Bones | The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Name the 3 types of muscles
- striated (skeletal)2. smooth3. cardiac
List examples of long bones.
humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula
List examples of short bones.
carpals, tarsals
List examples of flat bones.
scapula, ribs, pelvis
List examples of sesamoid (irregular) bones
patella
Immovable joints
synarthrodial
Slightly movable joints
amphiarthrodial
Freely movable joints
diarthrodial
Strong, tough cords of dense connective tissue that usually attach muscle to bone
tendons
Tough, dense, fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together
ligaments
Flat band of tissue covering and separating muscle layers
fascia
Semi smooth, dense, supporting connective tissue
cartilage
Closed sacs or cavities of synovial fluid
bursa
Chronic pain condition associated with stiffness and tenderness affecting muscles, tendons & joints throughout the body
fibromyalgia
Identified according to eighteen tender points used in diagnosis (pain at 11 of 18 points is a positive diagnosis)
fibromyalgia
Treatment excludes other conditions that can cause pain in multiple areas
fibromyalgia
No cure but stress reduction, physical activity and medical combinations help manage symptoms
fibromyalgia
Exaggerated inward curvature of spine
lordosis
Generally caused by excessive abdominal weight gain and mass from pregnancy/obesity/tumors
lordosis
Treatment: weight loss/exercises to strengthen abdominal muscles; infant delivery
lordosis
An abnormal outward curvature of the spine
kyphosis
Most common cause is collapsed vertebrae in older people w osteoporosis
kyphosis
When kyphosis occurs in young children it is thought to be _______
developmental
Treatment includes exercises to strengthen muscles and ligaments, back braces, spinal fusion if the respiratory and/or cardiac systems are compromised
kyphosis
A lateral (sideways) curvature of spine
scoliosis
Treatment for mild _____ is exercise to strengthen weak muscles and back braces
scoliosis
______ scoliosis requires surgery to decrease the curve and realign and stabilize the spine
severe
Most common form of arthritis associated with aging; breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints
osteoarthritis
Treatment: reduce inflammation, minimize pain, maintain joint function; a total joint replacement may be required
osteoarthritis
Lyme disease is an infectious disease spread by ______ bacterium
spirochete
Affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system, and can initially present as influenza-like symptoms
lyme disease
Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to human through tick bites
lyme disease
Characterized by red, itchy rash with a red circle center (“bull’s eye” rash or “target lesion”)
lyme disease
Lyme disease should be treated early with _____ to avoid organ-threatening consequences
doxycycline
Inflammation of a bursa that may cause “point tenderness”
bursitis
Chronic bursitis can lead to _____ and _____
calcifications and adhesions
Caused by continual or excessive friction between the bursae and surrounding tissues
bursitits
May be caused by systemic diseases, and infection and overuse of a joint
bursitis
Treatment includes rest, immobilization, moist heat, aspirin or acetaminophen for pain, NSAIDS, local injection of corticosteroid, ROM exercises, surgical excision of bursa and calcified deposits if severe
bursitis
A serious infection of bone that requries aggressive antibiotic treatment
osteomyelitis
Fractured, dead pieces of bone surrounded by purulent material that can be caused by osteomyelitis
sequestrum
Caused by bacterial organisms (90% of cases are staph aureus), and rarely viruses and fungi
osteomyelitis
Treatment is extensive, long term antibiotic treatment; may require surgical drainage to remove sequestrum, which could need bone grafting for repair
osteomyelitis
A chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests an acute, episodic form of arthritis
gout
Gout typically affects the first ______ of the big toe
metatarsal joint
____ can cause kidney stones
gout
Most often caused by an inherited metabolic abnormality that causes the build up of uric acid in the tissues
gout
Treatment includes rest and immobilization, cold packs, dietary modifications, antihyperuricemic medications
gout
Chronic bone disorder resulting in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown/formation of bone tissue of unknown cause
Paget’s Disease – Osteitis Deformans
Only treated if symptomatic; treatment includes analgesics, antiinflammatories, cytotoxic agents and calcitonin
paget’s disease or osteitis deformans
Paget’s Disease occurs in which two stages?
