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* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 > Ears, Nose & Throat > Flashcards

Ears, Nose & Throat Flashcards

1
Q

Acute inflammatory process affecting the mucus membrane that lines the upper respiratory tract

A

common cold/upper respiratory tract infection (URI/URTI)

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2
Q

Caused by almost 200 different viruses that are part of normal body flora

A

common cold/URI/URTI

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3
Q

Group of viruses responsible for 1/2 of the 200 viruses that cause the common cold

A

rhinoviruses

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4
Q

Controversial treatment for colds

A

oral antihistamines

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5
Q

When do ordinary colds and bacterial colds usually resolve?

A

ordinary cold: 4-5 daysbacterial: 7-10 days

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6
Q

SInusitis is the acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the ______

A

paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

Sinusitis is caused by ___, ___ and ___ that travel to the sinuses from the nose; often occurs after the patient has been infected by the common cold

A

virus, fungus, bacteria

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8
Q

What is another cause of sinusitis?

A

Any condition that blocks sinus drainage and ventilation

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9
Q

Treatment: saline nasal sprays and corticosteroid nasal sprays

A

sinusitis

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of sinusitis?

A
  1. acute: 3 to 4 week resolution2. chronic: surgical treatment
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11
Q

Type of sinusitis requiring surgery

A

chronic sinusitis

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12
Q

Which paranasal sinuses are affected most in sinusitis?

A

maxillary paranasal sinuses

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13
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation or infection of the pharynx

A

pharyngitis

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14
Q

What is the informal term for pharyngitis

A

sore throat

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15
Q

What are 3 types of pharyngitis?

A
  1. acute2. chronic3. gonococcal
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16
Q

Type of pharyngitis that may be secondary to systemic viral infections such as chickenpox and measles

A

acute

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17
Q

Type of pharyngitis that occurs when an infection spreads to the pharynx and remains, such as syphilis and tuberculosis

A

chronic

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18
Q

Type of pharyngitis resulting from oral-genital sexual activity

A

gonococcal

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19
Q

How is streptococcal pharyngitis treated?

A

7-10 day course of antibiotics

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20
Q

What are the two conditions that must be ruled out before diagnosing pharyngitis?

A
  1. epiglottitis2. Ludwig’s angina: cellulitis of the floor of the mouth
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21
Q

Head and neck cancer that arises in the area of the pharynx unique in that it is not linked to tobacco use

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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22
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma arise in the area of the pharynx that opens into the ____ anteriorly and the ___ inferiorly

A

nasal cavity, oropharynx

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23
Q

Cancer often linked to dietary intake or Epstein-Barr Virus infection

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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24
Q

What are three main symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A
  1. neck mass2. epistaxis3. serous otitis media
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25
Q

5 risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:

A
  1. salted fish in regular diet2. high levels of nitrates3. chinese herbs4. infection with EBV5. first degree relative with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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26
Q

How are early stage and advanced stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated?

A

early stage: radiation therapyadvanced stage: chemoradiotherapy

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27
Q

Inflammation of the larynx including the vocal cords; main symptoms is hoarseness

A

laryngitis

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28
Q

List 5 causes of laryngitis.

A
  1. infection: bacterial or viral2 URI3. reflux laryngitis: repeated attacks of acid reflux4. excessive use of voice5. benign or malignant lesion of the larynx
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29
Q

Treatment: voice rest, bed rest, fluid intake, lozenges and cough syrup

A

laryngitis

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30
Q

Chronic laryngitis is treated based on elimination of _____

A

the causative factor

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31
Q

Crooked nasal septum

A

deviated septum (DNS)

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32
Q

What are the two causes of DNS?

A
  1. congenital anomaly2. trauma
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33
Q

Treatment is unnecessary unless air passage is compromised; if so, treated surgically

A

DNS

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34
Q

Benign growth that form as a consequence of swollen mucous membranes protruding into the nasal cavity

A

nasal polyps

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35
Q

If polyps grow large enough, they can cause ____ and ____

A

breathing problems and anosmia (loss of smell)

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36
Q

Nasal polyps are caused by the _____ in the cells of the mucous membrane: also allergic rhinitis

A

overproduction of fluid

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37
Q

How are nasal polyps treated?

A
  1. surgical removal2. injection of a steroid directly into the polyps
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38
Q

Impairment or loss of the sense of smell

A

anosmia

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39
Q

The _____ form of anosmia can be caused by nasal polyps and allergic rhinitis

A

chronic form

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40
Q

List 3 other causes of anosmia.

A
  1. phobia 2. damage of the olfactory nerves3. intranasal swelling
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41
Q

Phobia of a certain smell

A

psychological anosmia

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42
Q

Can cause temporary anosmia

A

URTI

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43
Q

T or F. Damaged nerves can’t be repaired in regards to anosmia

A

T

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44
Q

Hemorrhage from the nose

A

epistaxis

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45
Q

What is the informal term for epistaxis

A

nosebleed

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46
Q

List 3 causes of epistaxis.

