Lungs | The Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
adenoid/o
A
adenoids
2
Q
alveol/o
A
alveolus, air sac
3
Q
bronch/o, bronchi/o
A
bronchial tube, bronchus
4
Q
bronchiol/o
A
bronchiole, small bronchus
5
Q
capn/o
A
carbon dioxide
6
Q
coni/o
A
dust
7
Q
cyan/o
A
blue
8
Q
epiglott/o
A
epiglottis
9
Q
laryng/o
A
larynx, voice box
10
Q
lob/o
A
lobe of the lung
11
Q
mediastin/o
A
mediastinum
12
Q
nas/o
A
nose
13
Q
orth/o
A
straight, upright
14
Q
ox/o
A
oxygen
15
Q
pector/o
A
chest
16
Q
pharyng/o
A
pharynx, throat
17
Q
phon/o
A
voice
18
Q
phren/o
A
diaphragm
19
Q
pleur/o
A
pleura
20
Q
pneum/o, pneumon/o
A
air, lung
21
Q
pulmon/o
A
lung
22
Q
rhin/o
A
nose
23
Q
sinus/o
A
sinus, cavity
24
Q
spir/o
A
breathing
25
tel/o
complete
26
thorac/o
chest
27
tonsill/o
tonsils
28
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
29
-ema
condition
30
-osmia
smell
31
-pnea
breathing
32
-ptysis
spitting
33
-sphyxia
pulse
34
-thorax
pleural cavity; chest
35
pathology pg
469
36
tests pg
476
37
ABGs
arterial blood gases
38
ARDS
adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome
39
Bronch
bronchoscopy
40
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
41
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
42
C&S
culture and sensitivity
43
CTA
clear to auscultation
44
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
45
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
46
LLL
left lower lobe of lung
47
LUL
left upper lobe of lung
48
NSCLC
non small cell lung cancer
49
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
50
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia
51
PE
pulmonary embolism
52
PFT
pulmonary function test
53
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
54
RLL
right lower lobe of lung
55
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
56
RUL
right upper lobe of lung
57
SOB
shortness of breath
58
TB
tuberculosis
59
URTI
upper respiratory tract infection
60
radiographic image of thoracic cavity (chest film)
chest xray
61
computer generated series of xray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
62
magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral and cross sectional planes
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
63
radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
64
detection device record radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
ventilation perfusion (VQ) scan
65
fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes
bronchoscopy
66
placement of tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
endotracheal intubation
67
visual examination of voice box
laryngoscopy
68
removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
lung biopsy
69
endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
mediastinoscopy
70
tests measuring ventilation mechanics of the lungs
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
71
surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space
thoracentesis
72
large surgical incision of the chest
thoracotomy
73
visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
thoracoscopy
74
allows surgeon to view chest from a video monitor
video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
75
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
tracheostomy
76
determines past or present tuberculous infection based on positive skin reaction
tuberculin tests
77
flexible, plastic chest tube passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest
tube thoracostomy
78
The main function of the respiratory system is to provide ____ to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate _____.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
79
T or F. The respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.
True
80
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the ____.
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs.
81
Two cone-shaped organslocated in the thoracic cavity
lungs
82
A double membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoraciccavity.
pleura
83
The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
84
The inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
85
The very thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura
the pleural space
86
T or F. Air is carried to and from the lungs in a series of tubes in which no gas exchange occurs.
True
87
Air enters through the nose, where it is ____, ____,and ____ as it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.
warmed, filtered and moistened
88
Microscopic hairlike projections from the cells that line the nose and sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination.
cilia
89
Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat
sputum
90
Air filled cavities lined with mucous membranes thatdrain into the nasal cavity. These chambers lighten the bones and provide resonance for speech production.
sinus
91
Together, because they are near the nose, these cavities are referred to as the ______.
paranasal sinuses
92
Receptors for the sense of smell are located within bony side projections of the nasal cavity called _____ or _____.
turbinatebones, conchae
93
The medical term for breathing
pulmonary ventilation
94
What are two structures of the upper respiratory system?
