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Physiology > Section 7: Hormonal and Neural Regulation of the gastrointestinal tract and smooth muscle > Flashcards

Section 7: Hormonal and Neural Regulation of the gastrointestinal tract and smooth muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Function of gastrointestinal tract;

A

exchange with external environment required for single cell metabolism

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2
Q

Layers of the lumen of gastrointestinal tract:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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3
Q

Layers within mucosa:

A

epithelium, lamina propria muscularis mucosa

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4
Q

Layers within submucosa:

A

major blood and lymphatic vessels and submucosal plexus

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5
Q

Layers within muscularis external:

A

circular muscle, myenteric plexus and longitudinal muscle

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6
Q

True or False? Exocrine cells line the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, while endocrine cells do not.

A

F. they both do

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7
Q

Primary gastrointestinal processes:

A

Chemical and mechanical break down, mixing and movement by smooth muscle

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8
Q

Which is expensive and which efficient, chemical and mechanical break down vs. mixing and movement by smooth muscle

A

expensive: chemical and mechanical break down, efficient: mixing and movement by smooth muscle

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9
Q

Gastrointestinal processes are controlled by:

A

hormones and nerves

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10
Q

Speed of chemical regulators, fastest to slowest:

A

neurocrine, endocrine, paracrine

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11
Q

A stimulus can act on either __ or __ to elicit a change in a target cell.

A

nervous system or endocrine cell

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12
Q

“True hormones”:

A

produced in response to a meal AND at physiological tissue concentrations

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13
Q

Hormone is aka:

A

endocrine

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14
Q

Two structurally similar families of true hormones:

A

Gastrin and CCK, Secretin and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

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15
Q

Which portion of the “extrinsic” Autonomic nervous system is the most significant regulator?

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Major extrinsic nerves of the autonomic nervous system:

A

vagus and pelvic nerves

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17
Q

The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is (excitatory/ inhibitory) in the gastrointestinal tract.

A

inhibitory

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18
Q

What is the “enteric” nervous system?

A

“Brain of the gut”

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19
Q

Enteric means:

A

internal

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20
Q

The myenteric plexus is found between:

A

the longitudinal and circular muscle

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21
Q

The submucosal plexus is found between:

A

the circular muscle and the muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

Neurotransmitter released form inhibitory motor neurons of the myenteric and submucosal nerve plexus:

A

VIP and NO

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter released form excitatory motor neurons of the myenteric and submucosal nerve plexus:

A

ACh and/or Substance P

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24
Q

The gastrointestinal system is involved in the transport of:

A

fluid and organic matter

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25
Q

In which body system does smooth muscle provide the driving force?

A

gastrointestinal tract

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26
Q

In which body system does smooth muscle provide the resistance to flow?

A

cardiovascular system

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27
Q

Smooth muscle is involved in the transport of:

A

materials in bulk quantities

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28
Q

What kind of muscle is smooth muscle?

A

unitary muscle

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29
Q

What permit coordinated contraction of unitary muscle?

A

Gap junctions

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30
Q

Synaptic contacts are aka:

A

varicosities

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31
Q

True or False? In multiunit smooth muscle each cell is innervated.

A

T. e.g., iris of the eye

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32
Q

These propagate slow wave activity to and between smooth muscle cells:

A

Gap junctions

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33
Q

How many subunits is a connexon made of?

A

6

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34
Q

What forms an open channel between adjacent cells?

A

two connections in register

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35
Q

Cells act as a ____.

A

synctium (can act as a unit), a single cell containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.

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36
Q

These will pass through gap junctions:

A

inorganic ions (Na+, Ca2+), monosaccharides (glucose), amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides (ATP, cAMP)

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37
Q

These will not pass through gap junctions:

A

proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

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38
Q

These are the current carriers through gap junctions:

A

inorganic ions

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39
Q

Signalling components of the gap junctions:

A

nucleotides (ATP, cAMP)

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40
Q

Metabolic components of gap junctions:

A

monosaccharides and amino acids

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41
Q

ion driving forces in smooth muscles:

A

K out, Ca2+ in

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42
Q

What causes depolarization in nerve cells?

A

opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

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43
Q

What does a rise in cell Ca2+ initiate?

A

Cross-bridge cycling and contraction

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44
Q

This complex is needed to activate myosin:

A

active calmodulin/ MLCK complex

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45
Q

What is the most important source of Ca2+ in visceral smooth muscle?

A

extracellular Ca2+

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46
Q

Why is visceral smooth muscle slow?

A

because diffusion of Ca2+ from the outside is slow

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47
Q

From where does the Ca2+ needed form contraction of skeletal smooth muscle come?

A

intracellular stores

48
Q

Why is skeletal smooth muscle fast?

A

Because the calcium comes from intracellular stores

49
Q

What forms transverse tubules in skeletal smooth muscle?

A

Invaginations of plasma membrane

50
Q

What makes up the triad?

A

2 sarcoplasmic reticulum cisterna and a transverse tubule

51
Q

What is contained within the sarcoplasmic reticulum cisterna?

A

calcium stores

52
Q

Why do special properties of visceral smooth muscle occur?

A

because smooth muscle cells have an unstable membranes potential that can be affected by enteric neurotransmitter

53
Q

What causes greater tone?

A

greater number of AP’s

54
Q

What generatest spontaneous slow wave activity?

A

pacemaker cells of the interstitial cells of cajal

55
Q

ICCs are interconnected into:

A

networks

56
Q

What do ICC’s contact?

A

gastrointestinal musculature

57
Q

What connect the ICCs to the circular muscle?

A

gap junctions

58
Q

Tubes of kidney are made of what type of cells?

