Brain | Neurology Flashcards
1
Q
Functions: relay station “triage center” for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness
A
thalamus
2
Q
Functions: body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland
A
hypothalamus
3
Q
Functions: coordination of voluntary movements and balance
A
cerebellum
4
Q
Functions: connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)
A
pons
5
Q
Functions: nerve fibres cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
A
medulla oblongota
6
Q
Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
A
acetylcholine
7
Q
Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)
A
afferent nerve
8
Q
Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord
A
arachnoid membrane
9
Q
Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
A
autonomic nervous system
10
Q
Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata
A
brainstem
11
Q
Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
A
cauda equina
12
Q
Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
A
cell body
13
Q
The brain and the spinal cord
A
central nervous system (CNS)
14
Q
Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
A
cerebellum
15
Q
Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
A
cerebral cortex
16
Q
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
A
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
17
Q
Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory
A
cerebrum
18
Q
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)
A
cranial nerves
19
Q
Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
A
dendrite
20
Q
Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
A
dura mater
21
Q
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; moter nerve
A
efferent nerve
22
Q
Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form CSF
A
ependymal cell
23
Q
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
A
ganglion
24
Q
Supportive and connective nerve cell that doesn’t carry nervous impulses. Ex: astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes
A
glial cell (neuroglial cell)
25
T or F. Glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons
t
26
Sheet of nerve cells producing a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
gyrus
27
Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature and secretions from the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
28
Part of the brain just above the spinal cord, controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here
medulla oblongata
29
3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
meninges
30
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
microglial cell
31
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
motor nerve
32
Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speeds impulse conduction along axons
myelin sheath
33
Macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
nerve
34
Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system
neuron
35
Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell; stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve, muscle or gland cell
neurotransmitter
36
Examples: acetycholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
neurotransmitter
37
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
oligodendroglical cell; oligodendrocyte
38
Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract
parasympathetic nerves
39
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system.
parenchyma
40
The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the ___ and ___ that carry nervous impulses
neurons and nerves
41
Parenchymal cells of the liver
hepatocytes
42
Parenchymal tissue of the kidney
nephrons
43
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves
peripheral nervous system
44
Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
pia mater
45
Large, interlacing network of nerves. ex: lumbosacral, cervical and brachial
plexus plural:plexuses
46
Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain; bridge connecting various parts of the brain
pons
47
Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it onto afferent nerves. ex: skin, ears, eyes and taste buds
receptor
48
Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
sciatic nerve
49
Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve
sensory nerve
50
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
spinal nerves
51
Agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
stimulus
52
Connective and supporting tissue of an organ (glial cells in the brain)
stroma
53
Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
sulcus plural:sulci
54
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
sympathetic nerves
55
Main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through this to appropriate centers in the cerebrum
thalamus
56
Tenth cranial nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
vagus nerve
57
Unlike the other cranial nerves, the vagus leaves the head and wanders into the ___ and ___ cavities
abdominal and thoracic
58
Canals in the brain that contain CSF. Also found in the heart
ventricles of the brain
59
cerebell/o
cerebellum
60
cerebr/o
cerebrum
61
dur/o
dura mater
62
encephal/o
brain
63
gli/o
glial cells
64
lept/o
thin, slender
65
mening/o, meningi/o
membranes, meninges
66
my/o
muscle
67
myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
68
neur/o
nerve
69
pont/o
pons
70
radicul/o
nerve root (of spinal nerves)
71
thalam/o
thalamus
72
thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)
73
vag/o
vagus nerve
74
alges/o, -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
75
myelo vs myo
myelo = spinal cord or bone marrowmy/o = muslce
76
pyelo vs pyo
pyelo = renal pelvis of kidneypyo = pus
77
Diseases of peripheral nerves
neuropathies
78
-algia
pain
79
caus/o
burning
80
comat/o
deep sleep (coma)
81
estehsi/o, -esthesia
feeling, sensation
82
kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
movement
83
-lepsy
seizure
84
lex/o
word, phrase
85
-paresis
weakness
86
-phasia
speech
87
-plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
88
-praxia
action
89
-sthenia
strenght
90
syncop/o
to cut off, cut short
91
tax/o
order, coordination
92
Removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis
thymectomy
93
X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material
cerebral angiography
94
Radioactive glucose injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
95
Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid/intracranial arteries
Doppler ultrasound studies
96
Recording of the electrical activity of the brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
97
CSF withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
lumbar puncture (LP)
98
Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain
stereotactic radiosurgery
99
computerized xray technique generating multiple images of the brain and spinal cord
computed tomography (CT) of the brain
100
magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
101
sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
doppler ultrasound studies
102
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
103
recording of electrical activity of brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
104
CSF withdrawn rom between 2 lumbar vertebrae for analysis
lumbar puncture (LP)
105
use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in brain
stereotactic radiosurgery
106
delivers uniform dose of proton radiation to a target and spares surrounding normal tissue
proton stereotactic radiosurgery (PSRS)
107
high energy radiation beam used to treat deep and often inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses
gamma knife
108
The ___ system and the endocrine system coordinate and control the body; regulate our responses to the environment and maintain homeostasis
nervous
109
While the endocrine system functions by hormones, the nervous system functions by ____
electric impulses
110
How is the nervous system divided?
