present to diagnose chronic bronchitis?
3 months of the year for at least 2 years in a row
Chronic bronchitis is treated depending on ____
stage
Permanent irreversible DILATION or distortion of one or more bronchial
bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis results from the destruction of muscular and elastic portions of the ___
bronchial wall
Cause: repeated damage to bronchial walls from recurrent lung infections, bronchial obstruction, inhalation of corrosive gas, cystic fibrosis and some childhood infections
bronchiectasis
What is the difference between bronchiectasis and bronchitis?
BRONCHITIS: constant irritation causing irritation to the mucous membrane lining the bronchiBRONCHIECTASIS: dilation of one or more bronchi *med term rules
Disorder affecting the exocrine glands and causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of bronchi and often resulting in respiratory infection such as bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis
Disorder causing patient to produce large quantities of purulent foul smelling sputum; treatment includes postural drainage
bronchiectasis
COPD characterized by destructive changes in _____ and irreversible enlargement of _____
pulmonary emphysema; destructive changes in alveolar walls and irreversible enlargement of alveolar air spaces
What 3 things do patients with pulmonary emphysema develop?
- cyanosis2. right ventricular heart failure3. digital clubbing
Treatment: drug therapy, oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation
pulmonary emphysema
In some pulmonary emphysema cases, surgery to improve ___ may be performed; usually involves the removal of portions of the lung
air trapping
Any disease of the lung caused by long term dust inhalation
pneumoconiosis
How are pneumoconiosis and histoplasmosis different?
pneumoconiosis: any lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of regular dusthistoplasmosis: fungal disease caused by inhalation of dust containing Histoplasma capsulatum
T or F. Pneumoconiosis is considered to be an occupational disease
T
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining of the pleural cavity
pleurisy/pleuritis
T or F. Pleurisy/pleuritis is usually a secondary to other disease or infection
T
What are the two types of pleurisy/pleuritis?
- wet2. dry
Type of pleurisy where pleural fluid is present
wet pleurisy
Type of pleurisy where pleural fluid decreases
dry pleurisy
Three treatments used for pleurisy:
- antibiotic therapy and analgesics to control pain2. splinting of the chest and deep breathing exercises for good ventilation3. therapeutic thoracotomy
Collection of air and gas in the pleural cavity that results in a collapse or partially collapsed lung
pneumothorax
How are pneumothorax and pleurisy different in regard to their effects on the pleural cavity?
pneumothorax: collection of air in the pleural cavity; collapsed lungpleurisy: inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining of the pleural cavity; secondary to other disease
What are two types of pneumothorax?
- spontaneous2. traumatic
Type of pneumothorax where an opening is present on the surface of a lung; disorder causing internal erosion of the lung surface
spontaneous pneumothorax
Type of pneumothorax where the integrity of the pleural cavity is breached as a result of trauma; following a chest injury sometimes caused by the patient’s own rib
traumatic pneumothorax
Three treatments to manage pneumothorax pain:
- fowler/semi-fowler position most comfortable2. dressing over the wound3. drainage system to expand and heal the lung
Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
How are pneumothorax and hemothorax different?
pneumothorax: collection of air in the pleural cavityhemothorax: collection of blood/fluid in the pleural cavity
In hemothorax, blood enters the pleural space because of trauma erosion of _____ or ______ causing lung to collapse
pulmonary vessel or hematologic disorder
To treat hemothorax, the lung must be expanded by ____ to drain the blood
thoracotomy
T or F. Hemothorax can coexist with pneumothorax
T
Instability in the chest wall caused by multiple rib fractures or sternum
flail chest
Flail chest is caused by direct trauma to the chest wall that fractures ___ or more adjacent ribs
three
Flail chest can cause ____ breathing; the chest moves inward during inspiration and outward during expiration – the opposite of what should happen normally
paradoxical breathing
Flail chest is treated by stabilizing the chest wall and healing the rib fractures while maintaining _____
respiratory integrity
Chronic, acute or subacute infection of the lungs
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
What bacteria causes pulmonary tuberculosis?
myobacterium tuberculosis
What are the two forms of tuberculosis?
- primary form2. secondary form
Form of tuberculosis where a lesion in the lung develops because the normal antigen response doesn’t inactivate the disease, causing ____
primary form; causes cavitations
Form of tuberculosis that is the sequelae of primary form when the primary form is not treated properly and the body creates pockets of tuberculosis
secondary form
Form of tuberculosis that occurs following reactivation of the primary infection or exposure to an infected person
secondary form
List three factors contributing to the spread of tuberculosis
- travel2. lack of vaccinations3. HIV/AIDS
Glandular fever and acute herpesvirus infection
infectious mononucleosis
What is another name for infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr infection
What virus causes mono?
Epstein-Barr virus
List 3 treatments for mononucleosis.
- bed rest2. increased fluid intake3. antipyretic drugs
What are the symptoms of mononucleosis in the acute phase?
fever and malaise
Syndrome and cancer that results from EBV
chronic fatigue syndrome, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (next outcome)
The ___ and ___ can experience complications related to mononucleosis
spleen and liver
Type of acute lung injury characterized by severe pulmonary congestion, acute respiratory distress, and hypoxemia
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What is another name for ARDS?
shock lung
Secondary to severe trauma or some agent
ARDS
T or F. There is no known cure for ARDS; interventions are supportive only
T
Multi-system granulomatous (small lesions of inflamed cells) disorder most commonly detected in the lung, but can affect other organs as well
sarcoidosis
Respiratory disorder thought to be a malfunction of the immune system but is mostly idiopathic
sarcoidosis
What can be prescribed when sarcoidosis is widespread?
immunosuppressant drugs; corticosteroid therapy to relieve pain symotoms
Most common type of cancer death
lung cancer
What is the most common symptom of lung cancer?
shortness of breath
Lung cancer is caused by repeated carcinogenic irritation to the ____, leading to increased rates of cell division
bronchial epithelium
What are two types of lung cancer?
- non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)2. small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Type of cancer not associated with smoking
NSCLC
Type of cancer associated with smoking
SCLC
Lung cancer treatment is based on the ___ of tumor and ___ of tumor
type and stage
Treatment: radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy
lung cancer
