Bones | The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Name the 3 types of muscles
- striated (skeletal)2. smooth3. cardiac
List examples of long bones.
humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula
List examples of short bones.
carpals, tarsals
List examples of flat bones.
scapula, ribs, pelvis
List examples of sesamoid (irregular) bones
patella
Immovable joints
synarthrodial
Slightly movable joints
amphiarthrodial
Freely movable joints
diarthrodial
Strong, tough cords of dense connective tissue that usually attach muscle to bone
tendons
Tough, dense, fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together
ligaments
Flat band of tissue covering and separating muscle layers
fascia
Semi smooth, dense, supporting connective tissue
cartilage
Closed sacs or cavities of synovial fluid
bursa
Chronic pain condition associated with stiffness and tenderness affecting muscles, tendons & joints throughout the body
fibromyalgia
Identified according to eighteen tender points used in diagnosis (pain at 11 of 18 points is a positive diagnosis)
fibromyalgia
Treatment excludes other conditions that can cause pain in multiple areas
fibromyalgia
No cure but stress reduction, physical activity and medical combinations help manage symptoms
fibromyalgia
Exaggerated inward curvature of spine
lordosis
Generally caused by excessive abdominal weight gain and mass from pregnancy/obesity/tumors
lordosis
Treatment: weight loss/exercises to strengthen abdominal muscles; infant delivery
lordosis
An abnormal outward curvature of the spine
kyphosis
Most common cause is collapsed vertebrae in older people w osteoporosis
kyphosis
When kyphosis occurs in young children it is thought to be _______
developmental
Treatment includes exercises to strengthen muscles and ligaments, back braces, spinal fusion if the respiratory and/or cardiac systems are compromised
kyphosis
A lateral (sideways) curvature of spine
scoliosis
Treatment for mild _____ is exercise to strengthen weak muscles and back braces
scoliosis
______ scoliosis requires surgery to decrease the curve and realign and stabilize the spine
severe
Most common form of arthritis associated with aging; breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints
osteoarthritis
Treatment: reduce inflammation, minimize pain, maintain joint function; a total joint replacement may be required
osteoarthritis
Lyme disease is an infectious disease spread by ______ bacterium
spirochete
Affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system, and can initially present as influenza-like symptoms
lyme disease
Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to human through tick bites
lyme disease
Characterized by red, itchy rash with a red circle center (“bull’s eye” rash or “target lesion”)
lyme disease
Lyme disease should be treated early with _____ to avoid organ-threatening consequences
doxycycline
Inflammation of a bursa that may cause “point tenderness”
bursitis
Chronic bursitis can lead to _____ and _____
calcifications and adhesions
Caused by continual or excessive friction between the bursae and surrounding tissues
bursitits
May be caused by systemic diseases, and infection and overuse of a joint
bursitis
Treatment includes rest, immobilization, moist heat, aspirin or acetaminophen for pain, NSAIDS, local injection of corticosteroid, ROM exercises, surgical excision of bursa and calcified deposits if severe
bursitis
A serious infection of bone that requries aggressive antibiotic treatment
osteomyelitis
Fractured, dead pieces of bone surrounded by purulent material that can be caused by osteomyelitis
sequestrum
Caused by bacterial organisms (90% of cases are staph aureus), and rarely viruses and fungi
osteomyelitis
Treatment is extensive, long term antibiotic treatment; may require surgical drainage to remove sequestrum, which could need bone grafting for repair
osteomyelitis
A chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests an acute, episodic form of arthritis
gout
Gout typically affects the first ______ of the big toe
metatarsal joint
____ can cause kidney stones
gout
Most often caused by an inherited metabolic abnormality that causes the build up of uric acid in the tissues
gout
Treatment includes rest and immobilization, cold packs, dietary modifications, antihyperuricemic medications
gout
Chronic bone disorder resulting in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown/formation of bone tissue of unknown cause
Paget’s Disease – Osteitis Deformans
Only treated if symptomatic; treatment includes analgesics, antiinflammatories, cytotoxic agents and calcitonin
paget’s disease or osteitis deformans
Paget’s Disease occurs in which two stages?
