Cells Tissues and Organs Flashcards
Provides energy de metabolic reactions in the form of the chemical _____, the energy compound of the cell.
ATP (adenosine troposphate)
What are the 3 main categories of organic compounds contained in cells?
- Protein2. Carbohydrates3. Lipids
Main carbohydrate which circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells
Carbohydrates
Proteins include _____,______, and _______.
Enzymes, some hormones and structural materials
________ tissue is designed to store lipids.
Adipose (fat) tissue
Within the cell’s cytoplasm are subunits called ________
Organelles
Control region of the cell that contains chromosomes
Nucleus
Carry genetic information
Chromosomes
Each human cell, aside from the reproductive cells, contains ___ chromosomes
46
Within the chromosomes is _____ which is organized into separate units called genes.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Control the formation of proteins
Genes
The catalysts needed to speed the rate of metabolic reactions
Enzymes
Cells use this compound to help manufacture proteins
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Changes in the genes or chromosomes
Mutations
Levels of organization from chemicals to body as a whole
Chemicals > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > body
The process where body cells divide and chromosomes are doubled then equally distributed to the two daughter cells
Mitosis
When a cell isn’t dividing, it remains in a stage called ________
Interphase
The process in which reproductive cells divide which halves the chromosomes in preparation for fertilization
Meiosis
The study of cells
Cytology
What are the four basic types of tissues that cells are organized into?
- Epithelial2. Connective3. Muscle 4. Nervous
_____ tissue covers and protects body structure and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.
Epithelial
What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?
Simple epithelium is composed of cells in a single layer and absorbs materials from one system to another Stratified epithelium has cells in multiple layers and protects deeper tissues
T or F. Most of the active cells in glands are epithelial cells.
True.
____ tissue supports and binds body structures.
Connective
Examples of connective tissue
Blood, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone
______ tissue contracts to produce movement.
Muscle
List the three types of muscle tissue.
- Skeletal muscle2. Cardiac muscle3. Smooth or visceral muscle
______ muscle moves the skeleton and has visible cross-bands (striations) involved in contraction
Skeletal muscle
Because skeletal muscle is under conscious control, it is also called _______ muscle.
Voluntary
_______ muscle forms the heart.
Cardiac
Cardiac muscle functions without concessions control and is described as _______.
Involuntary
_______ muscle forms the walls of the abdominal organs. It is involuntary
Smooth or visceral muscle
______ tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue controls and coordinates body responded by _______.
Transmission of electrical impulses
The basic cell in nervous tissue
Neutron or nerve cell
Outer layer of the cell that encloses the cell contents, regulated what enters and leaves the cell and participates in cell growth, reproduction and interactions between cells
Plasma membrane
Short extensions of the cell membrane that absorbs materials into the cell
Microvilli
Large organelle near the centre of the cell composed of DNA, chromosomes and proteins
Nucleus
Small body in the nucleus composed of RNA, DNA and protein and makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
Colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane and is the site of many cellular activities.
Cytoplasm
Consists of cytosol and organelles
Cytoplasm
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles
Cytosol
Small bodies free in the cytoplasm of attached he’d go the ER, composed of RNA and protein that manufactures proteins
Ribosomes
Network of membranes within the cytoplasm
Enndoplasmic reticulum (ER)
______ ER has ribosomes attached to it and sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds
Rough ER
____ ER doesn’t have attached ribosomes and is involved with lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER and manufactures proteins
Ribosomes
Large organelles with folded membranes inside that converts energy from nutrients into ATP
Mitochondria
Layers of membranes that makes compounds containing proteins and sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
Small sacs of digestive enzymes that digests substances within the cell
Lysosomes
Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that bream down harmful substances
Peroxisomes
Small membrane bound sacs in the cytoplasm that stores materials and moves materials into or out of the cell in bulk
Vesicles
Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles
Structures that extend from the cell that move the cell or the fluids around the cell
Surface projection
Short hair-like projection from the cell that moves the fluids around the cell
Cilia
Long whip-like extension from the cell and moves the cell
Flagellum
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase
A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that may cover an organ, like a cavity, or separate one structure from another
A membrane
______ membranes secrete _______, a thick fluid that lubricates surfaces and protects underlying tissue as in the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory passages.
Mucous, mucusy
______ membranes secrete a thin, watery fluid that likes body cavities and cover organs, such as the heart and the lungs
Serous
_______ membranes cover and support organs as found around the bones, brain and spinal cord.
Fibrous
The study of tissues
Histology
What is the collective function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system?
Circulation
What is the collective function of the respiratory, digestive and urinary system?
Nutrition and fluid balance
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Production of offspring
What is the collective function of the nervous and endocrine system?
Coordination and control
What is the collective function of the skeletal and muscular system?
Body structure and movement
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Body covering
The ______ system obtains the oxygen needed for metabolism and eliminates carbon dioxide
Respiratory
The _____ system takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients and eliminates undigested waste
Digestive
The _______ system eliminates soluble waste and balances the volume and composition of body fluids
Urinary
The _____ system receives and processes stimuli and directs responses
Nervous
The ______ system consists of individual glands that produce hormones
Endocrine
The ______ system moves the skeleton and makes up organs that protect vital organs.
Muscular
The _____ system functions in protection and helps to regulate body temperature
Integumentary
Body systems work together to maintain the body’s state of internal stability, or _______
Homeostasis
A part of the body with a specific function that is a component of a body system
Organ
A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell
Organelle
Nitrogen containing compounds that make up proteins
Amino acids
The type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building phase of metabolism
Anabolism
The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds
Catabolism
A fibrous protein found in connective tissue
Collagen
Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue
Interstitial
The inner region of an organ
Medulla
The outer region of an organ
Cortex
The functional tissue of an organ
Parenchyma
Pertaining to a wall that describes a membrane that liens a body cavity
Parietal
Pertaining to the internal organs and describes a membrane on the surface of an organ
Visceral
A group of cells that act together for a specific purpose
Tissue
The sum of all the body’s physical and chemical activities
metabolism
Maintains an unchanging internal environment so body can function as it is intended to function
homeostasis
Example of a negative feedback loop
When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.
A process by which bodily systems maintain their normal environments or states; brings functions back to normal
Negative feedback in homeostasis
T or F. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable
True
Plasma membrane has two layers called ________
the phospholipid bilayer
The plasma membrane provides an area for cells to ____ with each other
bind
Molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration–no energy or ATP required
passive transportation
What are three types of passive transportation?
- diffusion2. osmosis3. filtrationDATE OF FUN
What are the two types of diffusion?
- simple diffusion2. facilitated diffusion
Substance moves on its own across the plasma membrane
simple diffusion
Substance helped across the plasma membrane by a molecule within the membrane
facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane that happens whenever the concentration is different on the two sides of the plasma membrane
osmosis
Movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of high pressure to low pressure
filtration
This transportation requires energy (ATP) because molecules are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
active transportation
What are three types of active transportation?
- active transport pumps2. endocytosis3. exocytosis
Sodium/potassium pump, which moves sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell
active transport pumps
Transporting bulk material into a cell where plasma membrane surrounds the particle and pulls it inside the cell
endocytosis
Transporting bulk material out of a cell
exocytosis
