Neoplasms Flashcards
List factors that influence cancer survival.
Stage at diagnosis
Aggressiveness of the tumor
Early detection
Quality of treatment servicesAgeSexCo-morbid health conditionsSocio-economic status
Increase in size of cells
Hypertrophy
Increase in number of cells
Hyperplasia
What are the characteristics of benign neoplasms?
EncapsulatedWell-differentiatedDevelop slowlyDo not infiltrate surrounding tissueRarely recur after surgical removal
What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms?
- Anaplastic * Can invade surrounding tissue * Can enter the bloodstream or lymph * Causes metastasis * Poorly differentiated
List the causes of cancer
- External exposure to carcinogens * Internal factors like hormones, immune conditions and inherited mutations
Listprimary cancer prevention guidelines.
Consume diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains low in saturated/trans fats Eliminate active and passive exposure to cigarette smoke Limit skin exposure to sunlight Limit use of alcohol Avoid excessive exposure to radiation/radon Avoid chemical agents known to be carcinogenic Increase physical activity Maintain healthy weight Protect against STIs
External factors that can cause cancer
- Chemicals * Radiation * Viruses (Papillomaviruses)
Internal factors that can cause cancer
- Hormones * Immune conditions * Inherited mutations
Seven warning signs of cancer
Change in bowel or bladder habits Asore that doesn’t heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
List some cancer symptoms
- pain * fatigue * anorexia and cachexia
List disorders associated with cancer.
- anemia * leukopenia * thrombocytopenia * infection
List factors predisposing patients with cancer to infection.
- Age * Tumor * Leukemias * Lymphomas and other mononuclear phagocyte malignancies * Surgical treatment
Gross (naked eye) descriptions of neoplasms
polypoid
What are the two types of polypoid tumors?
- sessile * pendunculated
What does a sessile tumor look like?
wide, flat, base
What does a pedunculated tissue look like?
stalk shaped, narrow based
What does a fungating tumor look like?
mushroom appearance, wider base where cells tend to grow over each other in a mushroom cap-like formation
What does a verrucous tumor look like?
Resembles warts
List some microscopic description terms of neoplasms.
- carcinoma in situ (v early stage cancer) * diffuse * dysplastic * epidemoid * follicular * papillary * pleomorphic * scirrhous * undifferentiated
The earliest possible stage you can catch cancer
carcinoma in situ
Sebaceous cyst tumor that don’t tend to be cancerous
follicular
Type of tumor where you can’t tell what type of cell it was because it has changed so drastically
Undifferentiated
List classification categories.
- carcinoma (epithelial tissue) * sarcoma (connective tissue) * mixed-tissue * lymphoma (lymphatic tissue) * glioma (glial cells of CNS) * leukemia * germ cell tumor (germ cells of ovaries and testicles