- vascular stage2. sclerotic stage
Paget’s disease stage where bone tissue is broken down but spaces filled with blood vessels/fibrous tissue instead of new bone
vascular stage
Paget’s disease stage where vascular fibrous tissue hardens and becomes similar to bone, but it is fragile
sclerotic stage
A group of inherited conditions causing excessive length of extremities and abnormal connective tissue; arm and legs are excessively long
Marfan’s syndrome
Also causes: subluxation of the lens of the eye, scoliosis, hyperextensible joints, mitral valve prolapse and thickening of heart valves, aortic aneurysm
Marfan’s syndrome
Caused by autosomal dominant inheritance; 50% chance children of affected parents will have the disorder
Marfan’s syndrome
Any abnormal growth in the bone
bone tumors
List the 3 types of primary tumors.
- chondrogenic2. osteogenic3. fibrogenic
Primary tumors most often occur in _____ during a growth spurt
adolescents
Common metastases from breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney primary cancers
secondary bone tumors
What are the most common forms of bone tumors?
Most common forms are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma
Treatment is surgical excision; goal is limb-sparing surgery, but amputation may be necessary; chemo and/or radiotherapy may also be done
bone tumors
Benign tumors or malignant (tumors grow and metastasize rapidly) sarcomas of the muscle
muscle tumors
Most commonly affect the extremities, head and neck, trunk, and retroperitoneum; anywhere with smooth muscle
muscle tumors
Risk factors include radiation treatment for prior cancer, and certain chemical exposures
muscle tumors
Treatment is the same as bone tumors
muscle tumors
Loss of normal bone mass/density that leads to porous bone that becomes “compressible” rather than dense
osteoporosis
Occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women; other risk factors include previous radiation treatments, malabsorption, smoking, alcohol abuse, calcium wasting nephropathy, immobility, chronic diseases
osteoporosis
Treatment includes increased intake of calcium and Vitamin D, estrogen replacement therapy, biphosponate medications, weight-bearing moderate exercise
osteoporosis
Defective mineralization of the bones, causing them to be soft, flexible, deformed
osteomalacia/rickets
_____ occurs in adults while ____ occurs in children
osteomalacia, rickets
Caused by either deficiency or ineffective use of Vitamin D
osteomalacia/rickets
Treated with vitamin D supplements and management of underlying disorders
osteomalacia/rickets
Medical term for bunion
hallux valgus
Localized area of enlargement of the inner portion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe
hallux valgus/bunion
Caused by midline position of great toe toward the midline of the body
hallux valgus/bunion
Contributing factors include rheumatoid arthritis, flatfoot, improperly fitting or high-heeled shoes, familial tendency
hallux valgus/bunion
Treatment may include surgery if conservative measures don’t work
hallux valgus/bunion
A stiff big toe developing as a result of degeneration of the cartilage of the first MTP joint
hallux rigidus
Caused by injury and arthritis
hallux rigidus
Treatment includes antiinflammatories, wearing shoes with thick, hard soles and low heels, cheilectomy, arthrodesis (fusion)
hallux rigidus
Condition where one of the four lesser toe–most often the second toe–bends upward due to an abnormal flexion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
Congenital condition; can be exacerbated by wearing shoes that are too short, too pointy, or have high heels, underlying arthritis
hammer toe
Treatment includes splinting, possibly arthroplasty with fusion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
Stress on bone resulting from traumatic insult to the musculoskeletal system, really severe muscle spasms, or bone disease
fractures (see handout for specific types)
Fracture fully contained within tissue
closed/simple fracture
Fracture with bone exposed out of tissue
open/compound fracture
Caused by force, external or internal that disrupts the continuity of a bone
fracture
List 13 types of fracture disruptions.
- longitudinal2. transverse3. oblique4. greenstick5. comminuted6. impact7. pathologic8. non-displaced9. displaced10. spiral11. compression12. avulsion13. depression
Fracture that follows long axis of bone
longitudinal
Fracture at right angles to bone
transverse
Fracture at an angle
oblique
Bend/partway fracture that occurs mostly in children
greenstick
Pieces of fracture
comminuted
Forced fracture; driving bone usually in joint
Impacted
Fracture due to a diseased bone and not by force
pathologic
Fracture with bone aligned
non-displaced
Fracture with bone misaligned
displaced
Fracture wraps around bone, breaking as it twists
spiral
Fracture where tendon snaps
avulsion
Fracture where piece has fallen inward
depression
How are simple fractures of long bones treated?
reduction and immobilization
How are compound fractures treated?