1. nose2. pharynx
95
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
1. nasopharynx2. oropharynx3. laryngeal pharynxnaso-oro-laryngeal
96
What are the four structures of the lower respiratory system?
1. larynx2. trachea3. bronchi4. terminal bronchiolesLTBTB
97
The medical term for throat
pharynx
98
The upper portion of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity
the nasopharynx
99
The middle portion of the pharynx behind the mouth
the oropharynx
100
The lower portion of the pharynx behind the larynx.
the laryngeal pharynx
101
The ____ are on either side of the soft palate in the oropharynx.
palatine tonsils
102
The ______, or adenoids, are in the nasopharynx.
pharyngeal tonsils
103
The pharynx conducts air into the ____, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent its collapse.
trachea
104
Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by ___ orby ___.
swallowing, expectoration
105
At the top of the trachea and is shaped by nine cartilages,the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adam’s apple.”
larynx
106
The openingbetween the vocal cords
glottis
107
Cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract when swallowing.
epiglottis
108
The larynx contains the ______, folds of tissue that are important in speech production
vocal cords
109
_____ produced by air passing over the vocal cords form the basis for voice production, although portionsof the throat and mouth are needed for proper articulation of speech.
vibrations
110
The trachea is contained in a region known as the ____, which consists of the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space.
mediastinum
111
T or F. In addition to the trachea, the mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, large vessels, and other tissues.
True
112
At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and a left main stem _____ that enter the lungs.
bronchus
113
The right bronchus divides into ___ secondary bronchi that enter the ___ lobes of theright lung.
three, three
114
The left bronchus divides into ___ branches that supply the ___ lobes of the left lung.
two, two
115
Further divisionsproduce an increasing number of smaller tubes that supply air to smaller subdivisions of lung tissue
bronchioles
116
As the air passageways progress through the lungs, the cartilage in the walls gradually disappears and is replacedby _____ muscle.
smooth (involuntary)
117
The smallest of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles, carry air into the microscopic air sacs called ______.
alveoli
118
Structure through which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood
alveoli
119
T or F. It is through the ultrathin walls of the alveoli and their surrounding capillaries that oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses outof the blood for elimination.
true
120
Breathing consists of a steady cycle of _____ and _____, separated by a period of rest.
inspiration (inhalation), expiration (exhalation)
121
The breathing cycle begins when the _____ stimulates the _____ to contract and flatten, thus enlargingthe _____.
phrenic nerve, diaphragm, chest cavity
122
The resulting decrease in _____ within the thorax causes air to be pulled into the lungs
pressure
123
The ______ between the ribs aid in inspiration by pulling the ribs up and out.
intercostal muscles
124
The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure
compliance
125
Fluid produced within the lung that aids in compliance by reducing surface tension within the alveoli.
surfactant
126
Expiration occurs as the breathing muscles ____, thelungs go back to their original size, and air is forced out.
relax
127
Muscles of the ____ and ___ are used in addition for forceful inhalation.
neck and thorax
128
Muscles of the ____ and ____ can be called on for forceful exhalation.
rib cage and abdomen
129
Breathing is normally regulated unconsciously by centers in the _____.
brainstem
130
T or F. Brainstem centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according to changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concentrationof carbon dioxide.
true
131
Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to _____ and is released to the cells as needed.
hemoglobin in red blood cells
132
Carbon dioxide is carried in several ways but is mostly converted to an acid called _____
carbonic acid
133
The amount of carbon dioxide that is exhaled is important in regulating the ____ or ____ of the blood, based on the amount of carbonic acid that is formed.
acidity or alkalinity
134
T or F. Dangerous shifts in blood pH can result from too muchor too little carbon dioxide being exhaled.