1. central nervous system (CNS)2. peripheral nervous system (PNS)
111
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
CNS
112
Consists of all nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
PNS
113
What is another way the nervous system can be divided?
1. somatic nervous system2. autonomic (or visceral) nervous system
114
Controls skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
115
Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
autonomic or visceral nervous system
116
Regulates responses to stress and helps to maintain homeostasis.
ANS
117
What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?
1. neuron2. neuroglia
118
Nerve cells that make up the conducting tissue of the nervous system.
neurons
119
The connective tissue cells of the nervous system that support and protect nervous tissue
neuroglia
120
the basic functional unit of the nervous system
neurons
121
Each neuron has two types of fibers extending from the cell body: the _____, which carries impulses toward the cell body, and the ____, which carries impulses away from the cell body
dendrite, axon
122
Some axons are covered with ____, a whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon andspeeds electric conduction; these axons are described as _____
myelin, myelinated
123
Myelinated axons make up the _____ of the nervous system
white matter
124
Unmyelinated tissue makes up the ______ of the nervous system
grey matter
125
Each neuron is part of a ____ system that carries information through the nervous system
relay
126
A neuron that transmits impulses toward the CNS is a _____ neuron
sensory
127
A neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNSis a _____ neuron
motor
128
The point of contact between two nerve cells is the ____ where energy is passed from one cell to another by means of a _____
synapse, chemical neurotransmitter
129
Which cranial nerves have the sensory function of taste?
facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
130
smell SF, no MF
I olfactory
131
vision SF, no MF
II optic
132
no SF, eye movement MF (3)
III oculomotor, IV trochlear and VI abducens
133
facial sensation SF, chewing MF
V trigeminal
134
taste SF, facial expression MF
VII facial
135
hearing and balance SF, hair in cochlea MF
VIII vestibulocochlear
136
taste SF, swallowing MF
IX glossopharyngeal
137
taste SF, internal organ MF
X vagus
138
no SF, head/neck movement MF
XI spinal accessory
139
no sf, tongue movement MF
XII hypoglossal
140
Individual neuron fibers are held together in bundles like wires in a cable. If this bundle is part of the PNS,it is called a ____
nerve
141
A collection of cell bodies along the pathway of a nerve is a -----
ganglion
142
A few nerves (sensory nerves) contain only sensory neurons, and a few (motor nerves) contain only motor neurons, but most contain both types of fibers and are described as ------
mixed nerves
143
The largest part of the brain
cerebrum
144
Composed largely of white matter with a thinouter layer of gray matter
cerebrum
145
Outer layer of gray matter
cerebral cortex
146
It is within the cortex that the higher brain functions of ----, -------, and ------ occur
memory, reasoning and abstract thought
147
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by a deep groove, the ------
longitudinal fissure
148
Each ------ is further divided into lobes with specialized functions.
hemisphere
149
The diencephalon contains the -----, ---- and -----
1. thalamus2. hypothalamus3. pituitary gland
150
Receives sensory information and directs it to the proper portion of the cortex
thalamus
151
Controls the pituitary and forms a link between the endocrine and nervous systems
hypothalamus
152
The brainstem consists of the -----, -----, and -----
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
153
Contains reflex centers for improved vision and hearing
midbrain
154
Forms a bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem and contains fibers that connect different regions of the brain
pons
155
Connects the brain with the spinal cord; all impulses passing to and from the brain travel through this region; has vital centers for control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
medulla
156
under the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla; also divided into two hemispheres
cerebellum
157
Controls voluntary muscle movements and to maintainposture, coordination, and balance.
cerebellum
158
Within the brain are ---- ventricles (cavities) in which ----- (CSF) is produced
four, cerebrospinal fluid
159
CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord, acting as a ____ for these tissues.
protective cushion
160
Covering the brain and the spinal cord are three protective layers, together called the _____.
meninges
161
The outermost and toughest of the three meninges is the _____
dura mater.
