Eyes | Ophthalmology Flashcards by Jett De Leon

aque/o

water

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blephar/o

eyelid

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palpebr/o

eyelid

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conjunctiv/o

conjunctiva

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cor/o

pupil

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pupill/o

pupil

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corne/o

corneo

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kerat/o

cornea

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cycl/o

ciliary body or muscle of the eye

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dacry/o

tears, tear duct

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lacrim/o

tears

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ir/o, irid/o

iris (covered portion of the eye around the pupil)

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kerat/o

cornea

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ocul/o

eye

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ophthalm/o

eye

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opt/o, optic/o

eye, vision

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palpebr/o

eyelid

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papill/o

optic disc; nipple like

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phac/o, phak/o

lens of the eye

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retin/o

retina

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scler/o

sclera (white of the eye); hard

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uve/o

uvea; vascular layer of the eye

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vitre/o

glassy

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ambyl/o

dull, dim

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dipl/o

double

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glauc/o

gray

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mi/o

smaller, less

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mydr/o

widen, enlarge

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nyct/o

night

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phot/o

light

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presby/o

old age

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scot/o

darkness

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xer/o

dry

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-opia

vision

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-opsia

vision

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-tropia

to turn

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intravenous injection of fluorescein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils

fluorescein angioraphy

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visual examination of the interior of the eye

ophthalmoscopy

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examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification

slit lamp microscopy

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clarity of vision is assessed

visual acuity test

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measurement of the area (peripheral and central) within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head

visual field test

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removal of the entire eyeball

enucleation

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surgical repair of the cornea

keratoplasty

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intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels

laser photocoagulaton

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use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction

LASIK

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ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens, which is then aspirated through the ultrasonic probe

phacoemulsification

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suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina

scleral buckle

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removal of the vitreous humor

vitrectomy

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acous/o

hearing

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audi/o

hearing; sense of hearing

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audit/o

hearing

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aur/o, auricul/o

ear

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cochle/o

cochlea

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mastoid/o

mastoid process

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myring/o

eardrum, tympanic membrane

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ossicul/o

ossicle

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ot/o

ear

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salping/o

eustachian tube, auditory tube

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staped/o

stapes (third bone of the middle ear)

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tympan/o

eardrum, tympanic membrane

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vestibul/o

vestibule

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-acusis, - cusis

hearing

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-meter

instrument to measure

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-otia

ear condition

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testing the sense of hearing

audiometry

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surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing: impaired persons to understand speech

cochlear implant procedure

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measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum

ear thermometry

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visual examination of the ear canal with an otoscope

otoscopy

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test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork)

tuning fork tests

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vibrating fork against the patient’s mastoid bone and in front of the auditory meatus

rinne test

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tuning fork is placed on the center of the forehead

weber test

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right ear

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left ear

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both ears

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AOM

acute otitis media

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EENT

eyes, ears, nose, throat

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ENT

ears, nose, throat

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EOM

extraocular moveemnt

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hearing distance

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HEENT

head, eyes, ears, nose, throat

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IOL

intraocular lens

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IOP

intraocular pressure

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right eye

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left eye

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both eyes

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PERRLA

pupils equal, round, react to light and accommodation

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SOM

serous otitis media

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visual acuity

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visual field

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What are the four functions of the senses?

detect stimuli from internal and external environments2. help maintain homeostasis3. pleasure4. protection

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Awareness of body position, posture, movement, etc.

proprioception

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Mostly found in the skin that detects pain, touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception

general senses

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Found in the head, encompasses taste (gustation), smell (olfaction), hearing, equilibrium (balance), vision

special senses

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These senses respond to chemicals in saliva or air

taste and smell

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What are the two main destinations of smell in the brain?

olfactory cortex (frontal lobe)2. hypothalamus, amygdala, other limbic regions

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Smells are consciously interpreted/identified here

olfactory cortex (frontal lobe)

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Smells where emotional responses to odors occur

hypothalamus, amygdala, other limbic regions

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Smells that trigger sympathetic fight or flight response

danger/fear smells

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Smells that trigger salivation

appetizing smells

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Taste is transported by which 3 cranial nerves?

facial nerve VII2. glossopharyngeal nerve IX3. vagus nerve X

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Where is the main destination of taste in the brain?