A

epithelial cells

59
Q

True or False? All of the digestive tract is lined with epithelial cells.

A

T

60
Q

True or False? Feces is metabolic waste.

A

F. What we can not digest and can’t absorb

61
Q

Where is metabolic waste eliminated?

A

Lungs or kidney

62
Q

True or False? There is communication between the submucosal and myenteric plexuses.

A

T

63
Q

Secretion:

A

Out of blood or interstitial space

64
Q

% of body water secreted each day into the lumen

A

20%, must be reabsorbed

65
Q

Function of outer layer:

A

shortening, to help the outer layer in peristalsis

66
Q

True or False? Endocrine cells are innervated by the nervous system.

A

T

67
Q

True or False? Paracrine signals can be sent to target tissue via the blood stream.

A

F

68
Q

Salivary secretion is regulated by:

A

nerves

69
Q

Small and large intestines are controlled via this type of regulation:

A

paracrine regulation

70
Q

Affect of opiates in the gastrointestinal tract:

A

slows motility in the gastrointestinal tract

71
Q

True or False? There are many hormonal receptors in the salivary gland.

A

F.

72
Q

Drugs largely effect:

A

receptors

73
Q

Gastin;

A

gastric secretion

74
Q

Effects gall bladder, bile release and fat processing:

A

CCK

75
Q

Produces secretions by the pancreas:

A

secretin

76
Q

GIP:

A

metabolic effects, not many on food processing

77
Q

external nerves

A

external to gastrointestinal tract

78
Q

Nerve that controls secretory functions of the stomach:

A

vagus nerve

79
Q

Nerve that stimulates motility in the distal end of the gastrointestinal tract:

A

pelvic nerve

80
Q

What extrinsic innervation is required for the enteric nervous system to function?

A

none

81
Q

submucosal plexus interprets:

A

what happens in the lumen, then signals the myenteric plexus

82
Q

NO:

A

gas, neurotransmitter, inhibitory

83
Q

GRP:

A

Gastrin releasing peptide, released onto G cells, which release endocrine (gastrin) into circulation that stimulates more acid secretion from parietal cell (this is in addition to acetylcholine stimulating acid release from parietal cells via the vagus nerve/ bags nucleus)

84
Q

smooth muscle cells:

A

lots of nuclei, not striated, smallest of muscle type cells, connect to each other in units

85
Q

Unitary:

A

What happens in one cell can be transmitted total he adjacent cells

86
Q

True or False? smooth muscle cell action potentials are activated by Na rushing in.

A

F. calcium

87
Q

Visceral smooth muscle resting potential:

A

-60 to -40 mV (30 mV less negative than skeletal muscle)

88
Q

How can smooth muscle be self excitatory?

A

due to spontaneous slow wave action

89
Q

What causes the upstroke of the action potential in visceral smooth muscle?

A

activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that bring Ca2+ into the cells

90
Q

What causes basal tone?

A

slow waves and APs (causes spontaneous activity too)

91
Q

Basal resting tone =

A

tension in the absence of external stimuli (e.g., intestines are much longer after death)

92
Q

True or False? Spontaneous activity happens without innervation or circulation.

A

T

93
Q

True or False? Visceral smooth muscle contract in the absence of neural or endocrine influences.

A

T

94
Q

T or F? visceral smooth muscle contracts in response to stretch.

A

T

95
Q

How do enteric nerves regulate smooth muscle?

A

release neurotransmitters, acetylcholine contracts smooth muscle

96
Q

How does the release of acetylcholine by enteric nerves affect Ca2+ levels?

A

Ca2+ increases and initiates contraction

97
Q

What type of neurotransmitters activate calmodulin/ MLCK complex?

A

those that raise Ca2+

98
Q

What type of neurotransmitters interfere with phosphorylation by calmodulin/MLCK complex?

A

those that raise cAMP/cGMP

99
Q

What do puringenic enteric nerves release?

A

VIP or NO, causing a rise in cAMP/cGMP and relaxation

100
Q

What does the release of VIP or NO from enteric nerves cause?

A

a rise in cAMP/cGMP and relaxation

101
Q

Factors that control overall regulation of smooth muscle:

A

action potentials can be elicited by electrical stimulation, hormones, neurotransmitter, or stretch . intracellular Ca2+ can be altered by hormones and neurotransmitter without action potentials/ local tissue factors, hormones and neurotransmitter can cause smooth muscle contraction without action potentials

102
Q

How are unitary muscle cells connected?

A

gap junctions, allow passage

103
Q

MLCK:

A

Myosin light chain kinase

104
Q

What does Calicium bind in visceral smooth muscle once it enters?

A

calmodulin

105
Q

True or False? There are intracellular stores of calcium released in visceral smooth muscle.

A

T. Not substantial amounts

106
Q

True or False? skeletal muscle has tension when at rest.

A

F

107
Q

What can lead to longer activation and more action potentials?

A

Acetylcholine release that makes potential less negative.

108
Q

True or False? Parasympathetic neurotransmitter input is required for resting tone.

A

F

109
Q

True or False? Oscillation of smooth muscle is a property of smooth muscle.

A

F. (?)

110
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells connected to the visceral smooth muscle cells?

A

varicosities

111
Q

What type of potential does visceral smooth muscle have?

A

ocilating potential

112
Q

True or False? Resting tone will continue without innervation or circulation.

A

T

113
Q

Neurotransmitter released by the plexus:

A

acetylcholine, excitatory (contraction)

114
Q

What nerves supply input to the plexuses?

A

vagus and pelvic

115
Q

Purinergic nerves control:

A

positive control of relaxation, blocks phosphorylation, leads to relaxation

116
Q

Purinergic:

A

mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP

Physiology (55 decks)

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