162
The middle layer is the _____.
arachnoid
163
The thin, vascular inner layer, attached directly to the tissue of the brain and spinal cord, is the _____.
pia mater
164
Cranial nerve that carries impulses for the sense of smell
I olfactory
165
Cranial nerve: carries impulses for the sense of vision
II optic
166
Cranial nerve: controls movement of eye muscles
III oculomotor
167
Cranial nerves: controls muscle of the eyeball
IV trochlear, VI abducens
168
Cranial nerves: carries sensory impulses from the face; controls chewing musclesop
V trigeminal
169
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, and tearglands; conducts some impulses for taste
VII facial
170
Cranial nerve: conducts impulses for hearing and equilibrium; also called auditoryor acoustic nerve
VIII vestibulocochlear
171
Cranial nerve: conducts sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx; stimulates parotid salivary gland and partly controls swallowing
IX glossopharyngeal
172
Cranial nerve: supplies most organs of thorax and abdomen; controls digestive secretionsp
X vagus
173
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the neck
XI spinal accessory
174
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the tongue
XII hypoglossal
175
Extends from the medulla oblongata to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; central gray matter surrounded by white matter
spinal cord
176
The gray matter of the spinal cord projects toward the back and the front as the ___ and ___
dorsal and ventral horns
177
The white matter contains the ____ and ____ that carry impulses to and from the brain.
ascending and descending tracts (fiberbundles)
178
__ pairs of spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord
31
179
Spinal nerves are grouped in the segments of the cord: • Cervical: • Thoracic: • Lumbar: • Sacral: • Coccygeal:
• Cervical: 8• Thoracic: 12• Lumbar: 5• Sacral: 5• Coccygeal: 1
180
Each nerve joins the cord by ____.
two roots
181
The ____ root carries sensory impulses into the cord; the ____ root carries motor impulses away from the cord and out toward a muscle or gland.
dorsal or posterior, ventral or anterior root
182
A simple response that requires few neurons
reflex
183
T or F. In a spinal reflex, impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
True
184
T or F. Most neurologic responses involve complex interactions among multiple neurons in the CNS
True
185
____ is the division of the nervous system that controls the involuntary actions of muscles and glands
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
186
The ANS itself has two divisions: the ____ nervous system and the ____ nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
187
The _____ nervous system motivates our response to stress, the so-called “fight-or-flight” response; increases heart rate and respiration rate, stimulates the adrenalgland, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles.
sympathetic nervous system
188
The ____ system returns the body to a steadystate and stimulates maintenance activities, such as digestion of food.
parasympathetic
189
T or F. Most organs are controlled by both para- and sympathetic symptems and, in general, the two systems have the same effects on a given organ
F. opposite effect
190
What does the brain consist of?
1. cerebrum2. diencephalon3. brainstem4. cerebellum
191
The brain is a nervous tissue contained within the ____
cranium
192
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
193
The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord as a protection
CSF
194
The twelve pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain
cranial nerves
195
The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, andpituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem
diencephalon
196
The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
cerbrum
197
The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
brainstem
198
The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture
cerebellum
199
The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
200
The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing
midbrain
201
Producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS
motor
202
Also called glial cells
neuroglia
203
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse
neurotransmitter
204
A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect regions of the brain; the adjective is pontine
pons
205
A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord
root
206
Describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS
sensory
207
The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
spinal cord
208
The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord
spinal nerves
209
A bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS
tract
210
A bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS
nerve
211
A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion
212
neur/o, neur/i
nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve
213
gli/o
neuroglia
214
gangli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
215
mening/o, meninge/o
meninges
216
myel/o
spinal cord; bone marrow
217
radicul/o
root of a spinal nerve
218
encephal/o
brain
219
cerebr/o
cerebrum; loosely: brain
220
cortic/o
cerebral cortex; outer portion
221
cerebell/o
cerebellum
222
thalam/o
thalamus
223
ventricul/o
cavity, ventricle
224
medull/o
medulla oblongata; spinal cord
225
psych/o
mind
226
narc/o
stupor, unconsciousness
227
somn/o, somn/i
sleep
228
-phasia
speech
229
-lalia
speech; babble
230
-lexia
