Bones | The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 3 types of muscles
A
- striated (skeletal)2. smooth3. cardiac
2
Q
List examples of long bones.
A
humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula
3
Q
List examples of short bones.
A
carpals, tarsals
4
Q
List examples of flat bones.
A
scapula, ribs, pelvis
5
Q
List examples of sesamoid (irregular) bones
A
patella
6
Q
Immovable joints
A
synarthrodial
7
Q
Slightly movable joints
A
amphiarthrodial
8
Q
Freely movable joints
A
diarthrodial
9
Q
Strong, tough cords of dense connective tissue that usually attach muscle to bone
A
tendons
10
Q
Tough, dense, fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together
A
ligaments
11
Q
Flat band of tissue covering and separating muscle layers
A
fascia
12
Q
Semi smooth, dense, supporting connective tissue
A
cartilage
13
Q
Closed sacs or cavities of synovial fluid
A
bursa
14
Q
Chronic pain condition associated with stiffness and tenderness affecting muscles, tendons & joints throughout the body
A
fibromyalgia
15
Q
Identified according to eighteen tender points used in diagnosis (pain at 11 of 18 points is a positive diagnosis)
A
fibromyalgia
16
Q
Treatment excludes other conditions that can cause pain in multiple areas
A
fibromyalgia
17
Q
No cure but stress reduction, physical activity and medical combinations help manage symptoms
A
fibromyalgia
18
Q
Exaggerated inward curvature of spine
A
lordosis
19
Q
Generally caused by excessive abdominal weight gain and mass from pregnancy/obesity/tumors
A
lordosis
20
Q
Treatment: weight loss/exercises to strengthen abdominal muscles; infant delivery
A
lordosis
21
Q
An abnormal outward curvature of the spine
A
kyphosis
22
Q
Most common cause is collapsed vertebrae in older people w osteoporosis
A
kyphosis
23
Q
When kyphosis occurs in young children it is thought to be _______
A
developmental
24
Q
Treatment includes exercises to strengthen muscles and ligaments, back braces, spinal fusion if the respiratory and/or cardiac systems are compromised
A
kyphosis
25
A lateral (sideways) curvature of spine
scoliosis
26
Treatment for mild _____ is exercise to strengthen weak muscles and back braces
scoliosis
27
______ scoliosis requires surgery to decrease the curve and realign and stabilize the spine
severe
28
Most common form of arthritis associated with aging; breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints
osteoarthritis
29
Treatment: reduce inflammation, minimize pain, maintain joint function; a total joint replacement may be required
osteoarthritis
30
Lyme disease is an infectious disease spread by ______ bacterium
spirochete
31
Affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system, and can initially present as influenza-like symptoms
lyme disease
32
Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to human through tick bites
lyme disease
33
Characterized by red, itchy rash with a red circle center (“bull’s eye” rash or “target lesion”)
lyme disease
34
Lyme disease should be treated early with _____ to avoid organ-threatening consequences
doxycycline
35
Inflammation of a bursa that may cause “point tenderness”
bursitis
36
Chronic bursitis can lead to _____ and _____
calcifications and adhesions
37
Caused by continual or excessive friction between the bursae and surrounding tissues
bursitits
38
May be caused by systemic diseases, and infection and overuse of a joint
bursitis
39
Treatment includes rest, immobilization, moist heat, aspirin or acetaminophen for pain, NSAIDS, local injection of corticosteroid, ROM exercises, surgical excision of bursa and calcified deposits if severe
bursitis
40
A serious infection of bone that requries aggressive antibiotic treatment
osteomyelitis
41
Fractured, dead pieces of bone surrounded by purulent material that can be caused by osteomyelitis
sequestrum
42
Caused by bacterial organisms (90% of cases are staph aureus), and rarely viruses and fungi
osteomyelitis
43
Treatment is extensive, long term antibiotic treatment; may require surgical drainage to remove sequestrum, which could need bone grafting for repair
osteomyelitis
44
A chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests an acute, episodic form of arthritis
gout
45
Gout typically affects the first ______ of the big toe
metatarsal joint
46
____ can cause kidney stones
gout
47
Most often caused by an inherited metabolic abnormality that causes the build up of uric acid in the tissues
gout
48
Treatment includes rest and immobilization, cold packs, dietary modifications, antihyperuricemic medications
gout
49
Chronic bone disorder resulting in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown/formation of bone tissue of unknown cause
Paget’s Disease – Osteitis Deformans
50
Only treated if symptomatic; treatment includes analgesics, antiinflammatories, cytotoxic agents and calcitonin
paget's disease or osteitis deformans
51
Paget's Disease occurs in which two stages?