cleaning, debriding, reduction, immobility, ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)
Injured tendons, muscles or other tissues resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity
strains
Acute partial tear of ligament
sprains
What are the three classifications of sprains?
first/second/third grade or degree
Caused by acute or cumulative (chronic) trauma
strains and sprains
Treated through elevation, rest, ice, immobilization, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, surgery for large tears or those healed improperly
sprains and strains
Forcible displacement of a bone from its joint, causing loss of joint function
dislocations
Caused by severe injury which may also cause a fracture; congenital joint weakness, arthritis complications, recurrent dislocations of previously dislocated joint
dislocations
Treatment includes relocating, immobilization and surgery in severe cases
dislocations
Limited range of movement of a shoulder joint due to inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint
adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder
Caused by inflammation of joint capsule with secondary scarring, usually following a slight injury or minor problem such as bursitis or tendonitis
adhesive capsulitis
Treatment includes moving to prevent permanent immobility and shoulder manipulation under a general anesthetic if severe
adhesive capsulitis
Tendon torn completely into two sections, preventing the muscle from moving a body part
severed tendon
Caused by injury, overstretching or laceration
severed tendon
Treatment includes tenorrhaphy; may require a large incision to retrieve both ends of the tendon
severed tendon
Inflammation of the periosteum, extensor muscles of the lower leg, and the surrounding tissue
shin splints
Caused by overuse or over-pronation
shin splints
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
shin splints
Inflammation of bottom of the heel or calcaneus; may produce calcaneal spurs
plantar fasciitis
Spike-like projections of new bone
calcaneal spurs
Occurs when part of the inflexible fascia is repeatedly placed under tension, with several contributing factors
plantar fasciitis
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
plantar fasciitis
Benign, sac-like swelling, or cyst filled with colorless jelly formed from tissue that lines a joint or tendon
ganglion
Cause is idiopathic; may be a sign of arthritis in the adjacent joint
ganglion
Not normally treated unless required; if needed, includes rupture by applying firm pressure, needle aspiration or ganglionectomy
ganglion
Crack or fissure to the meniscus cartilage in knee joint
torn meniscus
Most often related to sports injury where there was a sudden twisting or external rotation of the leg with a flexed knee
torn meniscus
In severe cases, treated with arthroscopic surgery and meniscectomy may be required
torn meniscus
Tear of any of the four tendons of the rotator cuff
rotator cuff tears
The muscles around the shoulder
rotator cuff
Caused mostly by acute trauma; degeneration due to age that causes calcium deposits
rotator cuff tears
Treatment includes managing acute pain with narcotics, rest, physiotherapy and surgical repair
rotator cuff tears
Fracture that is a collapse of a vertebra
compression
Examples of types of joint
shoulder (ball and socket)diarthrosis
Examples of types of joints
cranial suturessynarthrodial
Examples of types of joints.
intervertebral jointsamphiarthrodial
Examples of types of joints.
elbowhinge jointdiarthrosis
Examples of types of joints
pubic symphysisamphiarthrodial
Examples of types of joints
wristellipsoidal jointsdiarthrosis
Name this type of muscle
skeletal muscles
Name this type of muscle.
smooth muscles
Name this type of muscle.
cardiac muscles
What are the functions of the skeleton?
support, protection and movement, mineral storage (calcium) and blood cell formation
Name the 2 parts of the skeleton.
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
How many bones are in the adult skeleton?
206`
What composes the axial skeleton?
head, spine, thorax
What composes the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arm, leg
What composes the pectoral or shoulder girdle?
scapula and clavicle
Which bones are in each arm?
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (14)
What composes the pelvic girdle?
hip bones
Which bones make up the hip bones?
ilium, ischium and pubis
Which bones are in each leg?
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14)
What is the medical term for heel bones?
calcaneus
The head of the femur is held in a deep socket in the hip bone called the ____
acetabulum
T or F. The heel bone is one of the tarsals.
T
How many carpals are in each arm?
8
How many metacarpals are in each arm?
5
How many phalanges are in each arm?
14
How many tarsals in each leg?
7
How many metatarsals in each leg?
5
How many phalanges in each leg?
14
Name the 3 bone cells.
- osteoblasts2. osteocytes3. osteoclasts
Immature bone cells responsible for the production of new bone
osteoblasts
Medical term for production of new bone
ossification