reading
231
-plegia
paralysis
232
-paresis
partial paralysis
233
-lepsy
seizure
234
-phobia
persistent, irrational fear
235
-mania
excited state, obsession
236
CVA
cerebrovascular accident; stroke
237
Formation of a blood clot in a vessel
thrombosis
238
Sudden blockage by an obstruction travelling from another part of the body
embolism
239
localized dilation of a vessel that may rupture and cause hemorrhage
aneurysm
240
loss or impairment of speech communication
aphasia
241
paralysis of one sideof the body
hemiplegia
242
Almost all tumors that originate in the nervous system are tumors of nonconducting support cells, the ____
neuroglia
243
EEG
electroencephalography
244
A drug that acts on the mental state
psychotropic drug
245
Psychotropic drugs include antianxiety drugs or ___, and antipsychotic drugs called ____
anxiolytic; neuroleptics
246
Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain’s hitting the skull
contrecoup injury
247
Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body
hemiparesis
248
A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS
multiple sclerosis
249
A disorder originating in the basal ganglia
parkinson disease
250
Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery inthe neck that supplies blood to the brain
carotid endarterectomy
251
Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the electric activity of the brainpower
EEG
252
Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord; spinal tap; done to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia
lumbar puncture
253
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
254
Four masses of gray matter in the cerebrum and upper brainstem that are involved in movement and coordination
basal ganglia
255
ACh
acetylcholine
256
AD
alzheimer disease
257
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
258
BAEP
brainstem auditory evoked potentials
259
CBF
cerebral blood flow
260
CP
cerebrospinal fluid
261
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
262
DTR
deep tendon reflexes
263
GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
264
ICP
intracranial pressure
265
LMN
lower motor neuron
266
LOC
level of consciousness
267
MID
multi-infarct dementia
268
NICU
neurological intensive care unit
269
NPH
normal pressure hydrocephalus
270
NREM
non rapid eye movement (sleep)
271
RAS
reticular activating system
272
REM
rapid eye movement (sleep)
273
SSEP
somatosensory evoked potentials
274
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
275
TIA
transient ischemic attack
276
UMN
upper motor neuron
277
VEP
visual evoked potentials
278
Brain is damaged by a sudden disruption in the flow of blood to a part of the brain
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
279
CVAs are also called _____ or _____
stroke or brain attack
280
3 types of vascular disorders causing CVA
1. Occlusion by an atheroma 2. Sudden obstruction by an embolus 3. Cerebral bleed/hemorrhage
281
Symptoms of CVA
Severe headache, aphasia, dysplasia, sudden weakness, numbness or paralysis, confusion or impaired consciousness, drooping of one side of eyelid and mouth, vision difficulties, sudden dizziness, loss of balance and coordination
282
T or F. CVA needs immediate intervention to limit brain damage.
T
283
2 families of drugs to treat CVA
1. Anticoagulants like Warfarin and Coumadin2. Thrombolytic agents like aspirin or heparin (Iv)
284
Temporary episodes of impaired neurologic functioning caused by an inadequate flow of blood to a portion of the brain.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
285
TIAs are also called ____ or ____
"little strokes" or "mini strokes"
286
TIAs have a duration of less than ___ hours
24
287
TIAs are caused by a piece of plaque formed by ______
atherosclerosis
288
The plaque in TIA breaks away from a wall of an artery or heart valve and travels to the brain, which is known as an ____
emboli
289
Another cause for TIA are _______ from an arterial ulcer.
platelet fibrin emboli
290
Treatment for TIA depends on the _____ of the attack.
location
291
T or F. Anticoagulants are used during the episode to lessen the frequency or chance of TIA recurrences.
T
292
Chew _____ as symptoms appear in TIA
aspirin
293
Usually results in brain injury that can range from mild to life-threatening or fatal
head trauma
294
Collection or mass of blood forms between the skull and the dura mater
epidural hematoma
295
Epidural hematoma affects the area between the ____ and the ____, the outer most of the 3 meningeal layers
skull and the dura mater
296
In epidural hematoma, symptoms appear a few hours after ______
head trauma
297
Epidural hematoma symptoms include sudden headache, dilated pupils, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and _____
hemiparesis
298
In epidural hematoma, blood from ______ seeps into and around the meningeal layers due to head trauma
ruptured vessels
299
In both subdural and epidural hematoma, sudden _____ and _____ causes brain to strike the skull
acceleration and deceleration
300
2 surgical interventions for subdural/epidural hematoma
1. craniotomy2. cranial trephination or burr hole
301
Craniotomy and trephination are procedures done to remove ______ and to cauterize ______ if increasing intracranial pressure becomes life threatening
accumulated blood; the bleeding vessel
302
The cause of epidural hematoma is typically a _____
blow to the head
303
The blood collects or pools between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
subdural hematoma
304
What areas of the brain are affected in a subdural hematoma?
