Blood | Hematology and Immunology Flashcards
immun/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node gland
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
again/anew
inter-
between
pathology pg
560
tests pg
562
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CMV
cytomegalovirus
GVHD
graft versus host disease
HD
Hodgkin disease
Histo
histoplasmosis
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HSV
herpes simplex virus
Ig
immunoglobulin
KS
Kaposi sarcoma
NHL
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia
TB
tuberculosis
Toxo
toxoplasmosis
measures number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS
CD4+ cell count
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in bloodstream
ELISA
test separating immunoglobulins IgM IgG IgE IgA IgD
immunoelectrophoresis
measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in bloodstream
viral load test
xray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures
computed tomography (CT) scan
bas/o
base
chrom/o
color
coagul/o
clotting
cyt/o
cell
eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o
red
granul/o
granules
hem/o
blood
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
is/o
same, equal
kary/o
nucleus
leuk/o
white
mon/o
one, single
morph/o
shape, form
myel/o
bone marrow
neutr/o
neutral (neither base nor acid)
nucle/o
nucleus
phag/o
eat, swallow
poikil/o
varied, irregular
sider/o
iron
spher/o
globe, round
thromb/o
clot
-apheresis
removal; carrying away
-blast
immature cell; embryonic
-phoresis
carrying; transmission
-cystosis
abnormal condition of cells; increase in cells
-emia
blood condition
-gen
giving rise to; producing
-globin/-globulin
protein
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
-oid
derived or originating from
-osis
abnormal condition
-penia
deficiency
-phage
eat; swallow
-philia
attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
stop; control
pathology pg
515
tests pg
520
baso
basophils
BMT
bone marrow transplant
CBC
complete blood count
diff
differential count (wbcs)
eos
eosinophils
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (“sed rate”)
Hct
hematrocrit
HGB, Hgb
hemoglobin
IgA
immunoglobulin A
IgD
immunoglobulin D
IgE
immunoglobulin E
IgG
immunoglobulin G
IgM
immunoglobulin M
lymphs
lymphocytes
mono
monocyte
PT
prothrombin time
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
RBC
red blood cell; red blood cell count
WBC
white blood cells; white blood cell count
WNL
within normal limits
test for presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
antiglobulin test or Coombs test
time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
bleeding time
time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
coagulation time
numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and red cell values
complete blood count (CBC)
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
hematocrit Hct
total amount of hemoglobin in sample of peripheral blood
hemoglobin test
number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
platelet count
test of ability of blood to clot
prothrombin time (PT)
number of erythrocytes per cubic mm or microliter of blood
red blood cell count (RBC)
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
red blood cell morphology
number of leukocytes per cubic mm or microliter of blood
white blood cell count (WBC)
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
white blood cell differential [count]
separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood
apheresis
whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
blood transfusion
microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
bone marrow biopsy
peripheral stem cells from compatible donor are administered to a recipient
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
bone marrow cells used rather than peripheral stem cell
bone marrow transplantation
Whole blood can be dividedinto two main components:
- the liquid portion, or plasma (55%)2. formed elements, or bloodcells (45%).
Plasma is about __% water. The remaining __% contains nutrients, electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases,albumin (a protein), clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes, and hormones.
90% water, 10% nutrients electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases, albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes and hormones.
The pH (relative acidity) of the plasma remains steady atabout ___.
7.4
The blood cells are _____, or red blood cells; _____, or white blood cells; and platelets,also called _____.
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
All blood cells are produced in ______.
red bone marrow
Some white blood cells multiplyin _____ as well.
lymphoid tissue
The major function of erythrocytes is to _______.
carry oxygen to cells
Oxygen from red blood cells is bound to an iron-containing pigment within the cells called ______.
hemoglobin
T or F. Erythrocytes are small, disk-shaped cells with no nucleus.
True
T or F. Red blood cell concentration of about 5 million per µL (cubic millimeter) of blood makes them by far the most numerousof the blood cells.
True
A red blood cell gradually wears out and dies in about ___ days, so these cells must be constantly replaced.
120
Production of red cells in the bone marrow is regulated by the hormone ______, which ismade in the kidneys.
erythropoietin (EPO)
T or F. White blood cells all show prominent nuclei when stained.
True.
Leukocytes are identified bythe ____, _____ and by their _____ properties.
- size2. appearance of the nucleus3. staining properties
List the five different types of leukocytes.
- granular leukocytes/granulocytes2. agranulocytes
These leukocytes have visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained
Granulocytes
These leukocytes don’t have visible granules when stained.
Agranulocytes
List the three types of granulocytes:
- neutrophils,2. eosinophils3. basophilsBENG baso, eosino, neutro, granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are named for ____
the kind of stain they take up
List two types of agranulocytes. lymphocytes and monocytes.
- lymphocytes2. monocytesgrand MAL, monocytes, agranuloctes, lymphocytes
T or F. White blood cells protect against foreign substances.
True
Some white blood cells engulf foreign material by the process of _____.
phagocytosis
T or F. In diagnosis it isn’t important to know the total number of leukocytes and the relative number of each type
False. It is important to know these because these numbers can change in different disease conditions.