True
135
-pnea
breathing
136
-oxia
level of oxygen
137
When referring to levels of O2 or CO2 in the blood, the suffix ____ is used
-emia
138
-capnia
level of CO2
139
-phonia
voice
140
nas/o
nose
141
rhin/o
nose
142
pharyng/o
pharynx
143
layrng/o
larynx
144
trache/o
trachea
145
bronch/o, bronch/i
bronchus
146
bronchiol
bronchiole
147
phrenic/o
phrenic nerve
148
pleur/o
pleura
149
pulm/o,pulmon/o
lungs
150
pneumon/o
lung
151
pneum/o, pneumat/o
air, gas; also respiration, lung
152
spir/o
breathing
153
ABG
arterial blood gas
154
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
155
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
156
LLL
lower left lobe
157
LUL
upper left lobe
158
PFT
pulmonary function test(s)
159
RML
right middle love
160
T&A
tonsils and adenoids
161
TLC
total lung capacity
162
TLC
total lung capacity
163
During inspiration, pressure in the lungs ____ and air is pulled in
decreases
164
During expiration, lung pressure _____
increases
165
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in ____
plasma
166
What factors increases respiration?
anxiety, vigorous exercise
167
What are RS infections caused by bacteria
bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia
168
Most common cause of death in newborns caused by a deficient amount of surfanctant
RDS Respiratory Distress Syndrome
169
PFTs are used to assess breathing using a _____ and measures volumes of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs.
spirometer
170
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
nose, pharynx, larynx
171
What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
172
Coughing or spitting up of blood from the respiratory tract
hemoptysis
173
Ranges from blood streaked sputum to hemorrhage
hemoptysis
174
Generally a symptom of an underlying disorder such as trauma, erosion of a vessel, calcification, tumors, and inflammatory conditions
hemoptysis
175
Treatment: ligation, surgical removal, surgical repair of a vessel
hemoptysis
176
Airless or collapsed state of pulmonary tissue
atelectasis
177
Atelectasis is caused by the obstruction of the _____
bronchial tree
178
Three causes of atelectasis:
1. OBSTRUCTIONS by mucus plugs, foreign body or bronchogenic cancer2. inflammatory pulmonary DISEASE3. FAILURE to breathe deeply
179
Treatment: surgical drainage of a pleural effusion
atelectasis
180
Occurs when a clot or foreign body blocks an artery in the pulmonary circulation
pulmonary embolism
181
Five causes of pulmonary embolism:
1. pregnancy2. oral contraceptive pills3. emboli (air or fat)4. thrombi5. stasis of blood flowPOETS: Robert Frost
182
Three treatment options for pulmonary embolism
1. oxygen therapy2. anticoagulants3. thrombolytic drugs
183
T or F. In cases of pulmonary embolism, prevention is easier than treatment.
T
184
Inflammation of the lungs due to infection
pneumonia
185
*
walking pneumonia
186
What is another name for walking pneumonia?
atypical pneumonia
187
*
aspiration pneumonia
188
Causes: viruses, bacteria, inhalation of a damaging gas or chemical
pneumonia
189
Treatment of pneumonia is based on _____.
the cause
190
Cavity of contained infectious material in lung
pulmonary abscess
191
Often a complication of bacterial pneumonia
pulmonary abscess
192
4 other causes of pulmonary abscess:
1. aspiration of food/foreign object2. bronchial stenosis3. septic embolism4. neoplasmsABSN
193
Treatment: surgical resection if antibiotics are ineffective
pulmonary abscess
194
Acute respiratory infection that produces severe pneumonia-like symptoms or fatal pneumonia
legionnaires' disease
195
What is another name for legionnaires' disease?
legionellosis
196
Legionnaires' disease is pneumonia caused by which bacteria?
legionella pneumophila
197
Legionella pneumophila grows in warm water environments and is inhaled in _______
aerosolized water droplet
198
Condition caused by Legionella pneumophila bacteria but unlike Legionnaires' disease, does not cause pneumonia
pontiac fever
199
Legionnaires' disease is treated with ____ before the diagnosis is even confirmed because the response to treatment is generally slow
antibiotic therapy
200
Inflammatory and infectious condition of the lungs
respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia or RSV pneumonia
201
What virus causes RSV pneumonia?
respiratory syncytial virus
202
Greatest occurence for RSV pneumonia is during _____
winter
203
Treatment: oxygen therapy
RSV pneumonia
204
T or F. Antibiotics would be given for associated infections but not the RSV itself
true
205
Most of us have had RSV respiratory infection at some point but the 3 main groups at risk for RSV pneumonia are:
1. children younger than 3 including infants2. elderly3. patients with compromised respiratory systems
206
What type of infants are most at risk for RSV pneumonia?