the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
305
The general cause of a subdural hematoma is ______
the head striking an immovable object
306
Symptoms of an epidural hematoma typically appear within _____ of a head trauma,
a few hours
307
Subdural hematomas have a _____, causing symptoms to appear later
delayed symptom onset
308
Epidural hematomas are usually caused by ______, while subdural hematomas are caused by ______
a blow to the head; the head striking an immovable object
309
Possible bruising of the cerebral tissue
cerebral concussion
310
Cerebral concussion is also called a ______
mild traumatic brain injury
311
In a cerebral concussion there is a disruption of the normal ______ in the brain, but the brain itself usually is not permanently injured
electrical activity
312
Cerebral concussions are caused by ______ movement of the head, as in an acceleration-deceleration insult
back and forth
313
Cerebral concussions are also caused by ____ trauma or falling
blunt force
314
Cerebral concussions are treated with quiet bed rest with observation for signs of _____
behavioral changes
315
Most severe concussion where the injury includes bruising of brain tissue along or just beneath the surface of the brain
cerebral contusion
316
Another name for cerebral contusion
contrecoup insult
317
Cerebral contusion is caused by a _____ or impacting against a _____ as occurs in a car accident.
blow to the head; hard surface
318
In cerebral contusion, a _____ force against ______ of the brain occurring when colliding with the _____ may damage structures deep in the brain.
twisting and shearing; two hemispheres; cranial bones
319
Contusion is associated with _____
skull fracture
320
A break or fracture in one of the bones of the cranium, when depressed or torn loose, they are pushed below the normal surface of the skull
depressed skull fracture
321
Depressed skull fractures are caused by ______ in the skull with a ______ object
direct impact; blunt object
322
In depressed skull fracture, a fractured bone may cut an ____ or ____ causing hemorrhage in the brain
artery or vein
323
Treatment for depressed skull fracture includes relieving the _____
intracranial pressure
324
Surgical intervention for depressed skull fracture that elevates the bone back into place
craniotomy
325
____ is used in depressed skull fractures until they are partially healed
head protection
326
Injury of the spinal cord affect the innervation of any spinal nerves distal to the point of insult.
paraplegia and quadriplegia
327
In para/quadriplegia, the ____ and ____ often result in the failure of spinal nerve functioning.
extent of the injury and consequential edema
328
Loss of nerve function below the waist, resulting in paralysis of the lower trunk and legs
paraplegia
329
Loss of nerve function at the cervical region resulting in paralysis of the arms, hands, trunk and legs
quadriplegia
330
Para/quadriplegia are due to _____ or _____
vertebral fractures or dislocation
331
In para/quadriplegia, the ____ causes injury/trauma to the cord and the severity of the trauma.
site
332
In paraplegia there is trauma to ___ and below
T1
333
2 other causes for paraplegia
1. vertical compression2. hyperflexion
334
In quadriplegia, there is trauma to ___ and above
C5
335
Para/quadriplegia are treated with restoration of the normal ____ and ____ of the spine;
alignment and stability
336
4 other treatments for para/quadriplegia
1. decompression of the spinal cord, nerves and vertebrae 2. early rehab. 3. neck and spine stabilization. 4. hypothermic state to injured area
337
In para/quadriplegia, ____ is used to prevent or slow edema
methylprednisone
338
Degeneration or deterioration of an intervertebral disc that may result in pain in the areas served by the spinal nerves of the involved disc space.
degenerative disk disease (DDD)
339
DDD is caused by age due to decreased ____ in the disc, or ____ wear and tear.
water; mechanical
340
Misalignment in DDD can cause ____ and ____, eventually involving the nerve roots causing scarring.