- vascular stage2. sclerotic stage
Paget’s disease stage where bone tissue is broken down but spaces filled with blood vessels/fibrous tissue instead of new bone
vascular stage
Paget’s disease stage where vascular fibrous tissue hardens and becomes similar to bone, but it is fragile
sclerotic stage
A group of inherited conditions causing excessive length of extremities and abnormal connective tissue; arm and legs are excessively long
Marfan’s syndrome
Also causes: subluxation of the lens of the eye, scoliosis, hyperextensible joints, mitral valve prolapse and thickening of heart valves, aortic aneurysm
Marfan’s syndrome
Caused by autosomal dominant inheritance; 50% chance children of affected parents will have the disorder
Marfan’s syndrome
Any abnormal growth in the bone
bone tumors
List the 3 types of primary tumors.
- chondrogenic2. osteogenic3. fibrogenic
Primary tumors most often occur in _____ during a growth spurt
adolescents
Common metastases from breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney primary cancers
secondary bone tumors
What are the most common forms of bone tumors?
Most common forms are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma
Treatment is surgical excision; goal is limb-sparing surgery, but amputation may be necessary; chemo and/or radiotherapy may also be done
bone tumors
Benign tumors or malignant (tumors grow and metastasize rapidly) sarcomas of the muscle
muscle tumors
Most commonly affect the extremities, head and neck, trunk, and retroperitoneum; anywhere with smooth muscle
muscle tumors
Risk factors include radiation treatment for prior cancer, and certain chemical exposures
muscle tumors
Treatment is the same as bone tumors
muscle tumors
Loss of normal bone mass/density that leads to porous bone that becomes “compressible” rather than dense
osteoporosis
Occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women; other risk factors include previous radiation treatments, malabsorption, smoking, alcohol abuse, calcium wasting nephropathy, immobility, chronic diseases
osteoporosis
Treatment includes increased intake of calcium and Vitamin D, estrogen replacement therapy, biphosponate medications, weight-bearing moderate exercise
osteoporosis
Defective mineralization of the bones, causing them to be soft, flexible, deformed
osteomalacia/rickets
_____ occurs in adults while ____ occurs in children
osteomalacia, rickets
Caused by either deficiency or ineffective use of Vitamin D
osteomalacia/rickets
Treated with vitamin D supplements and management of underlying disorders
osteomalacia/rickets
Medical term for bunion
hallux valgus
Localized area of enlargement of the inner portion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe
hallux valgus/bunion
Caused by midline position of great toe toward the midline of the body
hallux valgus/bunion
Contributing factors include rheumatoid arthritis, flatfoot, improperly fitting or high-heeled shoes, familial tendency
hallux valgus/bunion
Treatment may include surgery if conservative measures don’t work
hallux valgus/bunion
A stiff big toe developing as a result of degeneration of the cartilage of the first MTP joint
hallux rigidus
Caused by injury and arthritis
hallux rigidus
Treatment includes antiinflammatories, wearing shoes with thick, hard soles and low heels, cheilectomy, arthrodesis (fusion)
hallux rigidus
Condition where one of the four lesser toe–most often the second toe–bends upward due to an abnormal flexion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
Congenital condition; can be exacerbated by wearing shoes that are too short, too pointy, or have high heels, underlying arthritis
hammer toe
Treatment includes splinting, possibly arthroplasty with fusion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
Stress on bone resulting from traumatic insult to the musculoskeletal system, really severe muscle spasms, or bone disease
fractures (see handout for specific types)
Fracture fully contained within tissue
closed/simple fracture
Fracture with bone exposed out of tissue
open/compound fracture
Caused by force, external or internal that disrupts the continuity of a bone
fracture
List 13 types of fracture disruptions.
