Cells Tissues and Organs Flashcards
1
Q
Provides energy de metabolic reactions in the form of the chemical _____, the energy compound of the cell.
A
ATP (adenosine troposphate)
2
Q
What are the 3 main categories of organic compounds contained in cells?
A
- Protein2. Carbohydrates3. Lipids
3
Q
Main carbohydrate which circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells
A
Carbohydrates
4
Q
Proteins include _____,______, and _______.
A
Enzymes, some hormones and structural materials
5
Q
________ tissue is designed to store lipids.
A
Adipose (fat) tissue
6
Q
Within the cell’s cytoplasm are subunits called ________
A
Organelles
7
Q
Control region of the cell that contains chromosomes
A
Nucleus
8
Q
Carry genetic information
A
Chromosomes
9
Q
Each human cell, aside from the reproductive cells, contains ___ chromosomes
A
46
10
Q
Within the chromosomes is _____ which is organized into separate units called genes.
A
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
11
Q
Control the formation of proteins
A
Genes
12
Q
The catalysts needed to speed the rate of metabolic reactions
A
Enzymes
13
Q
Cells use this compound to help manufacture proteins
A
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
14
Q
Changes in the genes or chromosomes
A
Mutations
15
Q
Levels of organization from chemicals to body as a whole
A
Chemicals > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > body
16
Q
The process where body cells divide and chromosomes are doubled then equally distributed to the two daughter cells
A
Mitosis
17
Q
When a cell isn’t dividing, it remains in a stage called ________
A
Interphase
18
Q
The process in which reproductive cells divide which halves the chromosomes in preparation for fertilization
A
Meiosis
19
Q
The study of cells
A
Cytology
20
Q
What are the four basic types of tissues that cells are organized into?
A
- Epithelial2. Connective3. Muscle 4. Nervous
21
Q
_____ tissue covers and protects body structure and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.
A
Epithelial
22
Q
What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?
A
Simple epithelium is composed of cells in a single layer and absorbs materials from one system to another Stratified epithelium has cells in multiple layers and protects deeper tissues
23
Q
T or F. Most of the active cells in glands are epithelial cells.
A
True.
24
Q
____ tissue supports and binds body structures.
A
Connective
25
Examples of connective tissue
Blood, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone
26
______ tissue contracts to produce movement.
Muscle
27
List the three types of muscle tissue.
1. Skeletal muscle2. Cardiac muscle3. Smooth or visceral muscle
28
______ muscle moves the skeleton and has visible cross-bands (striations) involved in contraction
Skeletal muscle
29
Because skeletal muscle is under conscious control, it is also called _______ muscle.
Voluntary
30
_______ muscle forms the heart.
Cardiac
31
Cardiac muscle functions without concessions control and is described as _______.
Involuntary
32
_______ muscle forms the walls of the abdominal organs. It is involuntary
Smooth or visceral muscle
33
______ tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Nervous tissue
34
Nervous tissue controls and coordinates body responded by _______.
Transmission of electrical impulses
35
The basic cell in nervous tissue
Neutron or nerve cell
36
Outer layer of the cell that encloses the cell contents, regulated what enters and leaves the cell and participates in cell growth, reproduction and interactions between cells
Plasma membrane
37
Short extensions of the cell membrane that absorbs materials into the cell
Microvilli
38
Large organelle near the centre of the cell composed of DNA, chromosomes and proteins
Nucleus
39
Small body in the nucleus composed of RNA, DNA and protein and makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
40
Colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane and is the site of many cellular activities.