1. premature infants2. infants with a congenital cardiac defect or pre-existing pulmonary disorder
207
Fungal disease originating in the lungs
histoplasmosis
208
Histoplasmosis is caused by inhalation of ___ containing ___
dust containing Histoplasma capsulatum
209
Treatment: mild cases may not need treatment, antifungals
histoplasmosis
210
Disease that can be an opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS
histoplasmosis
211
Generalized highly contagious acute viral disease that occurs in annual outbreaks; initial symptoms are similar to common cold
influenza
212
T or F. Influenza can cause secondary bacterial pneumonia
T
213
Which viruses usually cause influenza?
orthomyxovirus A, B & C
214
Treatment: symptomatic, prophylactic vaccines recommended
influenza
215
Slow and irreversible progressive airway obstruction
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
216
What is another name for COPD?
chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)
217
T or F. COPD includes acute bronchitis
F. COPD *only* includes chronic bronchitis
218
What other disease fall under the COPD umbrella?
bronchiectasis, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumoconiosis
219
Treatment: depends on the lung condition
COPD
220
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi
bronchitis
221
Type of bronchitis that is usually part of a viral upper respiratory infection; treatment is symptom relief onlookers
acute bronchitis
222
Type of bronchitis usually related to constant irritation from smoking, exposure to industrial pollution, or recurrent lung infections
chronic bronchitis
223
How long must symptoms be present to diagnose chronic bronchitis?
3 months of the year for at least 2 years in a row
224
Chronic bronchitis is treated depending on ____
stage
225
Permanent irreversible DILATION or distortion of one or more bronchial
bronchiectasis
226
Bronchiectasis results from the destruction of muscular and elastic portions of the ___
bronchial wall
227
Cause: repeated damage to bronchial walls from recurrent lung infections, bronchial obstruction, inhalation of corrosive gas, cystic fibrosis and some childhood infections
bronchiectasis
228
What is the difference between bronchiectasis and bronchitis?
BRONCHITIS: constant irritation causing irritation to the mucous membrane lining the bronchiBRONCHIECTASIS: dilation of one or more bronchi *med term rules
229
Disorder affecting the exocrine glands and causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of bronchi and often resulting in respiratory infection such as bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis
230
Disorder causing patient to produce large quantities of purulent foul smelling sputum; treatment includes postural drainage
bronchiectasis
231
COPD characterized by destructive changes in _____ and irreversible enlargement of _____
pulmonary emphysema; destructive changes in alveolar walls and irreversible enlargement of alveolar air spaces
232
What 3 things do patients with pulmonary emphysema develop?
1. cyanosis2. right ventricular heart failure3. digital clubbing
233
Treatment: drug therapy, oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation
pulmonary emphysema
234
In some pulmonary emphysema cases, surgery to improve ___ may be performed; usually involves the removal of portions of the lung
air trapping
235
Any disease of the lung caused by long term dust inhalation
pneumoconiosis
236
How are pneumoconiosis and histoplasmosis different?
pneumoconiosis: any lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of regular dusthistoplasmosis: fungal disease caused by inhalation of dust containing Histoplasma capsulatum
237
T or F. Pneumoconiosis is considered to be an occupational disease
T
238
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining of the pleural cavity
pleurisy/pleuritis
239
T or F. Pleurisy/pleuritis is usually a secondary to other disease or infection
T
240
What are the two types of pleurisy/pleuritis?
1. wet2. dry
241
Type of pleurisy where pleural fluid is present
wet pleurisy
242
Type of pleurisy where pleural fluid decreases
dry pleurisy
243
Three treatments used for pleurisy:
1. antibiotic therapy and analgesics to control pain2. splinting of the chest and deep breathing exercises for good ventilation3. therapeutic thoracotomy
244
Collection of air and gas in the pleural cavity that results in a collapse or partially collapsed lung
pneumothorax
245
How are pneumothorax and pleurisy different in regard to their effects on the pleural cavity?
pneumothorax: collection of air in the pleural cavity; collapsed lungpleurisy: inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining of the pleural cavity; secondary to other disease
246
What are two types of pneumothorax?