1. vascular stage2. sclerotic stage
52
Paget's disease stage where bone tissue is broken down but spaces filled with blood vessels/fibrous tissue instead of new bone
vascular stage
53
Paget's disease stage where vascular fibrous tissue hardens and becomes similar to bone, but it is fragile
sclerotic stage
54
A group of inherited conditions causing excessive length of extremities and abnormal connective tissue; arm and legs are excessively long
Marfan's syndrome
55
Also causes: subluxation of the lens of the eye, scoliosis, hyperextensible joints, mitral valve prolapse and thickening of heart valves, aortic aneurysm
Marfan's syndrome
56
Caused by autosomal dominant inheritance; 50% chance children of affected parents will have the disorder
Marfan's syndrome
57
Any abnormal growth in the bone
bone tumors
58
List the 3 types of primary tumors.
1. chondrogenic2. osteogenic3. fibrogenic
59
Primary tumors most often occur in _____ during a growth spurt
adolescents
60
Common metastases from breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney primary cancers
secondary bone tumors
61
What are the most common forms of bone tumors?
Most common forms are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma
62
Treatment is surgical excision; goal is limb-sparing surgery, but amputation may be necessary; chemo and/or radiotherapy may also be done
bone tumors
63
Benign tumors or malignant (tumors grow and metastasize rapidly) sarcomas of the muscle
muscle tumors
64
Most commonly affect the extremities, head and neck, trunk, and retroperitoneum; anywhere with smooth muscle
muscle tumors
65
Risk factors include radiation treatment for prior cancer, and certain chemical exposures
muscle tumors
66
Treatment is the same as bone tumors
muscle tumors
67
Loss of normal bone mass/density that leads to porous bone that becomes “compressible” rather than dense
osteoporosis
68
Occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women; other risk factors include previous radiation treatments, malabsorption, smoking, alcohol abuse, calcium wasting nephropathy, immobility, chronic diseases
osteoporosis
69
Treatment includes increased intake of calcium and Vitamin D, estrogen replacement therapy, biphosponate medications, weight-bearing moderate exercise
osteoporosis
70
Defective mineralization of the bones, causing them to be soft, flexible, deformed
osteomalacia/rickets
71
_____ occurs in adults while ____ occurs in children
osteomalacia, rickets
72
Caused by either deficiency or ineffective use of Vitamin D
osteomalacia/rickets
73
Treated with vitamin D supplements and management of underlying disorders
osteomalacia/rickets
74
Medical term for bunion
hallux valgus
75
Localized area of enlargement of the inner portion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe
hallux valgus/bunion
76
Caused by midline position of great toe toward the midline of the body
hallux valgus/bunion
77
Contributing factors include rheumatoid arthritis, flatfoot, improperly fitting or high-heeled shoes, familial tendency
hallux valgus/bunion
78
Treatment may include surgery if conservative measures don’t work
hallux valgus/bunion
79
A stiff big toe developing as a result of degeneration of the cartilage of the first MTP joint
hallux rigidus
80
Caused by injury and arthritis
hallux rigidus
81
Treatment includes antiinflammatories, wearing shoes with thick, hard soles and low heels, cheilectomy, arthrodesis (fusion)
hallux rigidus
82
Condition where one of the four lesser toe--most often the second toe--bends upward due to an abnormal flexion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
83
Congenital condition; can be exacerbated by wearing shoes that are too short, too pointy, or have high heels, underlying arthritis
hammer toe
84
Treatment includes splinting, possibly arthroplasty with fusion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
85
Stress on bone resulting from traumatic insult to the musculoskeletal system, really severe muscle spasms, or bone disease
fractures (see handout for specific types)
86
Fracture fully contained within tissue
closed/simple fracture
87
Fracture with bone exposed out of tissue
open/compound fracture
88
Caused by force, external or internal that disrupts the continuity of a bone
fracture
89
List 13 types of fracture disruptions.