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system

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Mouth also contains which 3 receptors?

thermoreceptors2. mechanoreceptors3. nociceptors

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-esthesia

sensation

-algesia

pain

-osmia

smell

-geusia

taste

The ear is responsible for which two major senses?

hearing and equilibrium

What are the three parts of the ear?

outer ear2. middle ear3. inner ear

What makes up the outer ear?

pinna and external auditory canal or auricle and meatus

What two structures protect the outer ear?

tiny hairs lining auditory canal2. ceruminous glands

Modified sweat glands that produce earwax

ceruminous glands

What makes up the middle ear?

tympanic membrane or eardrum2. three ossicles3. pharygotympanic tube or auditory tube

Transmits sound from the outer ear to the middle ear

tympanic membrane or eardrum

What are three ossicles?

malleus - hammer2. incus - anvil 3. staples - stirrup

Connects middle ear to pharynx and equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic or membrane responsible for swallowing or yawning

pharyngotympanic tube or auditory tube

Intricate system of fluid filled passageways hollowed out of the temporal bone; also called the labyrinth

inner ear

Structure that is the hearing mechanism

organ of Corti

What is the pathway between the external ear and the brain?

External ear → tympanic membrane → ossicle: malleus → ossicle: incus → ossicle: stapes → oval window → cochlea (organ of corti) → round window → vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) → temporal lobe

Equilibrium is controlled by the _____ and _____

Controlled by the semicircular canals and vestibule

audi/o

hearing

acous, acus, cus

sound/hearing

ot/o

ear

myring/o

tympanic membrane

tympan/o

tympanic membrane

salping/o

tube, eustachian tube

staped/o, stapedi/o

stapes

labyrinth/o

labyrinth

vestibul/o

vestibule

cochle/o

cochlea

Three planes of movement concerned mainly with rotational movements

semicircular canals

Refractive error, also called farsightedness, where distant objects are clear while near objects are blurry

hyperopia

In hyperopia, light entering the eye is focused ____ the retina rather than ____ the retina

light focused behind the retina rather than on the retina

In hyperopia, the eyeball is abnormally ___ measured from front to back

short

Hyperopia requires the eye’s _____ to reposition the viewed object on the retina, therefore sharpening the image

internal lens

Refractive error also called nearsightedness where

near objects are clear while distant objects are blurry

In myopia, light entering the eye is focused ___ of the retina causing blurred vision

light is focused in front of the retina

In myopia, the eyeball is abnormally ___ as measured from front to back

long

In myopia, images viewed cannot be ____ by the eye’s internal lens

sharpened

Refractive error which causes some images to appear clear while other images appear blurred

astigmatism

In astigmatism, ___ focusing of light rays enter the eey

irregular

In astigmatism, the cornea is ___ and not ___, causing light rays to be unevenly focused across the retina

egg shaped and not spherical

Refractive error in which the eye’s internal lens can’t focus on near objects due to loss of _____

elasticity

Presbyopia is related to ____; usually starts in people in their mid-40s

aging

Involuntary, repetitive and rhythmic movements of one or both eyes and associated with blurred or decreased vision

nystagmus

Type of nystagmus that always necessitates a complete neurologic evaluation

acquired nystagmus

What are the 2 types of nystagmus?

congenital 2. acquired

Type of nystagmus that manifests before 6 months to 1 year of age and is the most common type

congenital

Type of nystagmus that results when a disease process produces lesions in the brain or inner ear

acquired

List some causes for nystagmus

brain tumors2. cerebrovascular lesions3. abnormal development of the nervous system4. alcohol/drug use

How is congenital nystagmus treated?

Kestenbaum procedure

The Kestenbaum procedure is used to treat congenital nystagmus where the eyes are surgically rotated towards the _____ of the eye

null point

How is acquire nystagmus treated?

treating underlying cause

Visual defect of misalignment where eyes fail to look in the same direction at the same time

strabismus

What are the 2 types of strabismus?

convergent strabismus or esotropia2. divergent strabismus or exotropia

Type of strabismus better known as cross-eye where both eyes turn inward

convergent/esotropia

Type of strabismus better known as wall-eye where both eyes turn outward

divergent/exotropia

What is the main symptom of acquired strabismus?

diplopia or double vision

What disorder is associated with strabismus when present in childhood?

amblyopia or lazy eye

Strabismus is caused by weakness in the ____ stimulating the muscles that control eye position

nerves

Strabismus can also be caused by conditions elsewhere in the body in the ___, ___ or ___

brain, cranial nerves, muscles. Ex: HTN, temporal arteritis, muscular dystrophy, aneurysm, intracranial lesions