1. spontaneous2. traumatic
247
Type of pneumothorax where an opening is present on the surface of a lung; disorder causing internal erosion of the lung surface
spontaneous pneumothorax
248
Type of pneumothorax where the integrity of the pleural cavity is breached as a result of trauma; following a chest injury sometimes caused by the patient's own rib
traumatic pneumothorax
249
Three treatments to manage pneumothorax pain:
1. fowler/semi-fowler position most comfortable2. dressing over the wound3. drainage system to expand and heal the lung
250
Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
251
How are pneumothorax and hemothorax different?
pneumothorax: collection of air in the pleural cavityhemothorax: collection of blood/fluid in the pleural cavity
252
In hemothorax, blood enters the pleural space because of trauma erosion of _____ or ______ causing lung to collapse
pulmonary vessel or hematologic disorder
253
To treat hemothorax, the lung must be expanded by ____ to drain the blood
thoracotomy
254
T or F. Hemothorax can coexist with pneumothorax
T
255
Instability in the chest wall caused by multiple rib fractures or sternum
flail chest
256
Flail chest is caused by direct trauma to the chest wall that fractures ___ or more adjacent ribs
three
257
Flail chest can cause ____ breathing; the chest moves inward during inspiration and outward during expiration -- the opposite of what should happen normally
paradoxical breathing
258
Flail chest is treated by stabilizing the chest wall and healing the rib fractures while maintaining _____
respiratory integrity
259
Chronic, acute or subacute infection of the lungs
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
260
What bacteria causes pulmonary tuberculosis?
myobacterium tuberculosis
261
What are the two forms of tuberculosis?
1. primary form2. secondary form
262
Form of tuberculosis where a lesion in the lung develops because the normal antigen response doesn't inactivate the disease, causing ____
primary form; causes cavitations
263
Form of tuberculosis that is the sequelae of primary form when the primary form is not treated properly and the body creates pockets of tuberculosis
secondary form
264
Form of tuberculosis that occurs following reactivation of the primary infection or exposure to an infected person
secondary form
265
List three factors contributing to the spread of tuberculosis
1. travel2. lack of vaccinations3. HIV/AIDS
266
Glandular fever and acute herpesvirus infection
infectious mononucleosis
267
What is another name for infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr infection
268
What virus causes mono?
Epstein-Barr virus
269
List 3 treatments for mononucleosis.
1. bed rest2. increased fluid intake3. antipyretic drugs
270
What are the symptoms of mononucleosis in the acute phase?
fever and malaise
271
Syndrome and cancer that results from EBV
chronic fatigue syndrome, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (next outcome)
272
The ___ and ___ can experience complications related to mononucleosis
spleen and liver
273
Type of acute lung injury characterized by severe pulmonary congestion, acute respiratory distress, and hypoxemia
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
274
What is another name for ARDS?
shock lung
275
Secondary to severe trauma or some agent
ARDS
276
T or F. There is no known cure for ARDS; interventions are supportive only
T
277
Multi-system granulomatous (small lesions of inflamed cells) disorder most commonly detected in the lung, but can affect other organs as well
sarcoidosis
278
Respiratory disorder thought to be a malfunction of the immune system but is mostly idiopathic
sarcoidosis
279
What can be prescribed when sarcoidosis is widespread?
immunosuppressant drugs; corticosteroid therapy to relieve pain symotoms
280
Most common type of cancer death
lung cancer
281
What is the most common symptom of lung cancer?
shortness of breath
282
Lung cancer is caused by repeated carcinogenic irritation to the ____, leading to increased rates of cell division
bronchial epithelium
283
What are two types of lung cancer?
1. non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)2. small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
284
Type of cancer not associated with smoking
NSCLC
285
Type of cancer associated with smoking
SCLC
286
Lung cancer treatment is based on the ___ of tumor and ___ of tumor
type and stage
287
Treatment: radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy
lung cancer