1. longitudinal2. transverse3. oblique4. greenstick5. comminuted6. impact7. pathologic8. non-displaced9. displaced10. spiral11. compression12. avulsion13. depression
90
Fracture that follows long axis of bone
longitudinal
91
Fracture at right angles to bone
transverse
92
Fracture at an angle
oblique
93
Bend/partway fracture that occurs mostly in children
greenstick
94
Pieces of fracture
comminuted
95
Forced fracture; driving bone usually in joint
Impacted
96
Fracture due to a diseased bone and not by force
pathologic
97
Fracture with bone aligned
non-displaced
98
Fracture with bone misaligned
displaced
99
Fracture wraps around bone, breaking as it twists
spiral
100
Fracture where tendon snaps
avulsion
101
Fracture where piece has fallen inward
depression
102
How are simple fractures of long bones treated?
reduction and immobilization
103
How are compound fractures treated?
cleaning, debriding, reduction, immobility, ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)
104
Injured tendons, muscles or other tissues resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity
strains
105
Acute partial tear of ligament
sprains
106
What are the three classifications of sprains?
first/second/third grade or degree
107
Caused by acute or cumulative (chronic) trauma
strains and sprains
108
Treated through elevation, rest, ice, immobilization, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, surgery for large tears or those healed improperly
sprains and strains
109
Forcible displacement of a bone from its joint, causing loss of joint function
dislocations
110
Caused by severe injury which may also cause a fracture; congenital joint weakness, arthritis complications, recurrent dislocations of previously dislocated joint
dislocations
111
Treatment includes relocating, immobilization and surgery in severe cases
dislocations
112
Limited range of movement of a shoulder joint due to inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint
adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder
113
Caused by inflammation of joint capsule with secondary scarring, usually following a slight injury or minor problem such as bursitis or tendonitis
adhesive capsulitis
114
Treatment includes moving to prevent permanent immobility and shoulder manipulation under a general anesthetic if severe
adhesive capsulitis
115
Tendon torn completely into two sections, preventing the muscle from moving a body part
severed tendon
116
Caused by injury, overstretching or laceration
severed tendon
117
Treatment includes tenorrhaphy; may require a large incision to retrieve both ends of the tendon
severed tendon
118
Inflammation of the periosteum, extensor muscles of the lower leg, and the surrounding tissue
shin splints
119
Caused by overuse or over-pronation
shin splints
120
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
shin splints
121
Inflammation of bottom of the heel or calcaneus; may produce calcaneal spurs
plantar fasciitis
122
Spike-like projections of new bone
calcaneal spurs
123
Occurs when part of the inflexible fascia is repeatedly placed under tension, with several contributing factors
plantar fasciitis
124
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
plantar fasciitis
125
Benign, sac-like swelling, or cyst filled with colorless jelly formed from tissue that lines a joint or tendon
ganglion
126
Cause is idiopathic; may be a sign of arthritis in the adjacent joint
ganglion
127
Not normally treated unless required; if needed, includes rupture by applying firm pressure, needle aspiration or ganglionectomy
ganglion
128
Crack or fissure to the meniscus cartilage in knee joint
torn meniscus
129
Most often related to sports injury where there was a sudden twisting or external rotation of the leg with a flexed knee
torn meniscus
130
In severe cases, treated with arthroscopic surgery and meniscectomy may be required
torn meniscus
131
Tear of any of the four tendons of the rotator cuff
rotator cuff tears
132
The muscles around the shoulder
rotator cuff
133
Caused mostly by acute trauma; degeneration due to age that causes calcium deposits
rotator cuff tears
134
Treatment includes managing acute pain with narcotics, rest, physiotherapy and surgical repair
rotator cuff tears
135
Fracture that is a collapse of a vertebra
compression
136
Examples of types of joint
shoulder (ball and socket)diarthrosis
137
Examples of types of joints
cranial suturessynarthrodial
138
Examples of types of joints.