Strabismus should be treated immediately because early intervention is key. Examples of treatment are corrective glasses, surgery to restore the eye-muscle balance, and covering the ___ eye in order to force the patient to use the ___ eye

fixing eye, deviating eye

Acute, focal inflammatory infections of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids

hordeolum or stye

Which glands of the eyelids are affected by hordeolum

sebaceous glands

Hordeolum are associated with and secondary to _____

blepharitis

What is the only cause of hordeolum?

staphylococcal infection

Small, firm, non-mobile, painless subcutaneous nodule on the margin or body of the eyelid

chalazion

In chalazion there is a blockage of fluid originating from one of the ____ glands which lubricate the eyelid margin

meibomian

Any inflammation or infection of the cornea

keratitis

Keratitis is diagnosed by examining the cornea using a _____

slit lamp

Keratitis is an infection resulting from the ___ virus, especially likely in people w/ URI and facial cold sores

herpes simplex virus

What are other causes for keratitis

certain bacteria/fungi2. contact lens wear3. corneal trauma4. corneal exposure to dry air or intense light

In keratitis, prompt treatment decreases the risk of ulceration which can cause what?

Ulceration can erode the cornea and form of scar tissue

Inflammation of the margins of the eyelids involving hair follicles/glands

blepharitis

Blepharitis is usually secondary to ___ of the eyelid’s sebaceous glands

seborrhea

What is the main symptom of blepharitis?

redness, crusting eyelid, itching, burning

What are two types of blepharitis?

ulcerative 2. non-ulcerative

Type of blepharitis caused by staphylocococcal infection

ulcerative

Type of blepharitis caused by allergies or exposure to smoke, dust, chemicals

non-ulcerative

Chronic blepharitis may lead to ___ and ___

corneal and conjunctival inflammation

Lower eyelid margins turn inward

entropion

Entropion may cause ___ and ___ defects

conjunctivitis and ephithelial defects

Entropion causes the lashes to rub the ___ and ___

conjunctiva and cornea

How is entropion treated?

minor surgical procedure

Lower eyelid margins evert from the eyeball

ectropion

Ectropion exposes the ____ lining

conjunctival membrane lining

Type of ectropion that can be caused by scars on the eyelid or cheek that contract and pull the eye down

cicatricial ectropion

Ectropion left untreated can cause development of ___ and permanent damage to the ___

corneal ulcers, damage to the cornea

What causes both ectropion and entropion?

aging2. loss of elasticity

Permanent drooping of the upper eyelid which partially or completely covers the eye

blepharoptosis

Blepharoptosis can be caused by weakness of the _____ nerve or of the muscle that raises the eyelid

third cranial nerve

Diseases like ___ and ___ can cause blepharoptosis

muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis

Blepharoptosis is treated with an operation to elevate the eyelid ___

position

If patient with blepharoptosis has myasthenia gravis, they are treated with ____

systemic medication

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

conjunctivitis

What is the layman’s term for conjunctivitis

pink-eye

The mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the eyeball and lines the eyelids

conjunctiva

What is present in infectious conjunctivitis?

watery or hyperpurulent discharge

What are 3 causes of pink eye?

viral or bacterial infection from contaminated fingers/towels2. irritation from allergies or chemicals3. sexual contact with someone with an STI

Infection of the cornea with painful loss of surface epithelium

corneal abrasion or ulcer

Abrasions and ulcerations stain with _____, which make them easily detectable

fluorescein

Characterized by an opaque area on the cornea that represents the infiltrate of immune cells

corneal ulcers

What causes corneal abrasions and ulcers?

foreign bodies trapped between cornea and eyelid2. ocular trauma 3. poorly fitting contact lenses

How are corneal abrasions treated?

They heal spontaneously

How are corneal ulcers treated?

immediate intensive broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy

Inflammation of the episclera characterized by redness and irritation in ONE portion of the eye

episcleritis

T or F. Episcleritis is usually associated with other concomitant systemic diseases

Inflammation of the deeper sclera (white outermost covering of the eyeball) characterized by intense redness in one or more areas of the sclera

scleritis

What causes scleritis?

autoimmune disorders:rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns, ulcerative colitis

What happens if scleritis is left untreated?