inflammation and disc destruction
341
2 key diagnostic indicators that accompany a depressed skull fracture
1. battle's sign (bruising behind the ears) 2. racoon eyes (bruising around and under the eyes
342
DDD sequela is _____
spinal stenosis
343
4 treatments for DDD
1. be active 2. analgesics and NSAIDs 3. physical therapy 4. spinal fusion and freeing of the nerve roots from entrapment
344
Rupture of the nucleus pulposus through the annular wall of the disc and into the spinal canal
herniated and bulging disk
345
Herniated and bulging disk is also called ____ or ____
ruptured or slipped disk
346
4 causes for herniated and bulging disk
1. accumulated trauma2. sudden impact3. poor posture4. aging
347
Conservative treatment of herniated and bulging disk consists of using ____ and ____
hot and cold packs
348
Family of drugs to treat herniated and bulging disk
relaxants and analgesics
349
3 surgical interventions used for herniated and bulging disks where the herniated disc may be excised
1. percutaneous discectomy2. microdiscectomy3. removal of the disk with laminectomy and fusion of the vertebrae
350
Pathologic condition brought about by trauma, degeneration or rupture of the nucleus pulposus
sciatic nerve injury or spinal stenosis
351
In sciatic nerve injury, rupture of the nucleus pulposus occur within intervertebral discs ___ through ___
L4, S3
352
In spinal stenosis, there is narrowing of the spinal canal or _____ because of compression on the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
nerve root foramen (sciatica)
353
Trauma to sciatic nerve may result from a fall, gunshot or stab wounds, or poor ____
body mechanics
354
In spinal stenosis, ____ can lead to degeneration of the disc or the nucleus pulposus.
aging
355
An _____ may prompt more rapid degeneration of spinal stenosis
inflammatory autoimmune response
356
In spinal stenosis, aging and arthritic changes may also cause narrowing of the ____ and the ____
spinal canal and the foramen
357
3 treatment options for spinal stenosis
1. oral prednisone2. physical therapy3. ultrasound diathermy with massage
358
Pain in the head that is not confined to any one specific nerve distribution area
headache
359
Another word for headache
cephalalgia
360
Causes of headaches
--
361
Family of drugs to treat headaches
NSAIDs
362
Periodic severe headaches that may be completely incapacitating and almost always are accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, anorexia, intense hemi cranial or bilateral throbbing pain and visual signs and symptoms
migraine
363
Causes of migraine is unknown but may be biological with changes in the _____
cerebral blood flow
364
2 types of spinal cord injuries
paraplegia and quadriplegia
365
In migraines there is ______ followed by _____ of the cerebral and cranial arteries
vasoconstriction; vasodilation
366
Family of drugs to treat migraines
analgesics
367
Chronic brain disorder, characterized by sudden episodes of abnormal intense electrical activity in the brain which results in seizure activity
epilepsy/seizure disorder
368
Type of epilepsy with known abnormalities in the brain resulting from a pathologic process, genetic or acquired
symptomatic epilepsy
369
Pathologic conditions associated with seizures
1. scar tissue on cerebral cortext from infection or trauma2. cortical neoplasm3. cerebral edema4. TIAs 5. CVAs
370
Other possible causes of epilepsy
1. birth trauma (cerebral palsy)2. drug toxicity3. diabetes4. hypoglycemia5. other conditions depriving the brain of oxygen
371
Family of drugs to treat epilepsy
anticonvulsants ex.phenytoin, carbamazepine, valporic acid, etc
372
Common slowly progressive neurologic disorder characterized by the onset of recognizable disturbances
Parkinson's disease
373
4 recognizable disturbances in Parkinson's disease
1. “pill-rolling” tremor of the thumb and forefinger2. muscular rigidity3. slowness of movement4. postural instability
374
T or F. In Parkinson's, the cause of the degeneration of nerves in the motor system is unknown.
T
375
In Parkinson's, a deficiency of _____ has been clinically demonstrated in patients with this disease
dopamine
376
Parkinson's can also occur after which three incidents?
1. after ingestion of poison, 2. after encephalitis3. after taking certain major tranquilizers and certain antihypertensive drugs
377
In Parkinson's, degenerative disease of the brain involve ______ parts of the brain
preferentially various
378
T or F. There is no cure and no known way of preventing Parkinson's
T
379
A hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia where progressive atrophy of the brain occurs
Huntington's chorea/disease
380
The exact cause of Huntington's disease is uncertain but it is an _____ trait that can be inherited by either sex
autosomal dominant
381
General cause of spinal cord injuries (para/quadriplegia)?