- longitudinal2. transverse3. oblique4. greenstick5. comminuted6. impact7. pathologic8. non-displaced9. displaced10. spiral11. compression12. avulsion13. depression
Fracture that follows long axis of bone
longitudinal
Fracture at right angles to bone
transverse
Fracture at an angle
oblique
Bend/partway fracture that occurs mostly in children
greenstick
Pieces of fracture
comminuted
Forced fracture; driving bone usually in joint
Impacted
Fracture due to a diseased bone and not by force
pathologic
Fracture with bone aligned
non-displaced
Fracture with bone misaligned
displaced
Fracture wraps around bone, breaking as it twists
spiral
Fracture where tendon snaps
avulsion
Fracture where piece has fallen inward
depression
How are simple fractures of long bones treated?
reduction and immobilization
How are compound fractures treated?
cleaning, debriding, reduction, immobility, ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)
Injured tendons, muscles or other tissues resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity
strains
Acute partial tear of ligament
sprains
What are the three classifications of sprains?
first/second/third grade or degree
Caused by acute or cumulative (chronic) trauma
strains and sprains
Treated through elevation, rest, ice, immobilization, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, surgery for large tears or those healed improperly
sprains and strains
Forcible displacement of a bone from its joint, causing loss of joint function
dislocations
Caused by severe injury which may also cause a fracture; congenital joint weakness, arthritis complications, recurrent dislocations of previously dislocated joint
dislocations
Treatment includes relocating, immobilization and surgery in severe cases
dislocations
Limited range of movement of a shoulder joint due to inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint
adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder
Caused by inflammation of joint capsule with secondary scarring, usually following a slight injury or minor problem such as bursitis or tendonitis
adhesive capsulitis
Treatment includes moving to prevent permanent immobility and shoulder manipulation under a general anesthetic if severe
adhesive capsulitis
Tendon torn completely into two sections, preventing the muscle from moving a body part
severed tendon
Caused by injury, overstretching or laceration
severed tendon
Treatment includes tenorrhaphy; may require a large incision to retrieve both ends of the tendon
severed tendon
Inflammation of the periosteum, extensor muscles of the lower leg, and the surrounding tissue
shin splints
Caused by overuse or over-pronation
shin splints
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
shin splints
Inflammation of bottom of the heel or calcaneus; may produce calcaneal spurs
plantar fasciitis
Spike-like projections of new bone
calcaneal spurs
Occurs when part of the inflexible fascia is repeatedly placed under tension, with several contributing factors
plantar fasciitis
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
plantar fasciitis
Benign, sac-like swelling, or cyst filled with colorless jelly formed from tissue that lines a joint or tendon
ganglion
Cause is idiopathic; may be a sign of arthritis in the adjacent joint
ganglion
Not normally treated unless required; if needed, includes rupture by applying firm pressure, needle aspiration or ganglionectomy
ganglion
Crack or fissure to the meniscus cartilage in knee joint
torn meniscus
Most often related to sports injury where there was a sudden twisting or external rotation of the leg with a flexed knee
torn meniscus
In severe cases, treated with arthroscopic surgery and meniscectomy may be required
torn meniscus
Tear of any of the four tendons of the rotator cuff
rotator cuff tears
The muscles around the shoulder
rotator cuff
Caused mostly by acute trauma; degeneration due to age that causes calcium deposits
rotator cuff tears
Treatment includes managing acute pain with narcotics, rest, physiotherapy and surgical repair
rotator cuff tears
Fracture that is a collapse of a vertebra
compression
Examples of types of joint
shoulder (ball and socket)diarthrosis
Examples of types of joints
cranial suturessynarthrodial
Examples of types of joints.
intervertebral jointsamphiarthrodial
Examples of types of joints.
elbowhinge jointdiarthrosis
Examples of types of joints
pubic symphysisamphiarthrodial
Examples of types of joints
wristellipsoidal jointsdiarthrosis
Name this type of muscle
skeletal muscles
Name this type of muscle.
smooth muscles
Name this type of muscle.
cardiac muscles
What are the functions of the skeleton?
support, protection and movement, mineral storage (calcium) and blood cell formation
Name the 2 parts of the skeleton.
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
How many bones are in the adult skeleton?
206`
What composes the axial skeleton?
head, spine, thorax
What composes the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arm, leg
What composes the pectoral or shoulder girdle?
scapula and clavicle
Which bones are in each arm?