A
  1. cold/infections that cause crusting which damages the mucous membrane and ruptures vessels2. direct trauma to the nose3. systemic disorders
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47
Q

What are 2 common topical cauterization agents used to treat moderate epistaxis?

A
  1. silver nitrate (AgNO3)2. cocaine
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48
Q

What are 5 risk factors for epistaxis?

A
  1. vitamin k deficiency2. hypertension3. aspirin ingestion4. high altitude5. anticoagulant therapy
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49
Q

Treated with local application of epinephrine followed by cauterization, nasal packing, surgical ligation of a bleeding artery if severe

A

epistaxis

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50
Q

____ lasting longer than 2 weeks is usually the inly symptom of a tumor of the larynx

A

dysphonia or difficulty speaking

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51
Q

What are the 2 types of benign tumors of the larynx?

A
  1. papillomas2. polyps
52
Q

Type of larynx tumor that causes intermittent dysphonia

A

benign tumors

53
Q

Type of larynx tumor that causes continuous, gradually worsening dysphonia

A

malignant tumors

54
Q

How is laryngeal cancer treated once it has metastasized?

A

laryngectomy

55
Q

Neoplasm of the larynx

A

laryngeal cancer

56
Q

What is the most common site for head and neck tumors?

A

larynx

57
Q

Laryngeal cancers are mostly _____ carcinomas

A

squamous cell carcinomas

58
Q

T or F. Laryngeal cancers have peak incidence in the fifth and sixth decades of life

A

F. Sixth and seventh

59
Q

What are the two major factors for laryngeal cancer, particularly when both occur?

A
  1. smoking2. alcohol abuse
60
Q

How are laryngeal cancers treated?

A

surgery and/or radiation therapy

61
Q

What are the 4 requirements for hearing?

A
  1. vibratory or sound STIMULUS2. RELAY of sound/vibration to the inner ear3. STIMULATION of tiny hairs in cochlea4. CONDUCTION of nerve impulses to the brain
62
Q

What are the two main types of hearing loss?

A
  1. conductive2. sensorineural
63
Q

Conductive hearing loss is related to impairment of the ____ or ____

A

eardrum or middle ear ossicles

64
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by impairment of the ____ or _____

A

cochlea or the auditory nerve

65
Q

Abnormal accumulation of ear wax in the canal of the outer ear, preventing sound waves from reaching the _____

A

impacted cerumen, tympanic membrane

66
Q

What are 3 main causes for impacted cerumen?

A
  1. dryness and scaling of skin2. excessive hair in ear canal3. abnormally narrow ear canal
67
Q

Treatment: softened with oily drops or hydrogen peroxide and irrigated with water

A

impacted cerumen

68
Q

Inflammation of the external ear canal

A

infective otitis externa

69
Q

Infective otitis externa is caused by a buildup of ____ mixed with ___ which is a good place for bacteria or fungi

A

cerumen mixed with water

70
Q

What are 2 conditions that can cause infective otitis externa?

A
  1. psoriasis2. seborrhea
71
Q

T or F. Infective otitis externa tends to recur and can become chronic

A

T

72
Q

Inflammation and resulting infection of the outer ear canal after water has been trapped during swimming

A

swimmer’s ear

73
Q

Swimmer’s ear is caused by a buildup of ___ mixed with ___ in the ear canal

A

cerumen mixed with water, exactly like infective otitis externa

74
Q

How are infective otitis externa and swimmer’s ear different?

A

Swimmer’s ear infection is caused by swimming; IOE is caused by an already existing infectious process

75
Q

Inflammation of the normally air-filled middle ear with the accumulation of fluid behind the tympanic membrane; can occur unilaterally or bilaterally

A

otitis media (OM)

76
Q

What are the two types of otitis media?

A
  1. serous or nonsuppurative2. suppurative
77
Q

Type of OM with relatively clear and sterile fluid

A

serous or nonsuppurative

78
Q

What are two types of serous otitis media?

A
  1. acute2. chronic
79
Q

Acute serous otitis media is caused by a URI virus that has spread through the ____ into the ___

A

eustachian tube into the middle ear

80
Q

Chronic serous otitis media develops from an acute attack, _____ of the adenoids, or ____ infection

A

hypertrophy of the adenoids or chronic sinus infection

81
Q

Type of OM caused by bacteria

A

suppurative

82
Q

Treated with decongestants to promote drainage and antibiotics for suppurative cases

A

OM

83
Q

How is severe OM treated?