Cytoplasm
41
Consists of cytosol and organelles
Cytoplasm
42
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles
Cytosol
43
Small bodies free in the cytoplasm of attached he'd go the ER, composed of RNA and protein that manufactures proteins
Ribosomes
44
Network of membranes within the cytoplasm
Enndoplasmic reticulum (ER)
45
______ ER has ribosomes attached to it and sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds
Rough ER
46
____ ER doesn't have attached ribosomes and is involved with lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
47
Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER and manufactures proteins
Ribosomes
48
Large organelles with folded membranes inside that converts energy from nutrients into ATP
Mitochondria
49
Layers of membranes that makes compounds containing proteins and sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
50
Small sacs of digestive enzymes that digests substances within the cell
Lysosomes
51
Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that bream down harmful substances
Peroxisomes
52
Small membrane bound sacs in the cytoplasm that stores materials and moves materials into or out of the cell in bulk
Vesicles
53
Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles
54
Structures that extend from the cell that move the cell or the fluids around the cell
Surface projection
55
Short hair-like projection from the cell that moves the fluids around the cell
Cilia
56
Long whip-like extension from the cell and moves the cell
Flagellum
57
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase
58
A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that may cover an organ, like a cavity, or separate one structure from another
A membrane
59
______ membranes secrete _______, a thick fluid that lubricates surfaces and protects underlying tissue as in the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory passages.
Mucous, mucusy
60
______ membranes secrete a thin, watery fluid that likes body cavities and cover organs, such as the heart and the lungs
Serous
61
_______ membranes cover and support organs as found around the bones, brain and spinal cord.
Fibrous
62
The study of tissues
Histology
63
What is the collective function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system?
Circulation
64
What is the collective function of the respiratory, digestive and urinary system?
Nutrition and fluid balance
65
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Production of offspring
66
What is the collective function of the nervous and endocrine system?
Coordination and control
67
What is the collective function of the skeletal and muscular system?
Body structure and movement
68
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Body covering
69
The ______ system obtains the oxygen needed for metabolism and eliminates carbon dioxide
Respiratory
70
The _____ system takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients and eliminates undigested waste
Digestive
71
The _______ system eliminates soluble waste and balances the volume and composition of body fluids
Urinary
72
The _____ system receives and processes stimuli and directs responses
Nervous
73
The ______ system consists of individual glands that produce hormones
Endocrine
74
The ______ system moves the skeleton and makes up organs that protect vital organs.
Muscular
75
The _____ system functions in protection and helps to regulate body temperature
Integumentary
76
Body systems work together to maintain the body's state of internal stability, or _______
Homeostasis
77
A part of the body with a specific function that is a component of a body system
Organ
78
A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell
Organelle
79
Nitrogen containing compounds that make up proteins
Amino acids
80
The type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building phase of metabolism
Anabolism
81
The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds
Catabolism
82
A fibrous protein found in connective tissue
Collagen
83
Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue
Interstitial
84
The inner region of an organ
Medulla
85
The outer region of an organ
Cortex
86
The functional tissue of an organ
Parenchyma
87
Pertaining to a wall that describes a membrane that liens a body cavity
Parietal
88
Pertaining to the internal organs and describes a membrane on the surface of an organ
Visceral
89
A group of cells that act together for a specific purpose
Tissue
90
The sum of all the body's physical and chemical activities
metabolism
91
Maintains an unchanging internal environment so body can function as it is intended to function
homeostasis
92
Example of a negative feedback loop
When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.
93
A process by which bodily systems maintain their normal environments or states; brings functions back to normal
Negative feedback in homeostasis
94
T or F. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable
True
95
Plasma membrane has two layers called ________
the phospholipid bilayer
96
The plasma membrane provides an area for cells to ____ with each other
bind
97
Molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration--no energy or ATP required
passive transportation
98
What are three types of passive transportation?
1. diffusion2. osmosis3. filtrationDATE OF FUN
99
What are the two types of diffusion?
1. simple diffusion2. facilitated diffusion
100
Substance moves on its own across the plasma membrane
simple diffusion
101
Substance helped across the plasma membrane by a molecule within the membrane
facilitated diffusion
102
Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane that happens whenever the concentration is different on the two sides of the plasma membrane
osmosis
103
Movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of high pressure to low pressure
filtration
104
This transportation requires energy (ATP) because molecules are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
active transportation
105
What are three types of active transportation?
1. active transport pumps2. endocytosis3. exocytosis
106
Sodium/potassium pump, which moves sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell
active transport pumps
107
Transporting bulk material into a cell where plasma membrane surrounds the particle and pulls it inside the cell
endocytosis
108
Transporting bulk material out of a cell
exocytosis