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (14)
What composes the pelvic girdle?
hip bones
Which bones make up the hip bones?
ilium, ischium and pubis
Which bones are in each leg?
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14)
What is the medical term for heel bones?
calcaneus
The head of the femur is held in a deep socket in the hip bone called the ____
acetabulum
T or F. The heel bone is one of the tarsals.
T
How many carpals are in each arm?
8
How many metacarpals are in each arm?
5
How many phalanges are in each arm?
14
How many tarsals in each leg?
7
How many metatarsals in each leg?
5
How many phalanges in each leg?
14
Name the 3 bone cells.
- osteoblasts2. osteocytes3. osteoclasts
Immature bone cells responsible for the production of new bone
osteoblasts
Medical term for production of new bone
ossification
Osteoblasts add ____ and ____ to cartilage
Osteoblasts add calcium and phosphorus to cartilage
Mature bone cells that help repair damaged bone
osteocytes
Bone cells that maintain the density and composition of bone by removing calcium
osteoclasts
Medical term for the release of stored minerals
resorption
Bone cells essential for bone remodeling and growth
osteoclasts
Which bones are classified as long bones?
femur, humerus, phalanges
Which bones are classified as short bones?
wrist and ankle bones
Which bones are classified as flat bones?
skull bones, sternum
Which bones are classified as irregular bones?
vertebra, hip bones
Name the 5 factors in the structure of long bones.
- diaphysis2. medullary cavity3. epiphyses4. metaphysis5. periosteum
Long bone area that has mostly compact bone tissue
diaphysis
Long bone area that contains yellow bone marrow
medullary cavity
Long bone area that is spongy bone tissue covered by cartilage
epiphyses
Long bone area between the diaphysis and the epiphysis at each end
metaphysis
Long bone area that contains the epiphyseal plate
metaphysis
Medical term for growth plate
epiphyseal plate
Long bone area composed of fibrous connective tissue
periosteum
How are bones classified?
by shape
How are joints classified?
degree of movement
Name the 3 joint classifications.
- suture2. symphysis (amphiarthrodial)3. synovial (diatrhrosis)
Immovable joint such as skull bones
suture joint
Slightly moveable joint where bones are joined by cartilage tissue, such as the joint between pelvic bones
symphysis or amphiarthrodial joint
Freely moveable joint that involves a fluid-containing cavity between bones such as elbows, knees, and shoulders
synovial joint (diarthrosis)
Name the 5 factors that compose a synovial joints.
- articular cartilage2. joint capsule 3. synovial membrane4. synovial fluid5. bursa
Synovial joint: the smooth cartilage that covers the end of each long bone
articular cartilage
Articular cartilage is also called _____
hyaline cartilage
Synovial joint: encloses the joint and joins with the periosteum
joint capsule
Synovial joint: lines the inner surfaces of the joint cavity and secrete synovial fluid
synovial membrane
Synovial joint: provides lubrication and a cushion for the joint
synovial fluid
Synovial joint: small sac of synovial fluid that acts as a cushion for the area around the joint
bursa
oste/o
bone
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
chondr/o
cartilage
arthr/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
synov/i
synovial fluid, joint, membrane
crani/o
skull, cranium
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra, spinal column
rachi/o
spine
cost/o
rib
sacr/o
sacrum
coccy, coccyg/o
coccyx
pelvi/o
pelvis
ili/o
ilium
What makes up the axial skeleton?
skullspinal columnribssternum
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of arms, legs, shoulder girdle, pelvis
What are types of synovial joint movement
- gliding2. angular movements3. rotation4. special movements
Condition in which there is a decrease in estrogen that increases susceptibility
osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis involves the degeneration of ___
articular cartilage
Caused by herniated intervetebral disk putting pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerves
sciatica
Main characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to ___
contract
Muscles may remain partially contracted to maintain ____
posture
The heat generated by ____is the main source of body heat
muscle contraction
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- smooth or visceral muscle2. cardiac muscle3. skeletal muscle
Muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the hollow organs and the walls of the ducts such as the blood vessels and bronchioles
smooth or visceral muscle
Does smooth muscle operate voluntarily or involuntarily?