vertebral fractures and/or dislocations
382
3 ways to classify spinal cord injuries in terms of injury mechanism
1. compression 2. hyperflexion 3. hyperextension
383
In spinal cord injuries, damage occurring the ___ vertebral level is usually fatal
C3
384
Surgical treatment option for degenerative disk disease
spinal fusion and freeing of the nerve roots from entrapment
385
In ______ disk there is a rupture of the nucleus pulposus through the annular wall of the disk and into the spinal call
herniated disk
386
In _____ disk, the nucleus pulposus extends into the inner annulus only
bulging disk
387
Another name for spinal stenosis
sciatica
388
3 sciatic nerve injury/spinal stenosis surgical interventions
1. discectomy or microdiscectomy2. spinal fusion3. chemonucleolysis and/or decompression
389
For Huntington's disease, haloperidol lactate and fluphenazine are prescribed to reduce ____
agitation
390
Progressive destructive motor neuron disease that results in muscular atrophy
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
391
ALS is also called _____ disease
Lou Gehrig's
392
ALS may be caused by ______ trait
autosomal inherited
393
A new drug that has shown promise in slowing progression and extending life of ALS patients
Riluzole
394
In ALS, tizanidine and baclofen are muscle relaxants to help relieve _____
muscle spasticity
395
Neurologic condition typified by an overwhelming urge to move the legs or body part is to stop an uncomfortable or odd sensation
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
396
Restless legs syndrome incidence appears to increase after the ages ___ and ___
40 and 50
397
2 things that may play a role in causing RLS
1. anemia2. stress
398
Family of drugs to alleviate or lessen symptoms in RLS
dopamine agonists
399
Frightening and anxiety provoking total loss of recent memory; learning process is completely blocked. Memory disturbances are involved
transient global amnesia
400
Transient global amnesia temporary duration is __ to __ hours
1 to 6 hours
401
5 precipitating events to transient global amnesia
1. stress or emotional events2. swimming3. immersion in cold water4. driving a motor vehicle5. sexual intercourse.
402
Transient global amnesia patient may have experienced _____ on previous occasions, usually without nausea, vomiting or photosensitivity
migraine headaches
403
T or F. Transient globa amnesia is treatable
F
404
Degeneration of peripheral nerves
peripheral neuritis
405
Another name for peripheral neuritis
neuropathy
406
Peripheral neuritis is caused by toxicity of what 6 vthings
1. chronic alcohol intoxication2. arsenic3. lead4. carbon disulfide5. benzene6. phosphorus
407
2 other causes for peripheral neuritis
1. infections- mumps- pneumonia- diphtheria2. metabolic or inflammatory disorders- diabetes- rheumatoid arthritis- gout- systemic lupus erythematosus
408
2 physiologic causes of headache
1. tension headache2. vascular headache
409
Headache strain on facial, neck and scalp muscles
tension
410
Headache caused by edema within the blood vessels of the head resulting in change in arterial size
vascular
411
Type of preparation taken at the first sign of a migraine to help
Ergot preparation
412
Symptoms of migraine other than a headache
nauseaanorexiavisual symptoms
413
Seizure that arises from a localized area in the brain
partial seizure
414
Seizure where there is diffuse electrical abnormality within the brain
generalized seizure
415
Prolonged seizure activity – one seizure follows another with no recovery of consciousness between attacks
status epilepticus
416
Families of drugs to treat peripheral neuritis
anticonvulsants and tricylic antidepressants
417
Pain of the area innervated by the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve, the trigeminal nerve
trigeminal neuralgia
418
Another name for trigeminal neuralgia
tic doloureux
419
Trigeminal neuralgia may be related to compression of a _____ by a tumor or vascular lesion
nerve root
420
Trigeminal neuralgia is a sequela to _____ or _____
multiple sclerosis or herpes zoster
421
Families of drugs to treat trigeminal neuralgia
analgesics, anticonvulsants or muscle relaxants
422
Disorder of facial nerve that causes a sudden onset of weakness or paralysis
Bell's palsy
423
Symptoms of Bell's palsy result from blockage of impulses from the cranial nerve # __ caused by compression of the nerve in the bony canal
7th cranial (facial) nerve
424
_____ has been noted in a small percentage of people with Lyme disease
bilateral facial paralysis
425
T or F. Early treatment is critical in Bell's palsy
T
426
Procedure to stimulate the nerve and prevent muscle atrophy in Bell's palsy
electrotherapy
427
4 other treatments for Bell's palsy
1. warm moist heat2. gentle massage3. facial exercise to stimulate muscle tone4. prednisone
428
Inflammation of the meninges, the membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
429
Meningitis can originate directly from which 3 areas?