intervertebral jointsamphiarthrodial
139
Examples of types of joints.
elbowhinge jointdiarthrosis
140
Examples of types of joints
pubic symphysisamphiarthrodial
141
Examples of types of joints
wristellipsoidal jointsdiarthrosis
142
Name this type of muscle
skeletal muscles
143
Name this type of muscle.
smooth muscles
144
Name this type of muscle.
cardiac muscles
145
What are the functions of the skeleton?
support, protection and movement, mineral storage (calcium) and blood cell formation
146
Name the 2 parts of the skeleton.
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
147
How many bones are in the adult skeleton?
206`
148
What composes the axial skeleton?
head, spine, thorax
149
What composes the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arm, leg
150
What composes the pectoral or shoulder girdle?
scapula and clavicle
151
Which bones are in each arm?
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (14)
152
What composes the pelvic girdle?
hip bones
153
Which bones make up the hip bones?
ilium, ischium and pubis
154
Which bones are in each leg?
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14)
155
What is the medical term for heel bones?
calcaneus
156
The head of the femur is held in a deep socket in the hip bone called the ____
acetabulum
157
T or F. The heel bone is one of the tarsals.
T
158
How many carpals are in each arm?
8
159
How many metacarpals are in each arm?
5
160
How many phalanges are in each arm?
14
161
How many tarsals in each leg?
7
162
How many metatarsals in each leg?
5
163
How many phalanges in each leg?
14
164
Name the 3 bone cells.
1. osteoblasts2. osteocytes3. osteoclasts
165
Immature bone cells responsible for the production of new bone
osteoblasts
166
Medical term for production of new bone
ossification
167
Osteoblasts add ____ and ____ to cartilage
Osteoblasts add calcium and phosphorus to cartilage
168
Mature bone cells that help repair damaged bone
osteocytes
169
Bone cells that maintain the density and composition of bone by removing calcium
osteoclasts
170
Medical term for the release of stored minerals
resorption
171
Bone cells essential for bone remodeling and growth
osteoclasts
172
Which bones are classified as long bones?
femur, humerus, phalanges
173
Which bones are classified as short bones?
wrist and ankle bones
174
Which bones are classified as flat bones?
skull bones, sternum
175
Which bones are classified as irregular bones?
vertebra, hip bones
176
Name the 5 factors in the structure of long bones.
1. diaphysis2. medullary cavity3. epiphyses4. metaphysis5. periosteum
177
Long bone area that has mostly compact bone tissue
diaphysis
178
Long bone area that contains yellow bone marrow
medullary cavity
179
Long bone area that is spongy bone tissue covered by cartilage
epiphyses
180
Long bone area between the diaphysis and the epiphysis at each end
metaphysis
181
Long bone area that contains the epiphyseal plate
metaphysis
182
Medical term for growth plate
epiphyseal plate
183
Long bone area composed of fibrous connective tissue
periosteum
184
How are bones classified?
by shape
185
How are joints classified?
degree of movement
186
Name the 3 joint classifications.
1. suture2. symphysis (amphiarthrodial)3. synovial (diatrhrosis)
187
Immovable joint such as skull bones
suture joint
188
Slightly moveable joint where bones are joined by cartilage tissue, such as the joint between pelvic bones
symphysis or amphiarthrodial joint
189
Freely moveable joint that involves a fluid-containing cavity between bones such as elbows, knees, and shoulders
synovial joint (diarthrosis)
190
Name the 5 factors that compose a synovial joints.