A

surgical evacuation of the fluid or myringotomy

84
Q

T or F. Myringotomy tubes may need to be inserted after OM is treated to keep the middle ear filled with air and prevent fluid accumulation

A

T

85
Q

Abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, primarily affecting the stapes

A

otosclerosis

86
Q

T or F. Otosclerosis causes conductive hearing loss

A

T

87
Q

What is the key symptom of otosclerosis?

A

tinnitus

88
Q

In otosclerosis, the movement of the ____ is impaired, causing reduced conduction of sound waves

A

ossicles

89
Q

What is the only cure for otosclerosis?

A

stapedectomy in which the bone is replaced with a prosthesis

90
Q

If surgery is not an option for a patient with otosclerosis, how does he or she manage the condition?

A

hearing aids

91
Q

Chronic disease of the inner ear affecting the labyrinth

A

Ménière’s disease

92
Q

What are the 4 core symptoms of Ménière’s disease?

A
  1. vertigo2. tinnitus3. progressive hearing loss4. sensation of aural fullness
93
Q

Ménière’s disease involves the destruction of the ____ inside the cochlea

A

tiny hair cells

94
Q

List some predisposing factors for Ménière’s disease.

A
  1. middle ear infection2. head trauma3. dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system4. noise pollution5. premenstrual edema
95
Q

Treated by adopting a salt-free diet, restricted fluid intake, avoiding stressful situations

A

Ménière’s disease

96
Q

Ménière’s disease can also be treated with surgical destruction of the affected labyrinth by ____

A

ultrasound

97
Q

Vestibular system disorder stimulated by head movement

A

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

98
Q

BPPV is caused by balance or equilibrium disorders where the ___ and ___ are not functioning properly

A

brainstem and cerebellum

99
Q

What are the 3 drugs prescribed for BPPV?

A
  1. anthistamines2. anticholinergics3. benzodizepines
100
Q

Treated by repeatedly turning the head side to side

A

BPPV

101
Q

What is the specific diagnostic test for BPPV?

A

caloric stimulation

102
Q

Inflammation or infection of the labyrinth

A

labyrinthitis

103
Q

BPPV vs Ménière’s disease vs labyrinthitis?

A

Ménière’s disease: BPPV: vertigo stimulated by head movement; vestibular systemLabyrinthitis: constant vertigo not in relation to head movement

104
Q

Labyrinthitis is caused by a virus or bacterial infection that has spread from the _____

A

middle ear

105
Q

Type of labyrinthitis that can cause permanent hearing deficiency and/or balance problems

A

bacterial labyrinthitis

106
Q

Any tear or injury to the eardrum that causes a breach in the integrity of the membrane

A

ruptured tympanic membrane

107
Q

Ruptured tympanic membrane is the result of which 3 main factors?

A
  1. pressure2. force or insult from outside3. increased pressure within the middle earExamples: nearby explosion, fractured skull, severe ear infection, sharp object, etc
108
Q

Treated with patch applied to the eardrum or tympanoplasty

A

ruptured tympanic membrane

109
Q

Pocket of skin cells located in the middle ear collects into a cyst-like mass and becomes infected

A

cholesteatoma

110
Q

In cholesteatoma, the bone lining the ____, rods, and ossicles become damaged

A

middle ear cavity

111
Q

How does cholesteatoma develop?

A
  1. in infancy2. chronic ear infection
112
Q

In cholesteatoma, the ____ fails to open or becomes blocked (OM)

A

eustachian tube

113
Q

A pocket in the eardrum is formed because the normally air-filled chamber develops a weak ____ causing the eardrum to become retracted

A

vacuum

114
Q

The early stage of cholesteatoma is treated with thorough cleaning of the ____ and inflation of the ___

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube

115
Q

THe advanced stage of cholesteatoma is treated with surgical reconstruction of the ____

A

middle ear

116
Q

What are some complications that can arise when surgically reconstructing the middle ear?

A

deafness, vertigo or erosion of a facial nerve

117
Q

Inflammation of the mastoid bone or mastoid process

A

mastoiditis

118
Q

What are the 2 types of mastoiditis?

A
  1. acute2. chronic
119
Q

Acute mastoiditis is the result of neglected, untreated, or poorly treated ______

A

acute otitis media

120
Q

Chronic mastoiditis is associated with _____

A

advanced cholesteatoma

121
Q

Chronic mastoiditis may be treated with what surgical procedure?

A

radical masoidectomy

122
Q

Occupational hearing loss where sound waves reach the inner ear but are not perceived

A

sensorineural hearing loss

123
Q

In sensorineural hearing loss, ____ are not transmitted to the brain

A

nerve impulses

124
Q

List some causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A
  1. nerve failure2. damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve VIII3. age4. loud noises5. side effects of medication6. physical trauma with fracture of the temporal bone
125
Q

How is sensorineural hearing loss treated?

A

By reducing the amount of damage to the cochlea by reducing noise levels

* * * 1. NCE: MEDT, ANPH, PATH 1&2 (28 decks)

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