The most numerous white blood cells
neutrophils
Neutrophils are also called _____ because of their various-shaped nuclei. They are also referred to as:
polymorphs. Also called segs, polys, or PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
An immature neutrophil with a solid curved nucleus, large numbers of which indicate an active infection.
A band cell, also called a stab or staff cell
What is the function of neutrophils?
phagocytosis
What is the function of eosinophils?
allergic reactions; defense against parasites
What is the function of basophils?
allergic reactions
What is the function of lymphocytes?
immunity
What is the function of monocytes?
phagocytosis
Fragments of larger cells formed in the bone marrow.
blood platelets or thrombocytes
Platelets are important in ____ and ____.
- hemostasis2. coagulation.
The prevention of blood loss
hemostasis
Process of blood clotting
coagulation
When a vessel is injured, platelets _____ to form a ____ at the site.
When a vessel is injured, platelets stick together to form a plug at the site.
Substances released from the_____ and _____ interact with clotting factors in the plasma to produce a wound-sealingclot.
platelets and damaged tissue
Clotting factors are ____ in the blood until an injury occurs.
inactive
To protect against unwanted clot formation, _____ must interact before blood coagulates.
12 different factors
The final reaction is the conversion of _____ to ____ that trap blood cells and plasma to produce the clot.
fibrinogen to threads of fibrin
What remains of the plasma after blood coagulates
serum
__________ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type.
genetically inherited proteins
20+ groups of blood type proteins have now been identified, but the most familiar are the __ and __ blood groups.
ABO and Rh
List the types in the ABO system.
ABABO
List the two Rh types.
- Rh positive (Rh+)2. Rh negative (Rh−)
T or F. In giving blood transfusions, it is important to use blood that is the same type as the recipient’s blood or a type to which the recipient will not show an immune reaction.
True.
Compatible blood types are determined by _______.
cross-matching
______ may be used to replace a large volume of bloodlost.
whole blood
In most cases requiring blood transfusion, a _____ such as packed red cells, platelets, plasma, or specific clotting factors is administered.
blood fraction
Some defenses against foreign matter are _____, that is,they protect against any intruder.
nonspecific
List some nonspecific defenses.
- unbroken SKIN2. blood-filtering LYMPHOID TISSUE3. CILIA and MUCUS that trap foreign material4. bactericidal body SECRETIONS4. REFLEXES eg coughing and sneezingsslcmr
Specific attacks on disease organisms are mounted by the ________.
immune system
The immune response involvescomplex interactions between ________ and _____.
components of the lymphatic system and blood
Any foreign particle mayact as an _____, that is, a substance that provokes a response by the immune system.
antigen
Immune system responses comefrom these two types of lymphocytes that circulate in the blood and lymphatic system.
- T cells (T lymphocytes)2. B cells(B lymphocytes)
T cells mature in the _______.
thymus gland
T-cells are capable of attacking a foreign cell ______, producing _______.
T cells are capable of attacking a foreign cell directly, producing cell-mediated immunity.
Descendants of monocytes and are important in the function of T cells.
macrophages
Macrophages take in and process ______.
foreign antigens
A T cell is activated when it contacts an _____ on thesurface of a _____ in combination with some of the body’s own proteins.
antigen, macrophage
The B cells mature in ______.
lymphoid tissue
When B-cells meet a foreign antigen they _____, transforming into _____.
multiply rapidly, plasma cells
B cells produce ______that inactivate an antigen.
antibodies (also called immunoglobulins (Ig)
Antibodies remain in the blood, often providing ______ to the specific organism against which they were formed.
long-term immunity
Antibody-based immunity is referred to as ______.
humoral immunity
What are the three functions of blood?
- transportation2. protection3. regulation
Blood is a _____ tissue
connective
What are the 3 steps in clotting?
- vasoconstriction2. platelet plug formation3. coagulation
Coagulation needs ____ ions
calcium
What are the 3 steps in coagulation?
- prothrombin > thrombin2. thrombin converts fibrinogen > fibrin3. fibrin threads > mesh > clot
Clot is dissolved after healing has taken place
fibrinolysis
T or F. Rh - blood is given to Rh- patients and Rh+ blood is given to Rh+ patients
true
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, you have type _ blood.
A
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-B serum, you have type _ blood.
B
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum, you have type _ blood.
AB
If your blood cells do not stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, you have type _ blood.
O
Reduction in the amount of hemoglobin due to blood loss, hemolysis, improper formation of new RBCs due to iron or vitamin deficiency
anemia
Inability to clot blood
hemophelia
Large number of cancerous WBCs
leukemia
A cell that is formed from a B cell that produces antibodies
platelet
The cellular components of blood
formed elements
-emia, -hemia
condition of blood
-penia
decrease in, deficiency of
-poiesis
formation, production
myel/o
bone marrow
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
erythr/o, erythrocyt/o
red blood cell
leuk/o, leukocyt/o
white blood cell
lymph/o, lymphocyt/o
lymphocyte
thromb/o
blood clot