1. articular cartilage2. joint capsule 3. synovial membrane4. synovial fluid5. bursa
191
Synovial joint: the smooth cartilage that covers the end of each long bone
articular cartilage
192
Articular cartilage is also called _____
hyaline cartilage
193
Synovial joint: encloses the joint and joins with the periosteum
joint capsule
194
Synovial joint: lines the inner surfaces of the joint cavity and secrete synovial fluid
synovial membrane
195
Synovial joint: provides lubrication and a cushion for the joint
synovial fluid
196
Synovial joint: small sac of synovial fluid that acts as a cushion for the area around the joint
bursa
197
oste/o
bone
198
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
199
chondr/o
cartilage
200
arthr/o
joint
201
burs/o
bursa
202
synov/i
synovial fluid, joint, membrane
203
crani/o
skull, cranium
204
spondyl/o
vertebra
205
vertebr/o
vertebra, spinal column
206
rachi/o
spine
207
cost/o
rib
208
sacr/o
sacrum
209
coccy, coccyg/o
coccyx
210
pelvi/o
pelvis
211
ili/o
ilium
212
What makes up the axial skeleton?
skullspinal columnribssternum
213
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of arms, legs, shoulder girdle, pelvis
214
What are types of synovial joint movement
1. gliding2. angular movements3. rotation4. special movements
215
Condition in which there is a decrease in estrogen that increases susceptibility
osteoporosis
216
Osteoarthritis involves the degeneration of ___
articular cartilage
217
Caused by herniated intervetebral disk putting pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerves
sciatica
218
Main characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to ___
contract
219
Muscles may remain partially contracted to maintain ____
posture
220
The heat generated by ____is the main source of body heat
muscle contraction
221
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
1. smooth or visceral muscle2. cardiac muscle3. skeletal muscle
222
Muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the hollow organs and the walls of the ducts such as the blood vessels and bronchioles
smooth or visceral muscle
223
Does smooth muscle operate voluntarily or involuntarily?
involuntarily
224
Smooth muscle is responsible for ___: the wavelike movements that propel materials through the systems
smooth or visceral muscle
225
Muscle that makes up the myocardium of the heart wall responsible for pumping of the heart
cardiac muscle
226
Does cardiac muscle work voluntarily or involuntarily?
involuntarily
227
Muscle attached to the bones of the skeleton; maintains posture and generates a large proportion of body heat
skeletal muscle
228
Does skeletal muscle work voluntarily or involuntarily?
voluntarily
229
Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by ___ of the nervous system
motor neurons
230
The point where a branch of neuron meets a muscle cell
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
231
Released at the neuromuscular junction and prompts contraction of the cell of skeletal muscles
acetylcholine
232
Two proteins in the cell __ and __ interact to produce the contraction
actin and myosin
233
__ (the cell's energy compound) and __ are needed for the contraction response
ATP and calcium
234
State of firmness kept in a steady partially contracted state, to maintain posture for example
tonus or muscle tone
235
Most skeletal muscles contract rapidly to produce ____ and then relax rapidly unless stimulation continues.
movement
236
Muscles work in ___ to produce movement at the joints (see Display 20-1).
pairs
237
As one muscle, called the ____ contracts, an opposing muscle, called the ___ must relax.
prime mover, antagonist
238
The point where the muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton
origin
239
The point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton
insertion
240
A muscle can be named according to which 5 axes?