Perforation of the globe and loss of the eye can occur

How is scleritis treated?

scleroplasty

Opacified natural lens of the eye

cataract

What causes cataracts?

aging2. prematurity3. diabetes4. high dose corticosteroid use

How are cataracts treated?

Depends on many factors but usually surgery when they begin to interfere with the lifestyle of the patient

What are the specific surgical procedures to treat cataracts?

phacoemulsification (most common: no sutures)2. extracapsular surgery (removed in one piece)

In extracapsular surgery and phacoemulsification, the ____ is left in place to support an artificial lens

posterior capsule

Posterior membrane becomes cloudy after surgery; a laser can be used to make an opening in the center of the cloudy membrane. What is this procedure called?

YAG capsulotomy

Damage to the optic nerve in the presence of elevated ocular pressure

glaucoma

Glaucoma is one of the major causes of ____

blindness

What are the 2 types of glaucoma

Chronic open-angle2. Acute angle-closure

Most common and most treatable form of glaucoma; obstruction occurs in the trabecular meshwork

chronic open angle

Type of glaucoma that can cause complete blindness; the trabecular meshwork is covered by the root of the iris or adhesions betweenthe iris and the cornea

acute angle-closure

What are the 3 risk factors for glaucoma?

age older than 602. nearsightedness3. african-american descent

How is glaucoma detected?

intraocular pressure readings2. optic nerve evaluations

List some causes of glaucoma.

ocular trauma2. overuse of tropical steroids3. family history4. aging5. diabetes mellitus obesity

Medication is given to glaucoma patient to decrease ____ and increased ____

Decrease aqueous humor and increased uveoscleral outflow

What are the 5 procedures used to treat glaucoma?

argon laser trabeculopasty (ALT)2. selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT)3. laser iridotomy 4. trabeculectomy5. beta blockers

Progressive deterioration or breakdown of the macula

macular degeneration

In macular degeneration, ___ vision may disappear altogether when advance

central

Macular degeneration does not affect ___ vision

peripheral

____ macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in white people in the US

age-related

What are 2 types of macular degeneration?

non-exudative (dry)2. wet

Type of MD where there are atrophic changes in the macula and drusen deposits are present

non-exudative or dry macular degeneration

Type of MD where there is presence of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina; can cause hemorrhage

wet

What causes macular degeneration?

degenerative changes in the pigment of the epithelium

T or F. There is no medical cure for MD

How is dry macular degeneration treated?

vitamin supplements especially vitamins C & E

How is wet macular degeneration treated?

traditional laser photocoagulation2. photodynamic therapy3. injection of antiangiogenic factors

Pathologic alterations of the retinal blood vessels and the pathologic proliferation of retinal vessels

diabetic retinopathy

What are the effects on retina associated with dr?

1.microaneurysm2. hemorrhages3. dilation of retinal veins4. neovascularization (formation of abnormal new vessels)

Diabetic retinopathy occurs about __ to __ years after the onset of diabetes mellitus

8 to 10 years

What is the main cause of diabetic retinopathy?

Poor management of diabetes (however, all persons with diabetes are susceptible)

What are the 3 treatments for diabetic retinopathy?

laser coagulation2. vitrectomy (vitreous hemorrhage/proliferative disease)3. maintaining tight blood glucose control

Retinal detachment is the elevation or separation of the retina from the ___

choroid

What are the 2 main symptoms of retinal detachment?

light flashes2. floaters

Retina is associated with which 2 diseases?

myopia2. diabetic retinopathy

What causes retinal detachment?

fluid leaking under the retina through a retinal tear, retinal atrophy, ocular trauma

T or F> Irreversible blindness is likely if left untreated in patients with retinal detachment

How is retinal detachment treated?

photocoagulation and cryotherapy if no significant detachment has occurred2. surgery

Inflammation of the uveal tract including the iris, ciliary body and choroid

uveitis

Which autoimmune disorders cause uveitis?

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis2. ankylosing spondylitis

Which infections cause uveitis

syphillis, TB, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, IBS

___ agents can reduce uveitis pain associated with ciliary inflammation

cycloplegic agents

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs

exophthalmos

What are 5 causes of exophthalmos?

ENLARGED extraocular muscles2. RETROBULBAR mass, hemorrhage or inflammation3. EDEMA of soft tissue that lines the bony orbit of the eye4. all THYROID conditions

How is severe exophthalmos treated?

surgical decompression of the orbit

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Eyes | Ophthalmology Flashcards

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