involuntarily
Smooth muscle is responsible for ___: the wavelike movements that propel materials through the systems
smooth or visceral muscle
Muscle that makes up the myocardium of the heart wall responsible for pumping of the heart
cardiac muscle
Does cardiac muscle work voluntarily or involuntarily?
involuntarily
Muscle attached to the bones of the skeleton; maintains posture and generates a large proportion of body heat
skeletal muscle
Does skeletal muscle work voluntarily or involuntarily?
voluntarily
Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by ___ of the nervous system
motor neurons
The point where a branch of neuron meets a muscle cell
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Released at the neuromuscular junction and prompts contraction of the cell of skeletal muscles
acetylcholine
Two proteins in the cell __ and __ interact to produce the contraction
actin and myosin
__ (the cell’s energy compound) and __ are needed for the contraction response
ATP and calcium
State of firmness kept in a steady partially contracted state, to maintain posture for example
tonus or muscle tone
Most skeletal muscles contract rapidly to produce ____ and then relax rapidly unless stimulation continues.
movement
Muscles work in ___ to produce movement at the joints (see Display 20-1).
pairs
As one muscle, called the ____ contracts, an opposing muscle, called the ___ must relax.
prime mover, antagonist
The point where the muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton
origin
The point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton
insertion
A muscle can be named according to which 5 axes?
- location2. the direction of its fibers3. size4. shape5. number of attachment points (heads) as indicated by the suffix -ceps
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: closing the angle at a joint like bending at the knee or elbow
flexion
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: opening the angle at a joint like straightening at the knee or elbow
extension
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: movement away from the midline of the body, like the outward movement of the arms at the shoulders
abduction
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: movement toward the midline of the body, like the return of lifted arms to the body
adduction
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning of a body part on its own axis, like turning the forearm from the elbow
rotation
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: circular movement from a central point, like a circle with an outstretched arm
circumduction
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning downward, like turning the palm of the hand downward
pronation
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning upward, like turning the palm of the hand upward
supination
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning outward, like turning the sole of the foot outward
eversion
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning inward, like turning the sole of the foot inward
inversion
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: bending backward, like moving the foot so that the toes point upward, away from the sole of the foot
dorsiflexion
Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: bending the sole of the foot, like pointing the toes downward
plantar flexion
Muscles are composed of individual cells, often referred to as ____ because they are so long and threadlike
fibers
Fibers are held together in bundles by ____ tissue.
connective
Covering each muscle is afibrous sheath of connective tissue or ____
fascia (deep)
Supporting tissues merge to form the ___ that attaches the muscle to a bone
tendon
Smallest to biggest: structure of a skeletal muscle
muscle fiber (cell), fascia, connective tissue, body of muscle, tendon
my/o
muscle
muscul/o
muscle
in/o
fiber
fasci/o
fascia
ten/o, tendin/o
tendon
ton/o
tone
kine, kinesi/o, kineto
movement
Muscle function may be affected by disorders in other systems, particularly in the __ and __
nervous system, connective tisuse
Any disorder of muscles
myopathy
EMG
electromyography
CK
creatine kinase
polymyositis
inflammation of skeletal muscle leading to weakness
FMS
fibromyalgia syndrome
CFS
chronic fatigue syndrome
MG
myasthenia gravis
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ACH
acetylcholine
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CFS
chronic fatigue syndrome
C(P)K
creatinine (phospo)kinase
OT
occupational therapy
PT
physical therapy
ROM
range of motion
What are the 4 functions of muscles?
movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat
A typical muscle contains ___ of muscle fibers
thousands
Fibres are bundled together to form ____
fascicles
Fascia extends beyond the muscles to become its ___
tendon
Joins muscles to bones
tendons
Joins bone to bone
ligaments
Muscles and nerves, step 1: Muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron at ___
NMJ
Muscles and nerves, step 2: When impulse reaches the axon terminal, ____ release neurotransmitters acetylcholine
vesicles
Muscles and nerves, step 3: Acetylcholine enters the ____ and bind to the receptor sites on the muscle fiber
synaptic cleft
Muscles and nerves, step 4: ___ floods the muscle fiber and allows for actin myosin and ATP to interact and cause a muscle to contract
calcium
Muscles and nerves, step 5: Actin and myosin are ___; sliding filament theory
protein filaments
Muscle and nerves, step 6: Muscle relax when the ___ leaves
calcium
What is the all or none principle?
a muscle fiber contracts FULLY whenever it contracts. It either contracts or it doesn’t contract
What are the two types of muscle contraction?