1. location2. the direction of its fibers3. size4. shape5. number of attachment points (heads) as indicated by the suffix -ceps
241
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: closing the angle at a joint like bending at the knee or elbow
flexion
242
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: opening the angle at a joint like straightening at the knee or elbow
extension
243
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: movement away from the midline of the body, like the outward movement of the arms at the shoulders
abduction
244
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: movement toward the midline of the body, like the return of lifted arms to the body
adduction
245
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning of a body part on its own axis, like turning the forearm from the elbow
rotation
246
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: circular movement from a central point, like a circle with an outstretched arm
circumduction
247
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning downward, like turning the palm of the hand downward
pronation
248
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning upward, like turning the palm of the hand upward
supination
249
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning outward, like turning the sole of the foot outward
eversion
250
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning inward, like turning the sole of the foot inward
inversion
251
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: bending backward, like moving the foot so that the toes point upward, away from the sole of the foot
dorsiflexion
252
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: bending the sole of the foot, like pointing the toes downward
plantar flexion
253
Muscles are composed of individual cells, often referred to as ____ because they are so long and threadlike
fibers
254
Fibers are held together in bundles by ____ tissue.
connective
255
Covering each muscle is afibrous sheath of connective tissue or ____
fascia (deep)
256
Supporting tissues merge to form the ___ that attaches the muscle to a bone
tendon
257
Smallest to biggest: structure of a skeletal muscle
muscle fiber (cell), fascia, connective tissue, body of muscle, tendon
258
my/o
muscle
259
muscul/o
muscle
260
in/o
fiber
261
fasci/o
fascia
262
ten/o, tendin/o
tendon
263
ton/o
tone
264
kine, kinesi/o, kineto
movement
265
Muscle function may be affected by disorders in other systems, particularly in the __ and __
nervous system, connective tisuse
266
Any disorder of muscles
myopathy
267
EMG
electromyography
268
CK
creatine kinase
269
polymyositis
inflammation of skeletal muscle leading to weakness
270
FMS
fibromyalgia syndrome
271
CFS
chronic fatigue syndrome
272
MG
myasthenia gravis
273
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
274
ACH
acetylcholine
275
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
276
CFS
chronic fatigue syndrome
277
C(P)K
creatinine (phospo)kinase
278
OT
occupational therapy
279
PT
physical therapy
280
ROM
range of motion
281
What are the 4 functions of muscles?
movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat
282
A typical muscle contains ___ of muscle fibers
thousands
283
Fibres are bundled together to form ____
fascicles
284
Fascia extends beyond the muscles to become its ___
tendon
285
Joins muscles to bones
tendons
286
Joins bone to bone
ligaments
287
Muscles and nerves, step 1: Muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron at ___
NMJ
288
Muscles and nerves, step 2: When impulse reaches the axon terminal, ____ release neurotransmitters acetylcholine
vesicles
289
Muscles and nerves, step 3: Acetylcholine enters the ____ and bind to the receptor sites on the muscle fiber
synaptic cleft
290
Muscles and nerves, step 4: ___ floods the muscle fiber and allows for actin myosin and ATP to interact and cause a muscle to contract
calcium
291
Muscles and nerves, step 5: Actin and myosin are ___; sliding filament theory
protein filaments
292
Muscle and nerves, step 6: Muscle relax when the ___ leaves
calcium
293
What is the all or none principle?
a muscle fiber contracts FULLY whenever it contracts. It either contracts or it doesn't contract
294
What are the two types of muscle contraction?
1. isotonic2. isometric
295
Muscle contraction where muscle shorten and movement occurs, like walking, lifting sports
isotonic
296
Muscle contraction where muscles don't shorten and no movement occurs, like maintaining posture
isometric
297
What are the criteria for naming muscles?