1. brain2. spinal cord3. sinuses
430
3 bacteria most responsible for meningitis
1. Haemophilus influenza 2. Neisseria Meningitidis 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
431
4 treatment options for meningitis
1. aggressive IV antibiotic therapy 2. anticonvulsants to control seizure 3. glucocorticoids to reduce cerebral inflammation and edema 4. aspirin and acetaminophen are used for headaches
432
Inflammation of brain tissue
encephalitis
433
3 types of encephalomyelitis
1. Eastern equine 2. Western equine 3. Venezuelan equine
434
Non-endemic encephalitis
West Nile viral encephalitis
435
Encephalitis is caused by viruses or the toxins from ____ or ____ from mosquito bites
chickenpox measles or mumps
436
Antiviral agents are effective against only ____ encephalitis
herpes simplex
437
4 encephalitis treatments
1. mild analgesics for pain, 2. antipyretic for elevated temperatures, 3. anticonvulsants for seizure activity4. antibiotic for any intercurrent infection
438
4 recognizable disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease
1. pill rolling tremor 2. muscular rigidity 3. slowness of movement (shuffling gait) 4. postural instability
439
Acute rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves
Guillain-Barré syndrome
440
Guillain-Barré syndrome is on ____ but has more of a ____ process
autoimmune; infectious
441
Surgical treatment option for Parkinson's disease
deep brain stimulation
442
Guillain-Barre syndrome has been known to follow a _____ or gastroenteritis after 10-21 days
respiratory infection; gastroenteritis
443
Guillain-Barré syndrome is associated with _____ of the nerves
demyelination
444
To treat Guillain-Barré syndrome, _____ washes the plasma to remove antibodies, thereby shortening the time required for recovery
plasmapheresis
445
IV ____ may be beneficial in treating Guillain-Barré syndrome
immunoglobulin
446
Collection of pus can occur anywhere in the brain tissue
brain abscess
447
CNS abscesses may be the result of _____ or _____ infections elsewhere in the body
local or secondary
448
3 common causative organisms for brain abscess
1. Staphylococci 2. Streptococci 3. Pneumococci
449
Brain abscess can be caused by ______ including head trauma and a craniotomy wound, or a port of entry for microorganism
breaches in the integrity of CNS
450
2 drugs to treat brain abscess
1. IV antibiotics to resolve infection 2. Mannitol or steroids are to reduce cerebral edema
451
Drainage of the brain abscess may be necessary to relieve _____ and to _____ the offending organism
intracranial pressure; culture
452
Viral infection of the anterior horn cells of the gray matter of the spinal cord and causes a selective destruction of the motor neurons
poliomyelitis
453
Another name for poliomyelitis
Postpolio syndrome
454
In poliomyelitis, ____ enters the body through the nose and throat and crosses into the gastrointestinal tract
poliovirus
455
In poliomyelitis, poliovirus reproduces in the ____ and travels in the ____
lymphoid tissue; bloodstream
456
In poliomyelitis, poliovirus travels to CNS where the virus assaults the ____ of the ____
motor neurons of the spinal cord
457
Poliomyelitis is transmitted from person to person by ____ or ____
infected oropharyngeal secretion or feces that contain the virus
458
2 types of polio vaccines
1. inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) 2. oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)
459
3 different serotypes of polio virus
Type1 Type2 Type 3
460
_____ vaccine and ____ vaccine afford immunity from all 3 forms of poliomyelitis
sabin trivalent oral vaccine; salk vaccine
461
Ceaseless, uncontrolled, involuntary movements (Huntington's)
chorea
462
T or F. Huntington's chorea causes personality changes
T
463
T or F. Mind functioning is affected in ALS
F; the main result of ALS is muscular atrophy
464
Peripheral neuritis typically affects the ____ of the ____
distal muscles of the extremities
465
Peripheral neuritis leads to muscle ____ and sensory ____
weakness; loss
466
Surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia to alleviate pain
dissection of nerve root
467
T or F. Bell's palsy is usually bilateral
F; usually unilateral
468
What must be ruled out before treating Bell's palsy
CVA
469
Key symptom of meningitis
stiff neck
470
Stiffness of the neck that resists any sideways or flexion-extension movement
nuchal rigidity
471
2 diagnostic signs of meningitis
1. Kernig's sign 2. Brudzinski's sign
472
2 types of meningitis
1. bacterial2. viral (less serious)
473
Type of causative pathogen for encephalitis
virus, but can be caused by toxins from chickenpox, measles, or mumps
474
In Guillain-Barre Syndrome, symptoms start at ___ and ___
feet and hands
475
In Guillain-Barre Syndrome, progressive muscle weakness and paralysis follows in ___ to ___ hours
24 to 72 hours
476
Guillain-Barre is on an autoimmune basis but can also follow a ____ or ____
respiratory infection; gastroenteritis
477
A lumbar puncture contraindicates when diagnosing a brain access because the increased ICP can cause the ____ to ____, causing death
brainstem to herniate
478
Type of neurons selectively destroyed in poliomyelitis
motor neurons
479
Postpolio syndrome typically appears ___ years or more after the original infection in a person who has had polio
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