- isotonic2. isometric
Muscle contraction where muscle shorten and movement occurs, like walking, lifting sports
isotonic
Muscle contraction where muscles don’t shorten and no movement occurs, like maintaining posture
isometric
What are the criteria for naming muscles?
- location2. shape3. size4. number of attachment points5. action6. direction of muscle fibers
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback
lamin/o
lamina: part of the vertebral arch
lord/o
curve, swayback
kyph/o affects the ____ in the thoracic region
posterior curvature
lord/o affects the ___ in the lumbar region
anterior curvature
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked, bent
scoli/o affects the ____
lateral curvature
spondyl/o
vertebra
spondyl/o is used to make words about ____ of the structure
conditions
vertebr/o
vertebra
vertebr/o is used to describe the ____ itself
structure
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-tome
instrument to cut
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum
calcane/o
heel
carp/o
wrist bones
clavicul/o
collar bone
cost/o
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)
crani/o
skull
femor/o
femur -thigh bone
fibul/o
fibula -smaller lower leg bone
humer/o
humerus -upper arm bone
ili/o
ilium -upper part of pelvic bone
ischi/o
ischium -posterior part of pelvic bone-
malleol/o
process on each side of the ankle
mandibul/o
mandible -lower jawbone
maxill/o
maxilla -upper jawbone
metacarp/o
metacarpals -hand bones
metatars/o
metatarsals -foot bones
olecran/o
olecranon -elbow
pelv/i
pelvis -hipbone
perone/o
fibula
phalang/o
phalanges -finger and/or toe bones
pub/o
pubis -anterior part of the pelvic bone
radi/o
radius -forearm bone: thumb side
scapul/o
scapula -shoulder blade
stern/o
sternum -breastbone
tars/o
tarsals -bones of the hindfoot
tibi/o
tibia -shin bone
uln/o
ulna -forearm bone: little finger side-
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb
flexion
increasing the angle between twon bones; straightening out a limb
extension
movement away from the midline of the body
abduction
movement toward the midline of the body
adduction
decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends upward
dorsiflexion
motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes
plantar flexion
turning palm of down
pronation
turning palm of down
pronation
fasci/o
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
compression of muscle, blood vessels, and nerves inside a closed space or compartment of the body
fasciotomy
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myos/o
muscle
plant/o
sole of foot
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
-trophy
development, nourishment
-trophy
development, nourishment
ab-
away from
dorsi-
back
poly-
many, much
poly-
many, much
detects antibody present in serum of patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases
antinuclear antibody tests (ANA)
measures times it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid factor rest (RF)
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
serum creatine kinase (CK)
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
serum creatine kinase (CK)
measurement of uric acid in serum
uric acid test
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
arthrocentesis
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
arthrography
surgical repair or replacement of a joint
arthroplasty
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera
arthroscopy
low energy xray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
bone density test or bone densitometry
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
bone scan
xray beam and computer provide cross-ectional and other images to identify bone abnormalities
compute tomography (CT)
xray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk)
diskography
recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
electromyography (EMG)
magnetic field creates images of soft tissue
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
muscle biopsy
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae 1st to 7th
EMG
electromyography
IM
intramuscular
L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae 1st to 5th
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA
osteoarthritis
ORIF
open reduction (of fracture)/internal fixation
ORTHO
orthopedics
OT
occupational therapy
PT
physical therapy
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RICE
rest, ice, compression and elevation
ROM
range of motion
T1-T12
thoracic (dorsal) vertebrae 1st to 12th
THR
total hip replacement
TKR
total knee replacement
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