1. location2. shape3. size4. number of attachment points5. action6. direction of muscle fibers
298
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
299
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback
300
lamin/o
lamina: part of the vertebral arch
301
lord/o
curve, swayback
302
kyph/o affects the ____ in the thoracic region
posterior curvature
303
lord/o affects the ___ in the lumbar region
anterior curvature
304
lumb/o
loins, lower back
305
myel/o
bone marrow
306
orth/o
straight
307
oste/o
bone
308
scoli/o
crooked, bent
309
scoli/o affects the ____
lateral curvature
310
spondyl/o
vertebra
311
spondyl/o is used to make words about ____ of the structure
conditions
312
vertebr/o
vertebra
313
vertebr/o is used to describe the ____ itself
structure
314
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
315
-clast
to break
316
-listhesis
slipping
317
-malacia
softening
318
-physis
to grow
319
-tome
instrument to cut
320
-tome
instrument to cut
321
acetabul/o
acetabulum
322
calcane/o
heel
323
carp/o
wrist bones
324
clavicul/o
collar bone
325
cost/o
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)
326
crani/o
skull
327
femor/o
femur -thigh bone
328
fibul/o
fibula -smaller lower leg bone
329
humer/o
humerus -upper arm bone
330
ili/o
ilium -upper part of pelvic bone
331
ischi/o
ischium -posterior part of pelvic bone-
332
malleol/o
process on each side of the ankle
333
mandibul/o
mandible -lower jawbone
334
maxill/o
maxilla -upper jawbone
335
metacarp/o
metacarpals -hand bones
336
metatars/o
metatarsals -foot bones
337
olecran/o
olecranon -elbow
338
pelv/i
pelvis -hipbone
339
perone/o
fibula
340
phalang/o
phalanges -finger and/or toe bones
341
pub/o
pubis -anterior part of the pelvic bone
342
radi/o
radius -forearm bone: thumb side
343
scapul/o
scapula -shoulder blade
344
stern/o
sternum -breastbone
345
tars/o
tarsals -bones of the hindfoot
346
tibi/o
tibia -shin bone
347
uln/o
ulna -forearm bone: little finger side-
348
ankyl/o
stiff
349
arthr/o
joint
350
articul/o
joint
351
burs/o
bursa
352
chondr/o
cartilage
353
ligament/o
ligament
354
rheumat/o
watery flow
355
synov/o
synovial membrane
356
ten/o
tendon
357
tendin/o
tendon
358
-desis
to bind, tie together
359
-stenosis
narrowing
360
decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb
flexion
361
increasing the angle between twon bones; straightening out a limb
extension
362
movement away from the midline of the body
abduction
363
movement toward the midline of the body
adduction
364
decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends upward
dorsiflexion
365
motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes
plantar flexion
366
turning palm of down
pronation
367
turning palm of down
pronation
368
fasci/o
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)
369
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
370
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
371
compression of muscle, blood vessels, and nerves inside a closed space or compartment of the body
fasciotomy
372
my/o
muscle
373
myocardi/o
heart muscle
374
myos/o
muscle
375
plant/o
sole of foot
376
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
377
-trophy
development, nourishment
378
-trophy
development, nourishment
379
ab-
away from
380
dorsi-
back
381
poly-
many, much
382
poly-
many, much
383
detects antibody present in serum of patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases
antinuclear antibody tests (ANA)
384
measures times it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
385
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid factor rest (RF)
386
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
serum creatine kinase (CK)
387
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
serum creatine kinase (CK)
388
measurement of uric acid in serum
uric acid test
389
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
arthrocentesis
390
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
arthrography
391
surgical repair or replacement of a joint
arthroplasty
392
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera
arthroscopy
393
low energy xray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
bone density test or bone densitometry
394
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
bone scan
395
xray beam and computer provide cross-ectional and other images to identify bone abnormalities
compute tomography (CT)
396
xray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk)
diskography
397
recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
electromyography (EMG)
398
magnetic field creates images of soft tissue
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
399
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
muscle biopsy
400
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
401
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae 1st to 7th
402
EMG
electromyography
403
IM
intramuscular
404
L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae 1st to 5th
405
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
406
OA
osteoarthritis
407
ORIF
open reduction (of fracture)/internal fixation
408
ORTHO
orthopedics
409
OT
occupational therapy
410
PT
physical therapy
411
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
412
RICE
rest, ice, compression and elevation
413
ROM
range of motion
414
T1-T12
thoracic (dorsal) vertebrae 1st to 12th
415
THR
total hip replacement
416
TKR
total knee replacement
417
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
